Teachings of Ellen G. White

Last updated

Ellen G. White, one of the co-founders of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, was extremely influential on the church, which considers her a prophet, understood today as an expression of the New Testament spiritual gift of prophecy. [1] She was a voluminous writer and popular speaker on health and temperance. Her teachings are preserved today through over 50,000 manuscript pages of her writings, and the records of others.

Contents

Theology

Her theology was Christ-centered, particularly since the 1888 Minneapolis General Conference. [2]

Her religious cosmology was dominated by a Great Controversy theme, as outlined in her book The Great Controversy , first published in 1858. It describes a cosmic battle between good and evil, between Jesus Christ and Satan, covering the fall of Satan and his angels, the fall of man, and the salvation of sinful man through the crucifixion of Jesus and righteousness by faith.

Her eschatology includes the Second Advent of Christ and the resurrection of the dead, when the righteous, together with the living saints, will ascend to Paradise and live for 1,000 years. After this, the old Earth will be cleansed by Hell fire and become the New Earth where they will live eternally in bliss with God and the angels.

She did not believe in "once-saved-always-saved", and it has been disputed by some whether she taught one could feel assurance of salvation.[ citation needed ] Jerry Moon argues that she did. [3] The SDA church holds Arminian theology, and hence does not teach a "once-saved-always-saved" philosophy.

Regarding the Trinity, although she did not write using theological terminology and did not use the word "Trinity", [4] she believed in one God existing in three coequal, coeternal, consubstantial divine persons: [5] [6] God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ) and God the Holy Spirit. Her husband, who died in 1881, "stated categorically that her visions did not support the Trinitarian creed". [7] The "Ellen G. White Estate" [8] has examined her later writings on the topic [9] and found quotes they believe demonstrate she was a Trinitarian. [10] [11] [12]

Arthur Patrick believes that White was an "evangelical", in that she had high regard for the Bible, saw the cross as central, supported righteousness by faith, believed in Christian activism, and sought to restore New Testament Christianity. [13]

One study of Ellen White places both her and early Adventism within the context of the materialist theology of the times, seeing this to inform her Christology as well as other aspects of her teachings that are now outdated and do not correspond to contemporary Adventist views. By the same token, the study sees her as a precursor of monist covenantalism. [14]

Regarding ethics and character, White once wrote:

"The greatest want of the world is the want of men—men who will not be bought or sold, men who in their inmost souls are true and honest, men who do not fear to call sin by its right name, men whose conscience is as true to duty as the needle to the pole, men who will stand for the right though the heavens fall." [15]

Music

She wrote that "Music, when not abused, is a great blessing; but when it is put to a wrong use, it is a terrible curse." [16]

In her book Education, White writes about the use of music for the uplift of souls. She writes that music "is one of the most effective means of impressing the heart with spiritual truth. . . . As a part of religious service, singing is as much an act of worship as is prayer. Indeed, many a song is prayer. . . . Heaven's communion begins on earth. We learn here the keynote of its praise." [17]

After a 1900 camp meeting with loud and sensational music and activities common in the Holy Roller form of Pentecostalism, she wrote the following: "The things you have described as taking place in Indiana, the Lord has shown me would take place Just before the close of probation. Every uncouth thing will be demonstrated. There will be shouting, with drums, music, and dancing. The senses of rational beings will become so confused that they cannot be trusted to make right decisions. And this is called the moving of the Holy Spirit." [18] Her argument is that God's aspect of the Holy Spirit never uses such disarray. She continues that "no encouragement should be given to this kind of worship," as worshippers are excited by a power they wrongly assume to be God's. [18]

She said, "Those things which have been in the past will be in the future. Satan will make music a snare by the way in which it is conducted. God calls upon His people, who have the light before them in the Word and in the Testimonies, to read and consider, and to take heed. Clear and definite instruction has been given in order that all may understand. But the itching desire to originate something new results in strange doctrines, and largely destroys the influence of those who would be a power for good if they held firm the beginning of their confidence in the truth the Lord had given them." [18]

End times

She described a "shaking" in the end times. [19]

There are claims she predicted future events. [20] Yet it is estimated that less than 5% of her writings contain predictions. [21]

See the compilation of her end-time views by former White Estate director Robert W. Olson. [22]

Health

White expounded greatly on the subject of health and nutrition, as well as healthy eating, a balanced diet, and vegetarianism. [23] [24] At her behest, the Seventh-day Adventist Church first established the Western Health Reform Institute in Battle Creek, Michigan in 1866 to care for the sick as well as to disseminate health instruction. [25] Over the years, other Adventist sanitariums were established around the country, and one was the Loma Linda Sanitarium, that is now name of the Loma Linda University Medical Center. [26] These sanitariums became hospitals, forming the backbone of the Adventists' medical network and, in 1972, forming the Adventist Health System.

The beginnings of this health ministry are found in a vision that White had in 1863. The vision was said to have occurred during a visit by James and Ellen White to Otsego, Michigan to encourage the evangelistic workers there. [27]

White wrote in 1864 that tobacco was "a slow, insidious, but most malignant poison." [28] Later text spoke of a member of the church called Doctor Osborn who had not quit, saying that despite his use of tobacco, the judgment lodged against him was more offensive. [29] She was also critical of the consumption of alcohol, saying: "Moderate drinking is the school in which men are educated for the drunkard’s career." [30]

Early in 1866, responding to the instruction given to White on Christmas Day in 1865 [31] that Seventh-day Adventists should establish a health institute for the care of the sick and the imparting of health instruction, plans were laid for the Western Health Reform Institute, which opened in September, 1866. [32] While the Whites were in and out of Battle Creek from 1865 to 1868, James White's poor physical condition led them to move to a small farm near Greenville, Michigan.

White argued that "drugs do not cure disease" and that "in most cases, the drug only changes the form and location of the disease." [33]

White's idea of health reform included vegetarianism in a day and age where "meat and two vegetables" was the standard meal for a typical North American. Her health message inspired a health food revolution starting with John Harvey Kellogg in his creation of Corn Flakes. He also is credited as the inventor of granola after she requested he make a product that was "very similar" to it. [34] The Sanitarium Health Food Company as it is now known was also started by this health principle. Adhering to the principles outlined in the health reform, John Harvey Kellogg differed from his brother's views on the sugar content of their Corn Flake breakfast cereal. The latter started Kellogg Company. White championed a vegetarianism that was intended to be not only physically, but also spiritually helpful to humans, and also to treat God's creatures with love and respect. [35] The vegetarian diet that she recommends for her followers is said to contribute to their higher than average longevity. [36]

White prescribes that her followers drink six to eight glasses of water per day. [37]

Her views are expressed in many of her writings such as Important Facts Of Faith: Laws Of Health, And Testimonies, Nos. 1–10 (1864), Healthful Living (1897, 1898), The Ministry of Healing (1905), The Health Food Ministry (1970), and Counsels on Diet and Foods (1938).

Her work for health reform and emphasis on a vegetarian lifestyle is seen as the cause of the city of Loma Linda being named by researcher Dan Buettner a Blue Zone where residents live for longer lives than the average lifespan. [38] In 2022, journalist Avery Yale Kamila said that White's "profound and lasting influence on vegetarian food in the United States continues today." [39]

Education

Proper Education, 1872

Ellen White's earliest essays on Education appeared in the 1872 autumn editions of the Health Reformer. [40] In her first essay, she stated that working with youthful minds was the most delicate of tasks. The manner of instruction should be varied. This would make it possible for the "high and noble powers of the mind" [40] to have a chance to develop. To be qualified to educate the youth, parents and teachers must have self-control, gentleness and love.

Education has a Broad Scope

To White, Education is "more than merely having a knowledge of books. It takes in everything that is good, virtuous, righteous, and holy. It comprehends the practice of temperance, godliness, brotherly kindness, and love to God, and to each other. In order to attain this object, the physical, mental, moral, and religious education of children must have attention." [40]

Teach Students How to Think, Act and Decide

She makes a distinction between simple training and education. The education of children should not be like the training of dumb animals. Children need to be shown how to use their own intelligent will to rule themselves. Children who are taught self-control will have moral energy and a sense of individual responsibility.

Once students are taught self-control, the teacher should show them how to strengthen their weaker faculties. In this way they will cultivate a balanced mind. They need to be taught how to think, act, and decide for themselves. They should be encouraged to develop their own judgment and to have an opinion of their own. This is done by giving them opportunity to exercise their own judgment, "as fast and as far as practicable." [40]

Respect for Experienced Judgment

Students should be taught to respect the experienced judgment of their parents and teachers. The relationship should be one of guidance; a respectful meeting of the minds. When they eventually go out on their own, they do so with the guiding ideas shared with them. Thus, they are able to stand strong.

Complete Control Causes Future Problems

"That class of teachers who are gratified that they have almost complete control of the will of their scholars are not the most successful teachers, although the appearance for the time being may be flattering. God never designed that one human mind should be under the complete control of another human mind." [40] The most successful teachers over time are those who educate their students to use the power within to stand for principle. "Their work may not show to the very best advantage to careless observers, and their labors may not be valued as highly as the teacher who holds the will and mind of his scholars by absolute authority; but the future lives of the pupils will show the fruits of the better plan of education." [40]

Ellen White's idea of creating a Christian educational system and its importance in society is detailed in her writings Christian Education (1893, 1894) and Education (1903).

Church leadership

Ellen White wrote of Jesus as the believer's leader. According to White, Jesus was the leader of the Israelites in the Wilderness "enshrouded in the pillar of cloud." [41]

She presented leadership concepts in connection with Biblical leaders: e.g. Moses, [42] Joshua, [43] Nehemiah [44]

See also Ellen White on Leadership by Cindy Tutsch. [45]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seventh-day Adventist Church</span> Protestant Christian denomination

The Seventh-day Adventist Church (SDA) is an Adventist Protestant Christian denomination which is distinguished by its observance of Saturday, the seventh day of the week in the Christian (Gregorian) and the Hebrew calendar, as the Sabbath, its emphasis on the imminent Second Coming (advent) of Jesus Christ, and its annihilationist soteriology. The denomination grew out of the Millerite movement in the United States during the mid-19th century and it was formally established in 1863. Among its co-founders was Ellen G. White, whose extensive writings are still held in high regard by the church.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ellen G. White</span> American author and co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church

Ellen Gould White was an American author and co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Along with other Adventist leaders such as Joseph Bates and her husband James White, she was instrumental within a small group of early Adventists who formed what became known as the Seventh-day Adventist Church. White is considered a leading figure in American vegetarian history. Smithsonian named her among the "100 Most Significant Americans of All Time".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Harvey Kellogg</span> American physician

John Harvey Kellogg was an American businessman, inventor, physician, and advocate of the Progressive Movement. He was the director of the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Battle Creek, Michigan, founded by members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It combined aspects of a European spa, a hydrotherapy institution, a hospital and high-class hotel. Kellogg treated the rich and famous, as well as the poor who could not afford other hospitals. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, his "development of dry breakfast cereals was largely responsible for the creation of the flaked-cereal industry."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church</span>

The Seventh-day Adventist Church had its roots in the Millerite movement of the 1830s to the 1840s, during the period of the Second Great Awakening, and was officially founded in 1863. Prominent figures in the early church included Hiram Edson, Ellen G. White, her husband James Springer White, Joseph Bates, and J. N. Andrews. Over the ensuing decades the church expanded from its original base in New England to become an international organization. Significant developments such the reviews initiated by evangelicals Donald Barnhouse and Walter Martin, in the 20th century led to its recognition as a Christian denomination.

Criticism of the Seventh-day Adventist Church includes observations made about its teachings, structure, and practices or theological disagreements from various individuals and groups.

In Seventh-day Adventist theology, the Great Controversy theme refers to the cosmic battle between Jesus Christ and Satan, also played out on earth. Ellen G. White, a member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, who wrote several books explaining, but allegedly never disagreeing with the Bible, delineates the theme in her book The Great Controversy, first published in 1858. The concept, or metanarrative, derives from many visions the author reported to have received, as well as from scriptural references. Adventist theology sees the concept as important in that it provides an understanding of the origin of evil, and of the eventual destruction of evil and the restoration of God's original purpose for this world. It constitutes belief number 8 of the church's 28 Fundamentals.

In Seventh-day Adventist theology, there will be an end time remnant of believers who are faithful to God. The remnant church is a visible, historical, organized body characterized by obedience to the commandments of God and the possession of a unique end-time gospel proclamation. Adventists have traditionally equated this "remnant church" with the Seventh-day Adventist denomination.

<i>The Great Controversy</i> (book) 1858 book by Ellen White

The Great Controversy is a book by Ellen G. White, one of the founders of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, and held in esteem as a prophetess or messenger of God among Seventh-day Adventist members. In it, White describes the "Great Controversy theme" between Jesus Christ and Satan, as played out over the millennia from its start in heaven, to its final end when the remnant who are faithful to God will be taken to heaven at the Second Advent of Christ, and the world is destroyed and recreated. Regarding the reason for writing the book, the author reported, "In this vision at Lovett's Grove, most of the matter of the Great Controversy which I had seen ten years before, was repeated, and I was shown that I must write it out."

The theology of the Seventh-day Adventist Church resembles early Protestant Christianity, combining elements from Lutheran, Wesleyan-Arminian, and Anabaptist branches of Protestantism. Adventists believe in the infallibility of the Scripture's teaching regarding salvation, which comes from grace through faith in Jesus Christ. The 28 fundamental beliefs constitute the church's current doctrinal positions, but they are revisable under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, and are not a creed.

Most Seventh-day Adventists believe church co-founder Ellen G. White (1827–1915) was inspired by God as a prophet, today understood as a manifestation of the New Testament "gift of prophecy," as described in the official beliefs of the church. Her works are officially considered to hold a secondary role to the Bible, but in practice there is wide variation among Adventists as to exactly how much authority should be attributed to her writings. With understanding she claimed was received in visions, White made administrative decisions and gave personal messages of encouragement or rebuke to church members. Seventh-day Adventists believe that only the Bible is sufficient for forming doctrines and beliefs, a position Ellen White supported by statements inclusive of, "the Bible, and the Bible alone, is our rule of faith".

<i>Questions on Doctrine</i>

Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine is a book published by the Seventh-day Adventist Church in 1957 to help explain Adventism to conservative Protestants and Evangelicals. The book generated greater acceptance of the Adventist church within the evangelical community, where it had previously been widely regarded as a cult. However, it also proved to be one of the most controversial publications in Adventist history and the release of the book brought prolonged alienation and separation within Adventism and evangelicalism.

George Raymond Knight is a leading Seventh-day Adventist historian, author, and educator. He is emeritus professor of church history at Andrews University. As of 2014 he is considered to be the best-selling and influential voice for the past three decades within the denomination.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1919 Bible Conference (Adventist)</span>

The 1919 Bible Conference was a Seventh-day Adventist Church conference or council held from July 1 to August 9, 1919, for denominational leaders, educators, and editors to discuss theological and pedagogical issues. The council was convened by the General Conference Executive Committee led by A. G. Daniells, the president of the General Conference. The meetings included the first major discussion of the inspiration of Ellen G. White's writings after her death in 1915, and the far-reaching theological scope of the discussions would generate considerable controversy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Burden</span>

John Allen Burden (1862–1942) was an American Seventh-day Adventist minister, administrator, and medical missionary instrumental in founding sanitariums, restaurants, and health food factories. At the age of 9, John attended Adventist meetings for the first time and was introduced to the writings of Ellen G. White, which left a lifelong impression upon him. Five years later he was baptized, and at the age of 18 (1880) moved with his family to Oregon. John met Eleanor A. Baxter (1865–1933) as a student at Healdsburg College. They were married in 1888 while working for the Rural Health Retreat, of which John became manager in 1891.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William C. White</span> Seventh-day Adventist minister

William Clarence "Willie" White, was a son of Ellen G. White and James Springer White, two of the founders of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. He became a well-known Seventh-day Adventist minister and church leader. W.C.'s son Arthur L. White worked closely with him and succeeded his father as Secretary of the White Estate.

Interpretations of the law in the Bible within the Seventh-day Adventist Church form a part of the broader debate regarding biblical law in Christianity. Adventists believe in a greater continuation of laws such as the law given to Moses in the present day than do most other Christians. In particular, they believe the 10 Commandments still apply to today, including the Sabbath in particular.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Heppenstall</span> British Seventh-day Adventist theologian

Edward E. Heppenstall was a leading Bible scholar and theologian of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. A 1985 questionnaire of North American Adventist lecturers revealed Heppenstall was the Adventist writer who had most influenced them.

Seventh-day Adventists believe that Ellen G. White, one of the church's co-founders, was a prophetess, understood today as an expression of the New Testament spiritual gift of prophecy.

The Seventh-day Adventist Church pioneers were members of Seventh-day Adventist Church, part of the group of Millerites, who came together after the Great Disappointment across the United States and formed the Seventh-day Adventist Church. In 1860, the pioneers of the fledgling movement settled on the name, Seventh-day Adventist, representative of the church's distinguishing beliefs. Three years later, on May 21, 1863, the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists was formed and the movement became an official organization.

The Pillars of Adventism are landmark doctrines for Seventh-day Adventists. They are Bible doctrines that define who they are as a people of faith; doctrines that are "non-negotiables" in Adventist theology. The Seventh-day Adventist church teaches that these Pillars are needed to prepare the world for the second coming of Jesus Christ, and sees them as a central part of its own mission. Adventists teach that the Seventh-day Adventist Church doctrines were both a continuation of the reformation started in the 16th century and a movement of the end time rising from the Millerites, bringing God's final messages and warnings to the world.

References

  1. ↑ "Fundamental Beliefs". Seventh-day Adventist Church. Archived from the original on 2006-03-10. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
  2. ↑ Webster, Eric Claude (1984). "The Christology of Ellen Gould White". Crosscurrents in Adventist Christology. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. ISBN   0-8204-0157-9. Reprinted with permission by Andrews University Press. Berrien Springs, MI (February 1992)
  3. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2006-11-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ↑ Guy, Fritz (11 April 2014). "Theology". In Dopp Aamodt, Terrie; Land, Gary; Numbers, Ronald L. (eds.). Ellen Harmon White: American Prophet. Oxford University Press. p. 144. ISBN   978-0-19-937387-1.
  5. ↑ Daley 2009, pp. 323–350.
  6. ↑ Ramelli 2012.
  7. ↑ Bull, Malcolm; Lockhart, Keith (2007). Seeking a Sanctuary: Seventh-day Adventism and the American Dream. Indiana University Press. p. 75. ISBN   978-0-253-34764-0.
  8. ↑ "Ellen G. White Estate: Home". whiteestate.org.
  9. ↑ "Ellen White's Trinitarian Statements: What Did She Actually Write? — Ellen G. White Writings". m.egwwritings.org.
  10. ↑ (1896) "Sin could be resisted and overcome only through the mighty agency of the Third Person of the Godhead, who would come with no modified energy, but in the fullness of divine power." E. G. White, "Letter 8, 1896", dated February 6, 1896. This was later included in The Desire of Ages , p. 671 (1898).
  11. ↑ (1900) "The work is laid out before every soul that has acknowledged his faith in Jesus Christ by baptism, and has become a receiver of the pledge from the three persons—the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit." E. G. White, Manuscript 57 (1900). Also published in the SDA Bible Commentary, vol. 6, p. 1074
  12. ↑ (1906) "There are three living persons of the heavenly trio; in the name of these three great powers—the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit—those who receive Christ by living faith are baptized, and these powers will co-operate with the obedient subjects of heaven in their efforts to live the new life in Christ." E. G. White, Special Testimonies, Series B, No. 7 (1906).
  13. ↑ Arthur Patrick, "An Adventist and an Evangelical in Australia? The Case of Ellen White In The 1890s." in Lucas: An Evangelical History Review No. 12, December 1991
  14. ↑ Thomas McElwain, Adventism and Ellen White: A Phenomenon of Religious Materialism Studies on Inter-religious Relations 48, Swedish Science Press, 2010
  15. ↑ Kharbteng, Boxter (December 5, 2017). "Challenge of Christian leadership". The Shillong Times. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  16. ↑ "Testimonies, vol. 1, pg. 497".
  17. ↑ "Education, pg. 168". Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2024.
  18. 1 2 3 "Counsels on the Celebration Church 2nd Selected Messages, p. 36-38., Ellen White". sdadefend.com.
  19. ↑ Ellen White, "The Shaking" section in Early Writings , p269–73. See also The Shaking Time bibliography by Gary Shearer, librarian at Pacific Union College
  20. ↑ http://jewel.andrews.edu:82/search/dWhite%20Ellen%20Gould%20Harmon%201827%201915%20Prophecies%5B%5D
  21. ↑ Quoted in Paul A. Gordon, "E. G. White's Role in Ministering to God's End-time Remnant". Journal of the Adventist Theological Society 2:2 (Autumn 1991), p217; as cited elsewhere
  22. ↑ Ellen White Comments on the Crisis Ahead: Answers to Questions About the End-Time, compiled by Robert Olson. Review and Herald, 2000
  23. ↑ "Online Books - The Ministry of Healing". Whiteestate.org. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
  24. ↑ "Counsels on Diet and Food | Ellen White Books (A-F) | Reference | Christian Resource Centre (Bermuda)". Crcbermuda.com. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
  25. ↑ "History of Adventist Health – FundingUniverse". www.fundinguniverse.com.
  26. ↑ "City of Loma Linda - Our History". The City of Loma Linda, California. 2018. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  27. ↑ E.G. White, Review & Herald, Oct. 8, 1867; Counsels on Diets and Foods, p. 481.
  28. ↑ Noorbergen, Rene (2001). Ellen G. White: Prophet of Destiny. TEACH Services. ISBN   9781572581999 . Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  29. ↑ Marulli, Luca (April 2010). "Members who smoke and church discipline: A view from the writings of Ellen G. White". Ministry Magazine. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  30. ↑ Doff, Jodi Sh. (August 13, 2017). "Drinking My Religion—an A to Z Primer". The Fix. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  31. ↑ Testimonies for the Church, vol. 1, p.489
  32. ↑ Battle Creek Sanitarium
  33. ↑ Hardinge, Mervyn G. (2001). A Physician Explains Ellen White's Counsel on Drugs, Herbs, and Natural Remedies. Review and Herald Pub Assoc. ISBN   9780828015578 . Retrieved February 4, 2018.
  34. ↑ Bonem, Max (April 12, 2017). "How Granola Launched a Breakfast Revolution". Food & Wine. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  35. ↑ Ministry of Healing pg. 315
  36. ↑ Aghajanian, Liana (January 26, 2018). "How a Meatless Town in California Made Turning 100 No Big Deal". Thrillist. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
  37. ↑ Whitman, Jake (June 2, 2017). "The 'Blue Zones' diet: Foods that help people live to 100". Today. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  38. ↑ Whitman, Jake (2020-09-02). "Take it from the 'Blue Zones': Diet, human connection as important as ever". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  39. ↑ Kamila, Avery Yale (20 February 2022). "Vegan Kitchen: Nearly 150 years ago, a Seventh Day Adventist leader had a vision about vegetarianism". Portland Press Herald. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 White, Ellen G. (September 1872). "Proper Education" (PDF). The Health Reformer. 7 (9). Battle Creek, Michigan: The Health Reform Institute: 284–286 (electronic 28–30). Retrieved May 31, 2011.
  41. ↑ White, E. G. (December 17, 1895). "An Example in History" (PDF). Review and Herald. 72 (51). Battle Creek, Michigan: The Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association: 1, 2. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
  42. ↑ Patriarchs and Prophets, Chapter 43, "Moses"
  43. ↑ Joshua, A Wise, Consecrated Leader, The Story of Redemption, p. 181
  44. ↑ White, E. G. (December 6, 1883). "Nehemiah Secures the Co-operation of the People". Signs of the Time. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
  45. ↑ Ellen White on Leadership: Guidance for Those Who Influence Others by Cindy Tutsch. Nampa, ID: Pacific Press, 2008. Reviewed by Kenley D. Hall in Andrews University Seminary Studies 47:1 (Spring 2009), p157–158
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.