Qt (software)

Last updated

Qt
Original author(s) Haavard Nord and Eirik Chambe-Eng [1]
Developer(s)
Initial release20 May 1995;29 years ago (1995-05-20) [1]
Stable release
6.8 [2]   OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg / 8 October 2024;30 days ago (8 October 2024)
Repository
Written in C++ (C++17)
Operating system Android, iOS, Linux (embedded, Wayland, X11), macOS, Microsoft Windows, WebAssembly, ... [3]
Platform Cross-platform
Type Cross-platform software and Software development tools
License
Website www.qt.io

Qt (pronounced "cute" [7] [8] or as an initialism) is a cross-platform application development framework for creating graphical user interfaces as well as cross-platform applications that run on various software and hardware platforms such as Linux, Windows, macOS, Android or embedded systems with little or no change in the underlying codebase while still being a native application with native capabilities and speed.

Contents

Qt is currently being developed by The Qt Company, a publicly listed company, and the Qt Project under open-source governance, involving individual developers and organizations working to advance Qt. [9] [10] [11] Qt is available under both commercial licenses [4] and open-source [12] GPL 2.0, GPL 3.0, and LGPL 3.0 licenses. [5] [6]

Purposes and abilities

Qt is used for developing graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and multi-platform applications that run on all major desktop platforms and mobile or embedded platforms. Most GUI programs created with Qt have a native-looking interface, in which case Qt is classified as a widget toolkit . Non-GUI programs can also be developed, such as command-line tools and consoles for servers. An example of such a non-GUI program using Qt is the Cutelyst web framework. [13]

Qt supports various C++ compilers, including the GCC and Clang C++ compilers and the Visual Studio suite. It supports other languages with bindings or extensions, such as Python via Python bindings [14] and PHP via an extension for PHP5, [15] and has extensive internationalization support. Qt also provides Qt Quick, that includes a declarative scripting language called QML that allows using JavaScript to provide the logic. With Qt Quick, rapid application development for mobile devices became possible, while logic can still be written with native code as well to achieve the best possible performance.

Other features include SQL database access, XML parsing, JSON parsing, thread management and network support.

Releases

The latest version of the Qt Framework is Qt 6.8, which was released on October 8, 2024. [16]

Also still supported are — for commercial users — 6.5 LTS, released on April 3, 2023, 6.2 LTS, [17] released on 30 September 2021, and 5.15 LTS, released on 26 May 2020 – long-term support (LTS) versions are generally supported for three years with a commercial license, while 5.15 support was extended to five years for subscription license holders, and so it is supported until 26 May 2025. Additionally the KDE project provides unofficial support for, at least, Qt 5.15, i.e. not just for commercial users.

Qt in use

In 2017, the Qt Company estimated a community of about 1 million developers worldwide [18] in over 70 industries. [19]

Desktop UIs

KDE's mascot Konqi KDE Mascot Konqi for Qt.png
KDE's mascot Konqi

Graphical user-interfaces and desktop environments that utilize Qt/QML as widget toolkit:

Embedded and mobile UIs

Applications using Qt

Many notable open-source or proprietary cross-platform software are using Qt or QML:

Organizations using Qt

Qt is utilized by a wide range of companies and organizations such as

Qt software architecture

Example of Qt usage in Linux-based systems Free and open-source-software display servers and UI toolkits.svg
Example of Qt usage in Linux-based systems

Qt concepts

Qt is built on these key concepts:

Complete abstraction of the GUI
When first released, Qt used its own paint engine and controls, emulating the look of the different platforms it runs on when it drew its widgets. This made the porting work easier because very few classes in Qt really depended on the target platform; however, this occasionally led to slight discrepancies where that emulation was imperfect. Recent versions of Qt use the native style APIs of the different platforms, on platforms that have a native widget set, to query metrics and draw most controls, and do not suffer from such issues as often. [89] On some platforms (such as MeeGo and KDE) Qt is the native API. Some other portable graphical toolkits have made different design decisions; for example, wxWidgets uses the toolkits of the target platform for its implementations.
Signals and slots
A language construct introduced in Qt for communication between objects [90] which makes it easy to implement the observer pattern while avoiding boilerplate code. The concept is that GUI widgets can send signals containing event information which can be received by other controls using special functions known as slots.
Metaobject compiler
The metaobject compiler, termed moc, is a tool that is run on the sources of a Qt program. It interprets certain macros from the C++ code as annotations, and uses them to generate added C++ code with meta information about the classes used in the program. This meta information is used by Qt to provide programming features not available natively in C++: signals and slots, introspection and asynchronous function calls.
Language bindings
Qt can be used in several programming languages other than C++, such as Python, Javascript, C# and Rust [91] via language bindings; many languages have bindings for Qt 5 and bindings for Qt 4.

Qt modules

Starting with Qt 4.0 the framework was split into individual modules. [92] [93] With Qt 5.0 the architecture was modularized even further. [94] [95] Qt is now split into essential and add-on modules. [96]

Qt essentials

ModuleDescription
Qt CoreThe only required Qt module, containing classes used by other modules, including the meta-object system, concurrency and threading, containers, event system, plugins and I/O facilities.
Qt GUIThe central GUI module. In Qt 5 this module now depends on OpenGL, but no longer contains any widget classes.
Qt WidgetsContains classes for classic widget based GUI applications and the QSceneGraph classes. Was split off from QtGui in Qt 5.
Qt QMLModule for QML and JavaScript languages.
Qt QuickThe module for GUI applications written using QML2.
Qt Quick ControlsWidget like controls for Qt Quick intended mainly for desktop applications.
Qt Quick LayoutsLayouts for arranging items in Qt Quick.
Qt NetworkNetwork abstraction layer. Complete with support for TCP, UDP, HTTP, TLS, SSL (in Qt 4) and SPDY (since Qt 5.3).
Qt MultimediaClasses for audio, video, radio and camera functionality.
Qt Multimedia WidgetsThe widgets from Qt Multimedia.
Qt SQLContains classes for database integration using SQL.
Qt WebEngineA new set of Qt Widget and QML webview APIs based on Chromium.
Qt TestClasses for unit testing Qt applications and libraries.

Qt add-ons

ModuleDescription
Active QtClasses for applications which use ActiveX.
Qt ChartsProvides functionality and widgets to plot charts of many kinds
Qt BluetoothClasses accessing Bluetooth hardware.
Qt D-BusClasses for IPC using the D-Bus protocol.
Qt NFCClasses accessing NFC hardware. Only officially supported on BlackBerry hardware so far (or N9 in the MeeGo port).
Qt OpenGLLegacy module containing the OpenGL classes from Qt 4. In Qt 5 the similar functionality in Qt GUI is recommended.
Qt LocationClasses for accessing GPS and other location services and for mapping and navigation. Split off from the Qt 4 Mobility module of Qt Location. Supported on Android, BlackBerry, iOS, Linux (using GeoClue), Windows and Sailfish OS.
Qt Quick 3DClasses for rendering 3D models, video games, simulations and 3D user interfaces, with a Qt QML API, into a mixed 2D and 3D scene graph.
Qt Script Legacy module for scripting Qt application using ECMAScript/JavaScript. In Qt 5, using similar classes in Qt QML is recommended.
Qt SensorsClasses for accessing various mobile hardware sensors. Used to be part of Qt Mobile in Qt 4. Supported on Android, BlackBerry, iOS, WinRT, Mer and Linux.
Qt Serial PortClasses for access to hardware and virtual serial ports. Supported on Windows, Linux and macOS.
Qt WebChannelProvides access to Qt objects to HTML/Js over WebSockets.
Qt WebKitQt's WebKit implementation and API.
Qt WebKit WidgetsThe widget API for Qt WebKit
Qt WebSocketsProvides a WebSocket implementation.
Qt XMLLegacy module containing classes for SAX and DOM style XML APIs. Replaced with QXmlStreamReader and QXmlStreamWriter classes in Qt Core.
Qt XML PatternsSupport for XPath, XQuery, XSLT and XML Schema validation.

Editions

There are four editions of Qt available: Community, Indie Mobile, Professional and Enterprise. [97] The Community version is under the open source licenses, while the Indie Mobile, Professional and Enterprise versions, which contain additional functionality and libraries, e.g. Enterprise Controls [97] are commercially sold by The Qt Company.

Supported platforms

Qt works on many different platforms; the following are officially supported:

PlatformDescription
Linux/Unix
X11 Qt for X Window System (Linux); [98] FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and DragonFly BSD have community support.
WaylandQt applications can switch between graphical backends like X and Wayland at load time with the -platform command line option. [99] [100] This allows a seamless transition of Qt applications from X11 to Wayland. SailfishOS uses Wayland only as it does not have X11. [101]
AndroidQt for Android [102] (formerly known as Necessitas). [103]
Embedded LinuxQt for embedded platforms: personal digital assistant, smartphone, etc. [104] Exists as multiple platforms depending on display technology. DirectFB, LinuxFB and EGLFS (EGL Full Screen).
Microsoft platforms
WindowsQt for Microsoft Windows 7, [105] 8 and 10 [106]
Windows RTSupport for WinRT-based Windows 10 Mobile apps and Windows 10 IoT [107]
Apple platforms
macOSQt for Apple macOS; supports applications on Cocoa [108]
iOSQt for iOS platforms (iPhone, iPad) [109]
Other embedded platforms
IntegrityQt for Integrity [110]
QNXQt for QNX [111] [112]
VxWorksQt for VxWorks. [113] [114] Only available under a proprietary (commercial) license. Qt 5.5.
QT for MCU'sQT for MCU's. [115]

After Nokia opened the Qt source code to the community on Gitorious, various ports appeared. There are also some ports of Qt that may be available, but are not supported anymore. These platforms are listed in List of platforms supported by Qt. See also there for current community support for other lesser known platforms, such as SailfishOS.

Licensing

Qt is available under the following free software licenses: [12] GPL 2.0, GPL 3.0, LGPL 3.0 and LGPL 2.1 (with Qt special exception). [5] [116] Note that some modules are available only under a GPL license, which means that applications which link to these modules need to comply with that license. [117]

In addition, Qt has always been available under a commercial license, like the Qt Commercial License, [4] that allows developing proprietary applications with no restrictions on licensing.

Qt tools

Qt comes with its own set of tools to ease cross-platform development, which can otherwise be cumbersome due to different set of development tools.

Qt Creator is a cross-platform IDE for C++ and QML. Qt Designer's GUI layout/design functionality is integrated into the IDE, although Qt Designer can still be started as a standalone tool.

In addition to Qt Creator, Qt provides qmake, a cross-platform build script generation tool that automates the generation of Makefiles for development projects across different platforms. There are other tools available in Qt, including the Qt Designer interface builder and the Qt Assistant help browser (which are both embedded in Qt Creator), the Qt Linguist translation tool, uic (user interface compiler), and moc (Meta-Object Compiler).

History of Qt

Early developments

In the summer of 1990, Haavard Nord and Eirik Chambe-Eng (the original developers of Qt and the CEO and President, respectively, of Trolltech) were working together on a database application for ultrasound images written in C++ and running on Mac OS, Unix, and Microsoft Windows. [1] [118] They began development of "Qt" in 1991, three years before the company was incorporated as Quasar Technologies, then changed the name to Troll Tech and then to Trolltech. [1]

The toolkit was called Qt because the letter Q looked appealing in Haavard's Emacs typeface, and "t" was inspired by Xt, the X toolkit. [1]

The first two versions of Qt had only two flavors: Qt/X11 for Unix and Qt/Windows for Windows.

On 20 May 1995 Trolltech publicly released Qt 0.90 for X11/Linux with the source code under the Qt Free Edition License. [119] [120] [121] This license was viewed as not compliant with the free software definition by Free Software Foundation because, while the source was available, it did not allow the redistribution of modified versions. Trolltech used this license until version 1.45. Controversy erupted around 1998 when it became clear that the K Desktop Environment was going to become one of the leading desktop environments for Linux. As it was based on Qt, many people in the free software movement worried that an essential piece of one of their major operating systems would be proprietary.

The Windows platform was available only under a proprietary license, which meant free/open source applications written in Qt for X11 could not be ported to Windows without purchasing the proprietary edition.

Becoming free software–friendly

With the release of version 2.0 of the toolkit in mid-1999, the license was changed to the Q Public License (QPL), a free software license, but one regarded by the Free Software Foundation as incompatible with the GPL. Compromises were sought between KDE and Trolltech whereby Qt would not be able to fall under a more restrictive license than the QPL, even if Trolltech was bought out or went bankrupt. This led to the creation of the KDE Free Qt foundation, [122] which guarantees that Qt would fall under a BSD-style license should no free/open source version of Qt be released during 12 months. [123] [124]

In 2000, Qt/X11 2.2 was released under the GPL v2, [125] ending all controversy regarding GPL compatibility.

At the end of 2001, Trolltech released Qt 3.0, which added support for Mac OS X (now known as macOS). The Mac OS X support was available only in the proprietary license until June 2003, when Trolltech released Qt 3.2 with Mac OS X support available under the GPL.

In 2002, members of the KDE on Cygwin project began porting the GPL licensed Qt/X11 code base to Windows. [126] This was in response to Trolltech's refusal to license Qt/Windows under the GPL on the grounds that Windows was not a free/open source software platform. [127] [128] The project achieved reasonable success although it never reached production quality.

This was resolved when Trolltech released Qt 4.0 also for Windows under the GPL in June 2005. [129] Qt 4 supported the same set of platforms in the free software/open source editions as in the proprietary edition, so it is possible, with Qt 4.0 and later releases, to create GPL-licensed free/open source applications using Qt on all supported platforms. The GPL v3 with special exception [130] was later added as an added licensing option. The GPL exception allows the final application to be licensed under various GPL-incompatible free software/open source licenses such as the Mozilla Public License 1.1.

Acquisition by Nokia

Nokia acquired Trolltech ASA on 17 June 2008 and changed the name first to Qt Software, then to Qt Development Frameworks.

Nokia focused on turning Qt into the main development platform for its devices, including a port to the Symbian S60 platform. Version 1.0 of the Nokia Qt SDK was released on 23 June 2010. [131] The source code was made available over Gitorious, a community oriented git source code repository, with a goal of creating a broader community using and improving Qt.

On 14 January 2009, Qt version 4.5 added another option, the LGPL, [132] to make Qt more attractive for both non-GPL open source projects and closed applications. [133]

In February 2011, Nokia announced its decision to drop Symbian technologies and base their future smartphones on the Windows Phone platform instead (and since then support for that platform has also been dropped). [134] One month later, Nokia announced the sale of Qt's commercial licensing and professional services to Digia, with the immediate goal of taking Qt support to Android, iOS and Windows 8 platforms, and to continue focusing on desktop and embedded development, although Nokia was to remain the main development force behind the framework at that time.

Merging and demerging with Digia

In March 2011, Nokia sold the commercial licensing part of Qt to Digia, creating Qt Commercial. [135] In August 2012, Digia announced that it would acquire Qt from Nokia. [136] The Qt team at Digia started their work in September 2012. [137] They released Qt 5.0 within a month and newer versions every six months with new features and additional supported platforms.

In September 2014, Digia transferred the Qt business and copyrights to their wholly owned subsidiary, The Qt Company, which owns 25 brands [138] related to Qt. In May 2016, Digia and Qt demerged completely into two independent companies. [139]

The Qt Project and open governance

Qt 5 was officially released on 19 December 2012. This new version marked a major change in the platform, with hardware-accelerated graphics, QML and JavaScript playing a major role. The traditional C++-only QWidgets continued to be supported, but did not benefit from the performance improvements available through the new architecture. [140] Qt 5 brings significant improvements to the speed and ease of developing user interfaces. [141]

Framework development of Qt 5 moved to open governance at qt-project.org, which made it possible for developers outside Digia to submit patches for review. [142]

Qt contributors

Distribution of non-Digia Qt contributors (2013, Week 18) Qt contributors 2013W18 without Digia.png
Distribution of non-Digia Qt contributors (2013, Week 18)

Aside from The Qt Company, many organizations and individuals using Qt as their development platform participate in the open development of Qt via the Qt Project. [143]

One such Qt contributor is Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB, a Swedish Qt consulting company. [144] KDAB is involved in many areas, including maintenance of several components. [145] [146]

Together with RIM/BlackBerry, KDAB is maintaining the QNX and BlackBerry 10 ports of Qt. [143] [147]

Another participator is Intel, contributing for example Wayland support. [148] AudioCodes maintains IBM ClearCase support in Qt Creator. [149]

As a heavy user of Qt, the KDE project submits many patches and features from its developer library KDE Frameworks back to Qt. [150]

See also

Bibliography

Qt Wiki provides a comprehensive list of English books about Qt. [151] This is a list of notable books:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KDE</span> Free software community

KDE is an international free software community that develops free and open-source software. As a central development hub, it provides tools and resources that enable collaborative work on its projects. Its products include the Plasma Desktop, KDE Frameworks, and a range of applications such as Kate, digiKam, and Krita. Some KDE applications are cross-platform and can run on Unix and Unix-like operating systems, Microsoft Windows, and Android.

Qt Group Plc is a global software company headquartered in Espoo, Finland. It was formed following the acquisition of Qt by Digia, but was later spun off into a separate, publicly traded company.

The Q Public License (QPL) is a non-copyleft license, created by the company Trolltech for its free software edition of the Qt toolkit and framework. It was used until Qt 3.0, until version 4.0 was released under the Free Software Foundation's (FSF) GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2.

wxWidgets Widget toolkit

wxWidgets is a widget toolkit and tools library for creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for cross-platform applications. wxWidgets enables a program's GUI code to compile and run on several computer platforms with no significant code changes. A wide choice of compilers and other tools to use with wxWidgets facilitates development of sophisticated applications. wxWidgets supports a comprehensive range of popular operating systems and graphical libraries, both proprietary and free.

Qt Extended is an application platform for embedded Linux-based mobile computing devices such as personal digital assistants, video projectors and mobile phones. It was initially developed by The Qt Company, at the time known as Qt Software and a subsidiary of Nokia. When they cancelled the project the free software portion of it was forked by the community and given the name Qt Extended Improved. The QtMoko Debian-based distribution is the natural successor to these projects as continued by the efforts of the Openmoko community.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PyQt</span> Python GUI library

PyQt is a Python binding of the cross-platform GUI toolkit Qt, implemented as a Python plug-in. PyQt is free software developed by the British firm Riverbank Computing. It is available under similar terms to Qt versions older than 4.5; this means a variety of licenses including GNU General Public License (GPL) and commercial license, but not the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). PyQt supports Microsoft Windows as well as various kinds of UNIX, including Linux and MacOS.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">QCAD</span> CAD software

QCAD is a computer-aided design (CAD) software application for 2D design and drafting. It is available for Linux, Apple macOS, Unix and Microsoft Windows. The QCAD GUI is based on the Qt framework.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KDE Software Compilation 4</span> Software

KDE Software Compilation 4 was the only series of the so-called KDE Software Compilation, first released in January 2008 and the last release being 4.14.3 released in November 2014. It was the follow-up to K Desktop Environment 3. Following KDE SC 4, the compilation was broken up into basic framework libraries, desktop environment and applications, which are termed KDE Frameworks 5, KDE Plasma 5 and KDE Applications, respectively.

fpGUI Graphical user interface toolkit in Object Pascal

fpGUI, the Free Pascal GUI toolkit, is a cross-platform graphical user interface toolkit developed by Graeme Geldenhuys. fpGUI is open source and free software, licensed under a Modified LGPL license. The toolkit has been implemented using the Free Pascal compiler, meaning it is written in the Object Pascal language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">K Desktop Environment 1</span> Free software

K Desktop Environment 1 was the inaugural series of releases of the K Desktop Environment. There were two major releases in this series.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Qt Creator</span> QT development environment

Qt Creator is a cross-platform C++, JavaScript, Python and QML integrated development environment (IDE) which simplifies GUI application development. It is part of the SDK for the Qt GUI application development framework and uses the Qt API, which encapsulates host OS GUI function calls. It includes a visual debugger and an integrated WYSIWYG GUI layout and forms designer. The editor has features such as syntax highlighting and autocompletion. Qt Creator uses the C++ compiler from the GNU Compiler Collection on Linux. On Windows it can use MinGW or MSVC with the default install and can also use Microsoft Console Debugger when compiled from source code. Clang is also supported.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PySide</span>

PySide is a Python binding of the cross-platform GUI toolkit Qt developed by The Qt Company, as part of the Qt for Python project. It is one of the alternatives to the standard library package Tkinter. Like Qt, PySide is free software. PySide supports Linux/X11, macOS, and Microsoft Windows. The project can also be cross compiled to embedded systems like Raspberry Pi, and Android devices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KDE Software Compilation</span> Desktop environment and an associated range of KDE Applications produced by KDE

The KDE Software Compilation was an umbrella term for the desktop environment plus a range of included applications produced by KDE. From its 1.0 release in July 1998 until the release of version 4.4 in February 2010, the Software Compilation was simply known as KDE, which stood for K Desktop Environment until the rebrand. The then called KDE SC was used from 4.4 onward until the final release 4.14 in July 2014. It consisted of the KDE Plasma 4 desktop and those KDE applications, whose development teams chose to follow the Software Compilation's release schedule. After that, the KDE SC was split into three separate product entities: KDE Plasma, KDE Frameworks and KDE Applications, each with their own independent release schedules.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maliit</span>

Maliit is an input method framework for computers with particular focus on implementing virtual keyboards. Designed mostly for touchscreen devices, Maliit allows the inputting of text without the presence of a physical keyboard. More advanced features such as word correction and prediction are also available.

mpv (media player) Free and open-source media player software

mpv is free and open-source media player software based on MPlayer, mplayer2 and FFmpeg. It runs on several operating systems, including Unix-like operating systems and Microsoft Windows, along with having an Android port called mpv-android. It is cross-platform, running on ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, RISC-V, s390x, x86/IA-32, x86-64, and some other by 3rd party.

The Qt Project is an open collaboration effort to coordinate the development of the Qt software framework. Initially founded by Nokia in 2011, the project is now led by The Qt Company.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KDE Frameworks</span> Collection of libraries and software frameworks for the Qt framework

KDE Frameworks is a collection of libraries and software frameworks readily available to any Qt-based software stacks or applications on multiple operating systems. Featuring frequently needed functionality solutions like hardware integration, file format support, additional graphical control elements, plotting functions, and spell checking, the collection serves as the technological foundation for KDE Plasma and KDE Gear. It is distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KDE Projects</span>

KDE Projects are projects maintained by the KDE community, a group of people developing and advocating free software for everyday use, for example KDE Plasma and KDE Frameworks or applications such as Amarok, Krita or Digikam. There are also non-coding projects like designing the Breeze desktop theme and iconset, which is coordinated by KDE's Visual Design Group. Even non-Qt applications like GCompris, which started as a GTK-based application, or web-based projects like WikiToLearn are officially part of KDE.

References

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