Developer | LG Electronics, Previously Hewlett-Packard & Palm |
---|---|
Written in | C++, Qt [1] |
OS family | Linux (Unix-like) |
Working state | Current |
Source model | Source-available |
Latest release |
|
Marketing target | Embedded devices |
Platforms | ARM |
Kernel type | Monolithic (Linux kernel) |
Default user interface | Graphical (Luna) |
License | Apache License |
Preceded by | Palm OS (phones) NetCast (smart TVs) |
Official website | Open-source website Developer website |
webOS, also known as LG webOS and previously known as Open webOS,HP webOS and Palm webOS, [2] is a Linux kernel-based multitasking operating system for smart devices such as smart TVs that has also been used as a mobile operating system. Initially developed by Palm, Inc. (which was acquired by Hewlett-Packard), HP made the platform open source, at which point it became Open webOS.
The operating system was later sold to LG Electronics, and was made primarily a smart TV operating system for LG televisions as a successor to LG Netcast. In January 2014, Qualcomm announced that it had acquired technology patents from HP, which included all the webOS and Palm patents; LG licenses them to use in their devices.
Various versions of webOS have been featured on several devices since launching in 2009, including Pre, Pixi, and Veer smartphones, TouchPad tablet, LG's smart TVs since 2014, LG's smart refrigerators and smart projectors since 2017.
Palm launched webOS, then called Palm webOS, in January 2009 as the successor to Palm OS. The first webOS device was the original Palm Pre, released by Sprint in June 2009. The Palm Pixi followed. Upgraded "Plus" versions of both Pre and Pixi were released on Verizon and AT&T. [ citation needed ]
In April 2010, HP acquired Palm. The acquisition of Palm was initiated while Mark Hurd was CEO, however he resigned shortly after the acquisition was completed. Later, webOS was described by new HP CEO Leo Apotheker as a key asset and motivation for the purchase. The $1.2 billion acquisition was finalized in June. HP indicated its intention to develop the webOS platform for use in multiple new products, including smartphones, tablets, and printers. [3]
In February 2011, HP announced that it would use webOS as the universal platform for all its devices. [4] However, HP also made the decision [5] that the Palm Pre, Palm Pixi, and the "Plus" revisions would not receive over-the-air updates to webOS 2.0, [6] despite a previous commitment to an upgrade "in coming months." [7] HP announced several webOS devices, including the HP Veer and HP Pre 3 smartphones, running webOS 2.2, and the HP TouchPad, a tablet computer released in July 2011 that runs webOS 3.0.
In March 2011, HP announced plans for a version of webOS by the end of 2011 to run within Windows, [8] and to be installed on all HP desktop and notebook computers in 2012. [9] Neither ever materialized, although work had begun on an x86 port around this time involving a team in Fort Collins, Colorado; work was scrapped later in the year.[ citation needed ]
In August 2011, HP announced that it was interested in selling its Personal Systems Group, responsible for all of its consumer PC products, including webOS, and that webOS device development and production lines would be halted. [10] [11] [12] It remained unclear whether HP would consider licensing webOS software to other manufacturers. When HP reduced the price of the Touchpad to $99, the existing inventory quickly sold out. [13]
The HP Pre 3 was launched in select areas of Europe, and US-based units were available only through unofficial channels (both AT&T and Verizon canceled their orders just prior to delivery after Apotheker's (HP's CEO at the time) announcement. [14] Notably, these US Pre 3 units, having been released through unofficial channels, lacked both warranties and carried no support obligation from HP; as a result parts are nearly impossible to come by. HP announced that it would continue to issue updates for the HP Veer and HP TouchPad, but these updates have failed to materialize for the former, and the latter saw a final, unofficial release called "webOS CE" that contained only open-sourced components of webOS meant for what remained of the developer community rather than a conventional, user-centric update to the operating system. The last HP webOS version, 3.0.5, was released on January 12, 2012. [15]
In December 2011, after abandoning the TouchPad and the proposed sale of the HP Personal Systems Group, HP announced it would release webOS source code in the near future under an open-source license. [16] In August 2012, code specific to the existing devices was released as webOS Community Edition (CE), with support for the existing HP hardware. [17] Open webOS includes open source libraries designed to target a wider range of hardware. HP renamed its webOS unit as "Gram". [18] [19]
In February 2012, HP released Isis, a new web browser for Open webOS. [20]
The HP App Catalog was an app store for apps for the mobile devices running webOS.
On June 6, 2009, webOS launched on the Palm Pre with 18 available apps. The number of apps grew to 30 by June 17, 2009, [21] with 1 million cumulative downloads by June 27, 2009; [22] 30 official and 31 unofficial apps by July 13, 2009; [23] 1,000 official apps by January 1, 2010; [24] 4,000 official apps September 29, 2010; [25] and 10,002 official apps on December 9, 2011. [26]
Subsequently, the number of available apps decreased because many apps were withdrawn from the App Catalog by their owners. Examples include the apps for The New York Times and Pandora Radio. After a Catalog splash screen on November 11, 2014 announcing its deprecation, the HP App Catalog servers were permanently shut down on March 15, 2015. The number of functional apps remaining at that time is unknown but was probably much lower due to the imminent abandonment of the project. [27]
On February 25, 2013, HP announced that it was selling webOS to LG Electronics for use on its web-enabled smart TVs, replacing its previous NetCast platform. [28] [29] Under the agreement LG Electronics owns the documentation, source code, developers and all related websites. However, HP would still hold on to patents from Palm as well as cloud-based services such as the App Catalog. [30] In 2014, HP sold its webOS patents to Qualcomm. [31]
As well as its use as an OS for smart TVs, LG has expanded its use to various Internet of things devices. As a starting point, LG showcased a LG Wearable Platform OS (webOS) smartwatch in early 2015. [32] At CES 2017, LG announced a smart refrigerator with webOS. [33]
On March 19, 2018, LG announced an open-source edition of webOS. [34] This edition would allow developers to download the source code for free as well as take advantage of related tools, guides, and forums on its new open source website to become more familiar with webOS and its inherent benefits as a smart device's platform. LG hopes that this will help its goal of advancing its philosophy of open platform, open partnership and open connectivity. [35]
The webOS mobile platform introduced some innovative features, such as the cards interface and the gesture navigation, that are still in use by Apple, Microsoft and Google on their mobile operating systems iOS, Windows Phone, and Android, respectively. [36] [37]
Feature | LG webOS | Open webOS | HP/Palm webOS |
---|---|---|---|
Multitasking interface | Line cards | Cards | |
Gesture interface | Magic Remote | touch screen and physical keyboard | |
App store | LG Content Store | No | HP App Catalog |
Over-the-air updates | Yes | ||
Service discovery | Connect SDK | No | zeroconf / Touch to Share |
Open source | Partial [38] | Yes | Partial [39] |
Navigation uses multi-touch gestures on the touchscreen. The interface uses "cards" to manage multitasking and represent apps. The user switches between running apps with a flick from left and right on the screen. Apps are closed by flicking a "card" up—and "off"—the screen. The app "cards" can be rearranged for organization. webOS 2.0 introduced 'stacks', where related cards could be "stacked" together.
Palm referred to integration of information from many sources as "Synergy." Users can sign into multiple email accounts from different providers and integrate all of these sources into a single list. Similar capabilities pull together calendars and also instant messages and SMS text messages from multiple sources. [40]
The OS can be updated without docking to a PC, instead receiving OS updates over the carrier connection.
The notification area is located on the bottom portion of the screen on phones, and on the top status bar area on tablets.
On phones, when a notification comes in, it slides in from the bottom of the screen. Due to the resizable nature of the Mojo and Enyo application frameworks, the app usually resizes itself to allow unhindered use while the notification is displayed. After the notification slides away, it usually remains as an icon. The user can then tap on the icons to expand them. Notifications can then be dismissed (sliding off the screen), acted upon (tapping), or left alone.
By default, data sync uses a cloud-based approach rather than using a desktop sync client. The first version of webOS shipped with the ability to sync with Apple's iTunes software by masquerading as an Apple device, but this feature was disabled by subsequent iTunes software updates.
On HP webOS, officially vetted third-party apps are accessible to be installed on the device from the HP App Catalog. [41]
As HP webOS replaced Palm OS, Palm commissioned MotionApps to code and develop an emulator called Classic, to enable backward compatibility to Palm OS apps. This operates with webOS version 1.0. Palm OS emulation was discontinued in WebOS version 2.0. [42] MotionApps disengaged from Classic in 2010, citing HP Palm as "disruptive." [43]
Another source of applications is homebrew software. [44] [45] Homebrew apps are not directly supported by HP. Programs used to distribute homebrew webOS apps include webOS Quick Install (Java-based sideloader for desktop computers) and Preware (a homebrew webOS app catalog, which must be sideloaded). If software problems do occur after installing homebrew programs, "webOS Doctor" (provided by HP) can restore a phone back to factory settings and remove changes made by homebrew apps and patches. [46]
Developer mode allows for developer access of the device, and is also used for digital forensic investigations. It can be accessed by typing webos20090606 on the device’s keyboard, or on some devices typing upupdowndownleftrightleftrightbastart (a reference to the Konami code) on the cards view. Once in developer mode, data on the system partition can be accessed freely, even if the device was locked. [47] [48]
LG has redesigned the UI of webOS, maintaining the card UI as a feature called "Simple switching" between open TV apps. The other two features promoted by the company are a simple connection (using an animated Clippy-like character called Beanbird to aid the user through setup), and simple discovery.
This section needs to be updated.(March 2018) |
Underneath the graphical user interface, webOS has much in common with mainstream Linux distributions. Versions 1.0 to 2.1 use a patched Linux 2.6.24 kernel. [49]
The list of open-source components used by the different releases of webOS, as well as the source code of and patches applied to each component, is available at the Palm Open Source webpage. [49] This page also serves as a reference listing of the versions of webOS that have been publicly released.
In 2011, Enyo replaced Mojo, released in June 2009, as the software development kit (SDK). [50]
webOS version | Type | Device | Release date | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
HP/Palm webOS | Phones | Palm Pre Pre Plus | June 6, 2009 January 25, 2010 | [51] |
Palm Pixi Pixi Plus | November 15, 2009 January 7, 2010 | [52] | ||
Palm Pre 2 | October 22, 2010 | [53] | ||
HP Veer | August 18, 2011 | [54] | ||
HP Pre 3 | August 18, 2011 | [55] | ||
WindsorNot | Canceled | [56] | ||
Mako | [56] | |||
Tablets | HP TouchPad | July 1, 2011 | [57] | |
HP TouchPad Go | Canceled | [58] | ||
Sapphire | [56] | |||
Twain | [56] | |||
LG webOS | Televisions | LG smart TV models | Varies | [59] [60] |
LG smart laser projector | [61] [62] | |||
FOX TVs (Serbia) | ||||
Refrigerators | LG smart fridge models | [63] [64] | ||
Watches | LG Watch Urbane LTE | April 27, 2015 | [65] [66] [67] | |
LG webOS HUB | Televisions | Hyundai smart TV models | Unknown | [68] |
Palm OS was a mobile operating system initially developed by Palm, Inc., for personal digital assistants (PDAs) in 1996. Palm OS was designed for ease of use with a touchscreen-based graphical user interface. It was provided with a suite of basic applications for personal information management. Later versions of the OS were extended to support smartphones. The software appeared on the company's line of Palm devices while several other licensees have manufactured devices powered by Palm OS.
Palm, Inc., was an American company that specialized in manufacturing personal digital assistants (PDAs) and developing software. Palm designed the PalmPilot, the first PDA successfully marketed worldwide, and was known for the Treo 600, one of the earlier successful smartphones. Palm developed the Palm OS software for PDAs and smartphones released under its line of Palm-branded devices and also licensed to other PDA manufacturers.
Palm is a now discontinued line of personal digital assistants (PDAs) and mobile phones developed by California-based Palm, Inc., originally called Palm Computing, Inc. Palm devices are often remembered as "the first wildly popular handheld computers," responsible for ushering in the smartphone era.
Upstart is a discontinued event-based replacement for the traditional init daemon—the method by which several Unix-like computer operating systems perform tasks when the computer is started. It was written by Scott James Remnant, a former employee of Canonical Ltd. In 2014, Upstart was placed in maintenance mode, and other init daemons, such as systemd, were recommended in place of Upstart. Ubuntu moved away from Upstart with the release of version 15.04 in favor of migrating to systemd. As of June 2024, there have been no updates released for Upstart since September 2014.
Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android has historically been developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance, but its most widely used version is primarily developed by Google. It was unveiled in November 2007, with the first commercial Android device, the HTC Dream, being launched in September 2008.
A mobile operating system is an operating system used for smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, smartglasses, or other non-laptop personal mobile computing devices. While computers such as typical/mobile laptops are "mobile", the operating systems used on them are usually not considered mobile, as they were originally designed for desktop computers that historically did not have or need specific mobile features. This "fine line" distinguishing mobile and other forms has become blurred in recent years, due to the fact that newer devices have become smaller and more mobile, unlike the hardware of the past. Key notabilities blurring this line are the introduction of tablet computers, light laptops, and the hybridization of the two in 2-in-1 PCs.
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GLBasic is a commercial BASIC programming language that can compile to various platforms including Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, and some handheld devices. The language is designed to be simple and intuitive.
The Palm Pre, styled as palm prē, is a multitasking smartphone that was designed and marketed by Palm with a multi-touch screen and a sliding keyboard. The smartphone was the first to use Palm's Linux-based mobile operating system, webOS. The Pre functions as a camera phone and a portable media player, and has location and navigation capabilities. The Pre also serves as a personal information manager, has a number of communication and collaboration applications, and has Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connectivity built-in.
A mobile development framework is a software framework that is designed to support mobile app development. It is a software library that provides a fundamental structure to support the development of applications for a specific environment.
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Enyo is an open source JavaScript framework for cross-platform mobile, desktop, TV and web applications emphasizing object-oriented encapsulation and modularity. Initially developed by Palm, it was later acquired by Hewlett-Packard in April 2010 and then released under an Apache 2.0 license. It is sponsored by LG Electronics and Hewlett-Packard.
WebOS is a Linux operating system for smart devices, and formerly a mobile operating system. It was initially developed by Palm, which was later acquired by Hewlett-Packard, and then LG Electronics. Palm launched WebOS in January 2009. Various versions of WebOS have been featured on several devices, including Pre, Pixi, and Veer phones and the HP TouchPad tablet. The latest version, 3.0.5, was released on 12 January 2012.
Wear OS is a version of Google's Android operating system designed for smartwatches and other wearables. By pairing with mobile phones running Android version 6.0 "Marshmallow" or newer, or iOS version 10.0 or newer with limited support from Google's pairing application, Wear OS integrates Google Assistant technology and mobile notifications into a smartwatch form factor. Wear OS is closed-source, in contrast to the free and open-source Android.
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The Apple TV app is a line of media player software programs developed by Apple Inc. for viewing television shows and films delivered by Apple to consumer electronic devices. It can stream content from the iTunes Store, the Apple TV Channels a la carte video on demand service, and the Apple TV+ original content subscription service. On iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, Vision Pro, and Apple TV devices it can also index and access content from linked apps of other video on demand services.
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