Streptomyces spectabilis is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces. Streptomyces spectabilis produces hangtaimycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin B, sisomycin, tobramycin, paromomycin, spectinabilin, spectinomycin, aminocyclitol, actinospectacin, prodigiosine and the streptovaricin complex.
Doxorubicin (DXR) is a 14-hydroxylated version of daunorubicin, the immediate precursor of DXR in its biosynthetic pathway. Daunorubicin is more abundantly found as a natural product because it is produced by a number of different wild type strains of streptomyces. In contrast, only one known non-wild type species, streptomyces peucetius subspecies caesius ATCC 27952, was initially found to be capable of producing the more widely used doxorubicin. This strain was created by Arcamone et al. in 1969 by mutating a strain producing daunorubicin, but not DXR, at least in detectable quantities. Subsequently, Hutchinson's group showed that under special environmental conditions, or by the introduction of genetic modifications, other strains of streptomyces can produce doxorubicin. His group has also cloned many of the genes required for DXR production, although not all of them have been fully characterized. In 1996, Strohl's group discovered, isolated and characterized dox A, the gene encoding the enzyme that converts daunorubicin into DXR. By 1999, they produced recombinant Dox A, a Cytochrome P450 oxidase, and found that it catalyzes multiple steps in DXR biosynthesis, including steps leading to daunorubicin. This was significant because it became clear that all daunorubicin producing strains have the necessary genes to produce DXR, the much more therapeutically important of the two. Hutchinson's group went on to develop methods to improve the yield of DXR, from the fermentation process used in its commercial production, not only by introducing Dox A encoding plasmids, but also by introducing mutations to deactivate enzymes that shunt DXR precursors to less useful products, for example baumycin-like glycosides. Some triple mutants, that also over-expressed Dox A, were able to double the yield of DXR. This is of more than academic interest because at that time DXR cost about $1.37 million per kg and current production in 1999 was 225 kg per annum. More efficient production techniques have brought the price down to $1.1 million per kg for the non-liposomal formulation. Although DXR can be produced semi-synthetically from daunorubicin, the process involves electrophilic bromination and multiple steps and the yield is poor. Since daunorubicin is produced by fermentation, it would be ideal if the bacteria could complete DXR synthesis more effectively.
Nogalamycin is an anthracycline antibiotic produced by the soil bacteria Streptomyces nogalater. It has antitumor properties but it is also highly cardiotoxic. The less cardiotoxic semisynthetic analog menogaril was developed in the 1970s. Currently nogalamycin and menogaril are not used clinically.
Streptomyces azureus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has isolated from soil. Streptomyces azureus produces the antibiotic thiostrepton.
Streptomyces cacaoi is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces. Streptomyces cacaoi produces polyoxine.
Streptomyces calvus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil in Dinepur in India. Streptomyces calvus produces nucleocidin, adiposin 1 and adiposin 2.
Streptomyces chromofuscus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil. Streptomyces chromofuscus produces phospholipase D, herboxidiene, pentalenolactone O and carazostatins.
Streptomyces cinereoruber is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has isolated from soil. Streptomyces cinereoruber produces chinerubin A, chinerubin B, rhodomycin A and rhodomycin B.
Streptomyces cinereospinus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces.
Streptomyces coeruleorubidus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from marine sediment. Streptomyces coeruleorubidus produces the following medications: pacidamycin 1, baumycin B1, baumycin B2, baumycin C1, feudomycin A, feudomycin B, feudomycin C, ficellomycin, feudomycinone A, and rubomycin.
Streptomyces echinatus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which was isolated from soil in Angola. Streptomyces echinatus produces echinomycin, dehydrosinefungin A and aranciamycin.
Streptomyces galbus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil from West Bengal. Streptomyces galbus produces xylanase, galbonolides A, galbonolides B and the actinomycin X complex.
Streptomyces glomeratus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces. Streptomyces glomeratus produces beromycin and nogalamycin.
Streptomyces netropsis is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces. Streptomyces netropsis produces the antibiotics netropsin and distamycin A and the antifungal polyene mycoheptin.
Streptomyces polychromogenes is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil in Venezuela. Streptomyces polychromogenes produces o-carbamylserine.
Streptomyces purpurascens is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil. Streptomyces purpurascens produces α-l-arabinofuranosidase, isorhodomycin A, rhodomycin A and rhodomycin B.
Streptomyces spiroverticillatus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil in Japan. Streptomyces spiroverticillatus produces tautomycin.
Streptomyces virginiae is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil. Streptomyces virginiae produces actithiazic acid, virginiamycins and cycloserine. Streptomyces virginiae also produces monensin A, monensin B, monensin C, monensin D, actithiazic acid.
Streptomyces viridosporus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces. Streptomyces viridosporus produces sistomycine and lignin peroxidase. Streptomyces viridosporus can degrade lignin and humic acids. Streptomyces viridosporus also produces moenomycin A, a component of bambermycin.
Streptomyces wedmorensis is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil in Pennsylvania in the United States. Streptomyces wedmorensis produces (S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase, fosfomycin and phosphonomycin B.
