System programming language

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A system programming language is a programming language used for system programming; such languages are designed for writing system software, which usually requires different development approaches when compared with application software. Edsger Dijkstra referred to these languages as machine oriented high order languages, or mohol. [1]

Contents

General-purpose programming languages tend to focus on generic features to allow programs written in the language to use the same code on different platforms. Examples of such languages include ALGOL and Pascal. This generic quality typically comes at the cost of denying direct access to the machine's internal workings, and this often has negative effects on performance.

System languages, in contrast, are designed not for compatibility, but for performance and ease of access to the underlying hardware while still providing high-level programming concepts like structured programming. Examples include ESPOL and SPL, both of which are similar to ALGOL in syntax but tuned to their respective platforms. Others are cross-platform but designed to work close to the hardware, like BLISS, JOVIAL and BCPL.

Some languages straddle the system and application domains, bridging the gap between these uses. The canonical example is C, which is used widely for both system and application programming. Some modern languages also do this such as Rust and Swift.

Features

In contrast with application languages, system programming languages typically offer more-direct access to the physical hardware of the machine: an archetypical system programming language in this sense was BCPL. System programming languages often lack built-in input/output (I/O) facilities because a system-software project usually develops its own I/O mechanisms or builds on basic monitor I/O or screen management facilities. The distinction between languages used for system programming and application programming became blurred over time with the widespread popularity of PL/I, C and Pascal.

History

The earliest system software was written in assembly language primarily because there was no alternative, but also for reasons including efficiency of object code, compilation time, and ease of debugging. Application languages such as FORTRAN were used for system programming, although they usually still required some routines to be written in assembly language. [2]

Mid-level languages

Mid-level languages "have much of the syntax and facilities of a higher level language, but also provide direct access in the language (as well as providing assembly language) to machine features." [2] The earliest of these was ESPOL on Burroughs mainframes in about 1960, followed by Niklaus Wirth's PL360 (first written on a Burroughs system as a cross compiler), which had the general syntax of ALGOL 60 but whose statements directly manipulated CPU registers and memory. Other languages in this category include MOL-360 and PL/S.

As an example, a typical PL360 statement is R9 := R8 and R7 shll 8 or R6, signifying that registers 8 and 7 should be and'ed together, the result shifted left 8 bits, the result of that or'ed with the contents of register 6, and the final result placed into register 9. [3]

Higher-level languages

While PL360 is at the semantic level of assembly language, another kind of system programming language operates at a higher semantic level, but has specific extensions designed to make the language suitable for system programming. An early example of this kind of language is LRLTRAN, [4] which extended Fortran with features for character and bit manipulation, pointers, and directly addressed jump tables.

Subsequently, languages such as C were developed, where the combination of features was sufficient to write system software, and a compiler could be developed that generated efficient object programs on modest hardware. Such a language generally omits features that cannot be implemented efficiently, and adds a small number of machine-dependent features needed to access specific hardware abilities; inline assembly code, such as C's asm statement, is often used for this purpose. Although many such languages were developed, [1] C and C++ are the ones which survived.

Major languages

LanguageOriginatorBirth dateInfluenced byUsed for
JOVIAL System Development Corporation 1960 ALGOL 58 Many systems, mostly military
ESPOL Burroughs Corporation 1961 ALGOL 60 MCP
PL/I IBM, SHARE 1964ALGOL, FORTRAN, some COBOL Multics
PL/S IBM 1960's PL/I OS/360 and successors
PL360 Niklaus Wirth 1968ALGOL 60 ALGOL W
Pascal Niklaus Wirth 1970 ALGOL W Apollo Computer Aegis, Apple MacApp, UCSD p-System
BLISS Carnegie Mellon University 1970ALGOL-PL/I [5] VMS (portions)
Language for Systems Development (LSD)R. Daniel Bergeron, et al. (Brown University)1971 PL/I
C Dennis Ritchie 1972 BCPL, B Most operating system kernels, including Unix-like systems
System Programming Language (SPL) Hewlett-Packard 1972 ALGOL 60, ESPOL HP 3000 system software, including MPE
NEWP Burroughs1970'sESPOL, ALGOLMCP
PL.8 IBM 1970's PL/I compiler development, AIX (versions 1 and 2 only), IBM mainframe firmware
PL-6 Honeywell, Inc. 1970's PL/I CP-6
SYMPL CDC 1970's JOVIAL NOS subsystems, most compilers, FSE editor
C++ Bjarne Stroustrup 1979 C, Simula GUI applications (Qt, Windows, etc.), games (Unreal Engine)
S3 ICL 1980s ALGOL 68 ICL VME
Ada Jean Ichbiah, S. Tucker Taft1983 ALGOL 68, Pascal, C++, Eiffel Military, [6] aerospace [7] mass transportation, [8] high-integrity computation, and operating system kernels [9] [10] [11]
D Digital Mars 2001 C++
Nim Andreas Rumpf2008 Python, Ada, Lisp, Oberon, C++, Modula-3, Object Pascal
Go Google 2009 Oberon, C, Pascal Kubernetes, Docker
Mojo Modular Inc. [12] 2023 C, C++, Python, Rust, Swift, Zig
Rust Mozilla Research [13] 2010 C++, Haskell, Erlang, Ruby Servo, Redox OS, Linux kernel
Swift Apple Inc. 2014 C, Objective-C, D, Rust macOS, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS app development [a]
Zig Andrew Kelley2016 C, C++, LLVM IR, Go, Rust

See also

Notes

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References

  1. 1 2 van der Poel, W. L.; Maarssen, L. A., eds. (27–31 August 1973). Machine oriented higher level languages. IFIP Working Conference on Machine Oriented Higher Level Languages (MOHL). Trondheim, Norway: International Federation for Information Processing. Proceedings published 1974.
  2. 1 2 Sammet, Jean (October 1971). "Brief Survey of Languages Used for Systems Implementation". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 6 (9): 1–19. doi: 10.1145/942596.807055 .
  3. ↑ Wirth, Niklaus (1968). "PL360, A Programming Language for the 360 Computers". Journal of the ACM. 15 (1): 37–74. doi:10.1145/321439.321442.
  4. ↑ Mendicino, Sam F.; Hughes, Robert A.; Martin, Jeanne T.; McMahon, Frank H.; Ranelletti, John E.; Zwakenberg, Richard G. (1968). "The LRLTRAN Compiler". Communications of the ACM. 11 (11): 747–755. doi:10.1145/364139.364154.
  5. ↑ Wulf, W. A.; Russell, D. B.; Haberman, A. N. (December 1971). "BLISS: A Language for Systems Programming". Communications of the ACM. 14 (12): 780–790. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.691.9765 . doi:10.1145/362919.362936.
  6. ↑ "Case Study, BAE Systems Eurofighter Typhoon" (PDF).
  7. ↑ "What programming languages are used for equipment onboard aircraft?".
  8. ↑ "TGVweb - the TGV Signaling System".
  9. ↑ "Ironclad".
  10. ↑ "M2OS. RTOS with simple tasking support for small microcontrollers".
  11. ↑ "Jgrivera67/HiRTOS". GitHub .
  12. ↑ "Modular Inc." www.modular.com. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
  13. ↑ "Mozilla Research Projects". Archived from the original on 2014-01-04.
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