Perseverance of the saints

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Perseverance of the saints, also known as preservation of the saints, is a Calvinist doctrine asserting that the elect will persevere in faith and ultimately achieve salvation. This concept was initially developed by Augustine of Hippo in the early 5th century, based on the idea of predestination by predeterminism. In the 16th century, John Calvin and other reformers integrated this idea into their theological framework. The doctrine of perseverance of the saints is rooted in this understanding of predestination and continues to be a central tenet of Reformed theology today.

Contents

Definition and terminology

Definition

The doctrine of perseverance of the saints asserts that the elect will persevere in faith until the end of their lives and ultimately achieve salvation. Those who are truly born again are the elect who will persevere to the end. [1] [2] [3]

Terminology

The alternative term "preservation of the saints" emphasizes God's role in determining the elect's perseverance. Conversely, "perseverance of the saints" highlights the human act of perseverance, which is a consequence of God's preservation. [4] [5] [6] However, "preservation of the saints" is a broader concept that can describe how God preserves the elect, whether deterministically or not. The non-deterministic view, known as "conditional preservation," refers to God protecting the believer’s relationship with Him from external forces, contingent upon the believer’s continued faith. [7]

Because one practical interpretation of the Calvinist doctrine of "perseverance of the saints" leads to "eternal security", [8] over time, the term became synonymous with the doctrine itself. [9] By the early 20th century, "eternal security" was used as a strict synonym for "perseverance of the saints". [10] However, given the theological significance of the term "eternal security" in common usage, it's important to distinguish them. [11] Indeed, some Calvinist theologians reject the use of "eternal security" for their doctrine of perseverance, [12] as do proponents of non-Calvinist forms of eternal security. [13]

History

Augustine's doctrine of perseverance

Botticelli, Sandro. (c. 1480) Saint Augustine in His Study Saint Augustine Portrait.jpg
Botticelli, Sandro. (c. 1480) Saint Augustine in His Study

Before his conversion to Christianity in 387, Augustine of Hippo (354–430), adhered to three deterministic philosophies: Stoicism, Neoplatonism and Manichaeism. [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] After his conversion, he taught traditional Christian theology against forms of theological determinism until 412. [20] [21] [22]

During his conflict with the Pelagians, however Augustine seemed to reintroduce certain Manichean principles into his thought, [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] a shift notably influenced by the controversy over infant baptism. [29] His early exposure to Stoicism, with its emphasis on meticulous divine predeterminism, also shaped his views. [30] According to Manichean doctrine, unborn and unbaptized infants were condemned to hell due to their physical bodies. [31] Augustine asserted that God predetermined parents to seek baptism for their newborns, linking water baptism to regeneration, [32] and ultimately predetermining which infants are damned and which are justified. [33]

Augustine had to explain why some baptized individuals continued in the faith while others fell away and lived immoral lives. He taught that among those regenerated through baptism, some receive an additional gift of perseverance (donum perseverantiae) enabling them to maintain their faith and preventing them from falling away. [34] [35] [36] Without this second gift, a baptized Christian with the Holy Spirit would not persevere and ultimately would not be saved. [37] Augustine developed this doctrine of perseverance in De correptione et gratia (c. 426–427). [38] While this doctrine theoretically gives security to the elect who receive the gift of perseverance, individuals cannot ascertain whether they have received it. [39] [16] [40]

Proponents of Augustinian soteriology before the Reformation

Between the 5th century and the Reformation in the 16th century, theologians who upheld Augustinian soteriology, included: Gottschalk (c. 808–868), [41] Ratramnus (died 868), [42] Thomas Bradwardine (1300–1349), [43] Gregory of Rimini (1300–1358), [44] John Wycliffe (1320s – 1384), [45] Johann Ruchrat von Wesel (died 1481), [46] Girolamo Savonarola (1452–1498) [47] and Johannes von Staupitz (1460–1524). [48]

Development of the Calvinist doctrine of perseverance

John Calvin (1509–1564) among other Reformers, was deeply influenced by Augustinian soteriology. [49] [50] The soteriology of Calvin was further shaped and systematized by Theodore Beza and other theologians. [51] It was then articulated during the Second Synod of Dort (1618–1619) in response to the opposing Five Articles of Remonstrance . [52] [53] The Calvinist doctrine of perseverance is present in Reformed confessions of faith such as the Lambeth Articles (1595), [54] the Canons of Dort (1618-1619) [4] and the Westminster Confession of Faith (1646). [6]

Doctrine

A consequence of the Calvinist doctrine of predestination

Orthodox forms of Calvinism view God's providence as expressed through theological determinism. [55] [56] [57] This means that every event in the world is determined by God. [58] As the Westminster Confession of Faith put it: "God, from all eternity, did, by the most wise and holy counsel of His own will, freely, and unchangeably ordain whatever comes to pass." [59]

Concerning salvation, Calvin expressly taught that it is God's sovereign decision to determine whether an individual is saved or damned. [60] [61] He writes "By predestination we mean the eternal decree of God, by which he determined with himself whatever he wished to happen with regard to every man. All are not created on equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal life, others to eternal damnation; and, accordingly, as each has been created for one or other of these ends, we say that he has been predestinated to life or to death." [62] Indeed, human actions leading to this end are also predetermined by God. [63] In accordance, Calvin held to the doctrine of perseverance of the saints, contending for the unconditional preservation of the elect. [64]

Practical interpretations of the doctrine of perseverance of the saints

Practical interpretation rejecting an absolute assurance of salvation

According to Calvinism, apostasy is not possible for those who are true Christians. [65] However, being a true Christian is only demonstrated by perseverance to the end. [66] This arises because there are instances where individuals appear to come to God but later display definitive apostasy. To address this phenomenon, Calvinist theologians have postulated that common grace might include effects that cannot be distinguished from effectual calling and subsequent irresistible grace. About that issue, Calvin formulated the concept of a temporary grace (sometimes called "evanescent grace") that appears and works for only a while in the reprobate but then to disappears. [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] According to this concept, the Holy Spirit can create in some people effects which are indistinguishable from those of the irresistible grace of God, [72] producing also a visible "fruit" in their life. [73] Temporary grace was also supported by later Calvinist theologians such as Theodore Beza, William Perkins, [74] John Owen, [75] A. W. Pink [76] and Loraine Boettner. [77] This suggests that the knowledge of being a true Christian is theoretically not accessible during life. [78] Thus a first interpretation of the doctrine of perseverance of the saints acknowledges explanations of apparent apostasy like "evanescent grace," which avoids offering to the believer absolute assurance of salvation during life. Several Reformed theologians have expressed a non-absolute assurance of salvation view. [79] [80] [81] [82]

Practical interpretation supporting an absolute assurance of salvation

Anonymous (17th century) Portrait of John Calvin Portrait of John Calvin, French School.jpg
Anonymous (17th century) Portrait of John Calvin

Calvin heavily drew upon Augustinian soteriology. [49] [50] However, both Augustine and Luther, an Augustinian friar, held that believers, based on their own understanding, cannot definitively know if they are among the "elect to perseverance." [83] [84] [16] Despite Calvin's inability to offer a clear rationale, [79] he was more optimistic than Luther regarding this possibility. [85] Calvin suggested that some assurance of being an elect might be possible. [86] This possibility of assurance, based on personal introspection, was also expressed by later Calvinist theologians. [87] It was mentioned in the Heidelberg Catechism (1563) [88] and the Westminster Confession of Faith (1646). [89] In the 18th century, [90] Hyper-Calvinism encouraged introspection as a means for adherents to determine their election. [91] The concept persisted into the 19th century. [92] This assurance forms the foundation of unconditional eternal security within Calvinist circles.

The process leading to eternal security unfolds as follows: Initially, the believer must embrace the Calvinist system, emphasizing unconditional election and irresistible grace. Subsequently, through self-examination, they must discern the spiritual influence of the Holy Spirit. This introspection may lead to a faith in their own predetermined election. In this context, the concept of the perseverance of the saints may prompt the believer to believe in their irresistible perseverance. [93] [94]

Because this practical interpretation of the doctrine of "perseverance of the saints" leads to "eternal security", within Reformed Christianity, the term has become synonymous with the doctrine itself over time. [9] By the early 20th century, "eternal security" was used as a strict synonym for "perseverance of the saints". [10] However, in broader Protestantism, "eternal security" often carries a distinct meaning. [9] It's then important to differentiate the two due to their respective theological significance. [11]

Groups such as the Primitive Baptists, originating in Georgia in the early 20th century, [95] officially embraced this form of eternal security due to their strong Calvinist beliefs. [96]

Historical acknowledgment of the interpretations

In Calvinist circles, thus, two practical interpretations emerge regarding "perseverance of the saints": One interpretation accept explanations of apparent apostasy such as "evanescent grace," which does not offer believers absolute assurance of salvation during life. The other interpretation rejects these explanations, asserting that believers, through introspection, can know with absolute certainty that they are elect, thus allowing belief in eternal security. [8] These two perspectives were already observed in the 16th century. Jacobus Arminius, (1560-1609), a pastor of the Reformed Church, encountered both perspectives stemming from the doctrine of perseverance of the saints. He labeled the first perspective "despair" (Latin : desperatio) and the second "security" (Latin : securitas). [93] This "eternal security" interpretation of perseverance of the saints was also explicitly condemned by the Council of Trent (1545-1563). [97] [98]

Objections

Perseverance of the saints hinders assurance of salvation

The doctrine of perseverance of the saints can suggest that a believer have some assurance of final salvation. However, this interpretation faces criticism for its perceived inconsistency. In orthodox Calvinism, while the elect will persevere to the end, believers cannot know they are elect until they persevere to the end. [66] This reality, regardless of explanations for definitive apostasy, undermines the practical utility of "perseverance of the saints," hindering assurance of salvation. This critique has been advanced by various non-Calvinist sources, including proponents of free grace theology, [99] and advocates of conditional preservation of the saints, such as Arminians. [100]

Inconsistencies in explaining definitive apostasy

Within the perseverance of the saints framework, the phenomenon of definitive apostasy is generally explained by Calvinist theologians by the "evanescent grace" concept. This concept implies that the Holy Spirit voluntarily gives temporary faith and related "fruits". [78] Non-Calvinist Christians find this explanation contrary to the revealed character of God and inconsistent with the overall revelation. [101]

The eternal security interpretation introduces a tension in the subject of faith

The "eternal security" practical interpretation of perseverance of the saints asserts that an individual can believe he is an elect and will thus irresistibly persevere. [93] Arminians often highlight a tension in this view between present faith in Jesus and faith in a past event, [102] namely, election. [85] They argue that such faith in a past event is given equal significance in ensuring final salvation as present faith in Jesus. [103] Arminians contend that genuine faith should be unique and focused solely on Jesus. [104]

The eternal security interpretation can lead to antinominianism

The "eternal security" practical interpretation of perseverance of the saints asserts that an individual can believe he is an elect and will thus irresistibly persevere. [93] Such an interpretation can lead an individual to abandon a dynamic understanding of sanctification in favor of a static, antinomian perspective. [105]

Debated exegetical aspects

Warning passages of the book of Hebrews

Several passages in the book of Hebrews, especially Hebrews 6:4–6 and Heb 10:26–39 seem to contradict the Calvinistic doctrine of the unconditional preservation of the elect. [106] [107] The debate over these passages centers around the identity of the persons in question, with the following main interpretations proposed: [108]

There are several less common interpretations. One suggests that the warnings do not refer to a loss of salvation but rather a loss of eternal rewards. [114] [115] Another posits that the warnings could refer to Jewish Christians reverting to Judaism. [116] [117]

Hebrew 6:4-6 interpretations supporting Calvinist unconditional preservation

"Hypothetical view": Hebrews 6:4-6 can describe those who temporarily backslide in their faith but does not address the issue of permanent loss of faith. [118] This interpretation has faced strong criticism from non-Calvinists. [119] [120]

"Phenomenological-false believer view": Hebrews 6:4-6 does not refer to regenerated individuals, but to unbelievers who have received God's gifts and benefited from His grace yet remained skeptics. [121] This view has also been strongly criticized by non-Calvinists. [122] [117]

Hebrew 6:4-6 interpretation contradicting Calvinist unconditional preservation

"Phenomenological-true believer view": Oropeza asserts that the recipients of the letter to the Hebrews had faced persecutions, and the author acknowledges that some members had become apostates despite their genuine conversion experiences. The author warns the current audience that despite their past benefits and experiences confirming their faith, they too could fall away if they continue in their state of malaise and neglect, with dire consequences for apostasy. [123] While some argue for an irremediable apostasy interpretation, [124] others, contend that apostasy by a regenerated Christian is possible but not systematically irremediable as long as they are alive. According to this view, McKnight suggests that the author of Hebrews describes an apostasy that exceeds the grace period given by God, which is irremediable, not the remediable apostasy that can occur during a person's life. [125]

Differing Protestant views

Anabaptist view

Anabaptist theology traditionally teaches conditional preservation of the saints. [126]

Lutheran view

Lutherans believe that a true Christian can lose his or her salvation. [127] [128]

Arminian view

Arminians teaches conditional preservation of the saints. [129]

Free Grace view

Free grace advocates believe that believers are promised eternal security, but not guaranteed perseverance. Those who do not persevere will face temporal discipline and loss of rewards. [130]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arminianism</span> Protestant theological movement

Arminianism is a movement of Protestantism initiated in the early 17th century, based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jacobus Arminius and his historic supporters known as Remonstrants. Dutch Arminianism was originally articulated in the Remonstrance (1610), a theological statement submitted to the States General of the Netherlands. This expressed an attempt to moderate the doctrines of Calvinism related to its interpretation of predestination.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reformed Christianity</span> Protestant denominational family

Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation, a schism in the Western Church. In the modern day, it is largely represented by the Continental Reformed, Presbyterian, and Congregational traditions, as well as parts of the Anglican and Baptist traditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Predestination</span> Doctrine in Christian theology

Predestination, in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul. Explanations of predestination often seek to address the paradox of free will, whereby God's omniscience seems incompatible with human free will. In this usage, predestination can be regarded as a form of religious determinism; and usually predeterminism, also known as theological determinism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Predestination in Calvinism</span> Theological doctrine

Predestination is a doctrine in Calvinism dealing with the question of the control that God exercises over the world. In the words of the Westminster Confession of Faith, God "freely and unchangeably ordained whatsoever comes to pass." The second use of the word "predestination" applies this to salvation, and refers to the belief that God appointed the eternal destiny of some to salvation by grace, while leaving the remainder to receive eternal damnation for all their sins, even their original sin. The former is called "unconditional election", and the latter "reprobation". In Calvinism, some people are predestined and effectually called in due time to faith by God, all others are reprobated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grace in Christianity</span> Concept in Christianity

In Western Christian theology, grace is created by God who gives it as help to one because God desires one to have it, not necessarily because of anything one has done to earn it. It is understood by Western Christians to be a spontaneous gift from God to people – "generous, free and totally unexpected and undeserved" – that takes the form of divine favor, love, clemency, and a share in the divine life of God. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, grace is the uncreated Energies of God. Among Eastern Christians generally, grace is considered to be the partaking of the Divine Nature described in 2 Peter 1:4 and grace is the working of God himself, not a created substance of any kind that can be treated like a commodity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Unconditional election</span> Calvinist doctrine

Unconditional election is a Calvinist doctrine relating to predestination that describes the actions and motives of God prior to his creation of the world, when he predestined some people to receive salvation, the elect, and the rest he left to continue in their sins and receive the just punishment, eternal damnation, for their transgressions of God's law as outlined in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible. God made these choices according to his own purposes apart from any conditions or qualities related to those persons.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Assurance (theology)</span> Christian doctrine on confidence in God and salvation

As a general term in theological use, assurance refers to a believer's confidence in God, God's response to prayer, and the hope of eternal salvation. In Protestant Christian doctrine, the term "assurance", also known as the Witness of the Spirit, affirms that the inner witness of the Holy Spirit allows the Christian disciple to know that they are justified. Based on the writings of St. Augustine of Hippo, assurance was historically an important doctrine in Lutheranism and Calvinism, and remains a distinguishing doctrine of Methodism and Quakerism, although there are differences among these Christian traditions. Hymns that celebrate the witness of the Holy Spirit, such as Fanny Crosby's "Blessed Assurance", are sung in Christian liturgies to celebrate the belief in assurance.

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Eternal security, also known as "once saved, always saved" is the belief providing Christian believers with absolute assurance of their final salvation. Its development, particularly within Protestantism, has given rise to diverse interpretations, especially in relation with the defining aspects of theological determinism, libertarian free will and the significance of personal perseverance.

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Amyraldism is a Calvinist doctrine. It is also known as the School of Saumur, post redemptionism, moderate Calvinism, or hypothetical universalism. It is one of several hypothetical universalist systems.

The Five Articles of Remonstrance or the Remonstrance were theological propositions advanced in 1610 by followers of Jacobus Arminius who had died in 1609, in disagreement with interpretations of the teaching of John Calvin, then current in the Dutch Reformed Church. Those who supported them were called "Remonstrants".

The conditional preservation of the saints, or conditional perseverance of the saints, or commonly conditional security, is the Arminian Christian belief that believers are kept safe by God in their saving relationship with him upon the condition of a persevering faith in Christ. Arminians find the Scriptures describing both the initial act of faith in Christ, "whereby the relationship is effected", and the persevering faith in him "whereby the relationship is sustained." The relationship of "the believer to Christ is never a static relationship existing as the irrevocable consequence of a past decision, act, or experience." Rather, it is a living union "proceeding upon a living faith in a living Savior." This living union is captured in the simple command by Christ, "Remain in me, and I in you".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate</span> Christian theological debate

The history of the Calvinist–Arminian debate begins in the early 17th century in the Netherlands with a Christian theological dispute between the followers of John Calvin and Jacobus Arminius, and continues today among some Protestants, particularly evangelicals. The debate centers around soteriology, the study of salvation, and includes disputes about total depravity, predestination, and atonement. While the debate was given its Calvinist–Arminian form in the 17th century, issues central to the debate have been discussed in Christianity in some form since Augustine of Hippo's disputes with the Pelagians in the 5th century.

In Christian theology, conditional election is the belief that God chooses for eternal salvation those whom he foresees will have faith in Christ. This belief emphasizes the importance of a person's free will. The counter-view is known as unconditional election, and is the belief that God chooses whomever he will, based solely on his purposes and apart from an individual's free will. It has long been an issue in Calvinist–Arminian debate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apostasy in Christianity</span> Repudiation of the Christian faith

Apostasy in Christianity is the repudiation of Christ and the central teachings of Christianity by someone who formerly was a Christian (Christ-follower). The term apostasy comes from the Greek word apostasia meaning "rebellion", "state of apostasy", "abandonment", or "defection". It has been described as "a willful falling away from, or rebellion against, Christianity. Apostasy is the rejection of Christ by one who has been a Christian. …" "Apostasy is a theological category describing those who have voluntarily and consciously abandoned their faith in the God of the covenant, who manifests himself most completely in Jesus Christ." "Apostasy is the antonym of conversion; it is deconversion."

Free grace theology is a Christian soteriological view which holds that the only condition of salvation is faith, excluding good works and perseverance, holding to eternal security. Free grace advocates believe that good works are not necessary to merit, to maintain or to prove salvation, but rather are part of discipleship and the basis for receiving eternal rewards. This soteriological view distinguishes between salvation and discipleship – the call to believe in Christ as Savior and to receive the gift of eternal life, and the call to follow Christ and become an obedient disciple, respectively. Free grace theologians emphasize the absolute freeness of salvation and the possibility of full assurance that is not grounded upon personal performance. Thus, Free Grace theology allows for the salvation of an individual despite moral failings, although the disobedient Christian will face divine discipline. Norman Geisler has divided this view into a moderate form and a more radical form. The moderate form being associated with Charles Ryrie and the strong form with Zane Hodges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Augustinian soteriology</span> Type of theology

Augustinian soteriology refers to Augustine of Hippo (354–430) view on human salvation and God's providence. His thinking was shaped by early encounters with Stoicism, Neoplatonism, and Manichaeism. Although initially opposing deterministic ideas, Augustine later incorporated elements of these philosophies, especially in his debates with the Pelagians. His doctrines, such as predestination by predeterminism, became foundational for later theological developments and had a lasting impact on Christian thought up to the Reformation. Augustine's influence on John Calvin (1509–1564) was particularly significant in shaping Calvinist soteriology and its understanding of divine providence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gift of perseverance</span> Ancient Christian doctrine

The Gift of perseverance is the doctrine of Augustine of Hippo that persevering in the faith is a gift given by God, but a person can never know if they have the gift. According to Augustine, without having the gift of perseverance a person is damned, even if he seems to have been elected by grace. Augustine himself also believed that Cyprian held a similar view about perseverance being a work of God, and thus foreshadowing the Augustinian view. Some Calvinists argue that the Augustinian view foreshadows the Calvinist doctrine of perseverance of the saints.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Grudem 1994, p. 970. "The Perseverance of the Saints means that all those who are truly born again will be kept by God's power and will persevere as Christians until the end of their lives, and that only those who persevere until the end have been truly born again."
  2. ↑ Westminster Assembly 1946, ch. 17, art. 2. "They, whom God hath accepted in His Beloved, effectually called, and sanctified by His Spirit, can neither totally nor finally fall away from the state of grace, but shall certainly persevere therein to the end, and be eternally saved."
  3. ↑ Sproul 2016, p. 208.
  4. 1 2 Sproul 2016, ch. Perseverance and Preservation.
  5. ↑ Palmer 1996, p. 82.
  6. 1 2 Westminster Assembly 1946, ch. 17, art. 3.
  7. ↑ Ashby 2002, pp. 163–166.
  8. 1 2 Purkiser 1972, p. 74. "In the majority of cases, however, the doctrine of eternal security is not grounded on the Calvinistic dogma of unconditional predestination. While all who teach eternal security are frequently called "Calvinists," actually the greater portion of them are no more than 20 percent Calvinistic."
  9. 1 2 3 Johnson 2008, pp. 21–22. "It is common to hear the term “eternal security” used basically as a synonym for “the perseverance of the saints”. [...] However, the term “eternal security” is often used in a very different and unbiblical way [...] Hence, in common usage, the term “eternal security” can sometimes refer to a doctrine diametrically opposed to the Reformed doctrine of perseverance."
  10. 1 2 USBC 1941, p. 252. "The first change in the Articles of Faith dealt with the Calvinistic doctrine of "eternal security." It was changed from saying that "all who are regenerated and born again by the Spirit of God shall never finally fall away," to "all who are regenerated and born again by the Spirit of God, and endure to the end, shall be saved.""
  11. 1 2 Grudem 1994, p. 860. "[W]e see why the phrase eternal security can be quite misleading. In some evangelical churches, instead of teaching the full and balanced presentation of the doctrine of the perseverance of the saints, pastors have sometimes taught a watered-down version, which in effect tells people that all who have once made a profession of faith and been baptized are “eternally secure.”"
  12. ↑ Horton 2002, p. 24. "In fact, eternal security itself is not a Calvinistic doctrine but, at least in the expressions with which I am familiar, rests on Arminian presuppositions concerning grace and free will."
  13. ↑ Hunt & White 2009, p. 392. "[As Laurence M.] Vance says: It is the Calvinists who reject the biblical teaching of eternal security. The fifth point of the TULIP, as it was originally formulated and commonly interpreted, is at enmity with eternal security. Perseverance of the Saints...is not the same thing as eternal security."
  14. ↑ McCann 2009, pp. 274–277.
  15. ↑ Oort 2006, pp. 709–723.
  16. 1 2 3 Christie-Murray 1989, p. 89.
  17. ↑ Adam 1968, pp. 1–25.
  18. ↑ Latourette 1945, p. 332. "The young Augustine for a time had fellowship with it [Manichaeanism). It seems to have left a permanent impression upon him."
  19. ↑ Newman 1904, p. 361.
  20. ↑ Wilson 2018, pp. 41–94.
  21. ↑ O'Donnell 2005, pp. 45, 48.
  22. ↑ Chadwick 1986, p. 14.
  23. ↑ Hanegraaf 2005, pp. 757–765, ch. Manichaeism.
  24. ↑ Bonner 1999, pp. 227–243, ch. Augustine, the Bible and the Pelagians.
  25. ↑ Schaff 1997, pp. 789, 835.
  26. ↑ Chadwick 1993, p. 232-233.
  27. ↑ Strong & McClintock 1880.
  28. ↑ Mozley 1855, p. 149. "When St. Augustine is charged by Pelagius with fatalism, he does not disown the certainty and necessity, but only the popular superstitions and impieties of that system."
  29. ↑ Haight 1974, p. 30. "Infant baptism tended to be regarded as an initiation into the kingdom of God and the effects of Original Sin as mediated by society. Only adult baptism included the remission of sin. Augustine denied this traditional view: Man's nature is fundamentally disordered because of inherited sin and this involved personal guilt so that an unbaptized infant could not be save."
  30. ↑ Chadwick 1965.
  31. ↑ Cross 2005, p. 701.
  32. ↑ Augustine 1994, pp. 184, 196, Sermons III/8, Sermon 294.
  33. ↑ Wilson 2017, p. 40.
  34. ↑ Wilson 2018, pp. 150, 160–162, 185–189.
  35. ↑ Hägglund 2007, pp. 139–140.
  36. ↑ Burnell 2005, pp. 85–86.
  37. ↑ James 1998, p. 101.
  38. ↑ Wilson 2018, pp. 184–189, 305.
  39. ↑ Davis 1991, p. 213.
  40. ↑ Newman 1904, p. 317.
  41. ↑ McGrath 1998, pp. 160–163.
  42. ↑ EncyclopaediaE 2024a.
  43. ↑ dePrater 2015, p. 37.
  44. ↑ EncyclopaediaE 2024b.
  45. ↑ Stacey 2024.
  46. ↑ Schaff 1997b, § 75.
  47. ↑ Schaff 1997, § 76.
  48. ↑ dePrater 2015, pp. 42–43.
  49. 1 2 McMahon 2012, pp. 7–9. "This is why one finds that every four pages written in the Institutes of the Christian Religion John Calvin quoted Augustine. Calvin, for this reason, would deem himself not a Calvinist, but an Augustinian. [...] Christian Calvinist, should they be more likely deemed an Augustinian-Calvinist?"
  50. 1 2 McKinley 1965, p. 19.
  51. ↑ Muller 2003, pp. 64–67.
  52. ↑ Sproul 2016, p. 32.
  53. ↑ Palmer 1996, p. 10.
  54. ↑ Davis 1991, p. 220.
  55. ↑ Helm 2010, p. 230. "[I]t is reasonable to conclude that although Calvin does not avow determinism in so many words, he nevertheless adopts a broadly deterministic outlook."
  56. ↑ Helm 2010, p. 268.
  57. ↑ Clark 1961, pp. 237–238. "God is the sole ultimate cause of everything. There is absolutely nothing independent of him. He alone is the eternal being. He alone is omnipotent. He alone is sovereign."
  58. ↑ Alexander & Johnson 2016, p. 204. "It should be conceded at the outset, and without any embarrassment, that Calvinism is indeed committed to divine determinism: the view that everything is ultimately determined by God."
  59. ↑ Westminster Assembly 1946, ch. 3.
  60. ↑ Calvin 1845, 3.21.5.
  61. ↑ Calvin 1845, 3.23.1. "Those therefore whom God passes by [does not elect] He reprobates, and that for no other cause than He is pleased to exclude them."
  62. ↑ Calvin 1845, 3.21.7.
  63. ↑ Sproul 2011, p. 37. "If God has decided our destinies from all eternity, that strongly suggests that our free choices are but charades, empty exercises in predetermined playacting. It is as though God wrote the script for us in concrete and we are merely carrying out his scenario."
  64. ↑ Davis 1991, p. 217.
  65. ↑ Pink 2001, pp. 39, 47, 58.
  66. 1 2 Grudem 1994, p. 860, ‌. "[T]his doctrine of the perseverance of the saints, if rightly understood, should cause genuine worry, and even fear, in the hearts of any who are “backsliding” or straying away from Christ. Such persons must clearly be warned that only those who persevere to the end have been truly born again."
  67. ↑ Calvin 1961, p. 66. "[T]hose who appear to live piously may be called sons of God; but since they will eventually live impiously and die in that impiety, God does not call them sons in His foreknowledge. There are sons of God who do not yet appear so to us, but now do so to God; and there are those who, on account of some arrogated or temporal grace, are called so by us, but are not so to God."
  68. ↑ Calvin 1961, pp. 151–152.
  69. ↑ Calvin 1845, 3:24:8. "Sometimes, however, he communicates it also to those whom he enlightens only for a time, and whom afterwards, in just punishment for their ingratitude, he abandons and smites with greater blindness."
  70. ↑ Calvin 1963, p. 76. "[...] I do not see that this is any reason why He should not touch the reprobate with a taste of His grace, or illumine their minds with some glimmerings of His light, or affect them with some sense of His goodness, or to some extent engrave His Word in their hearts. Otherwise where would be that passing faith which Marks mentions (4.17)? Therefore there is some knowledge in the reprobate, which later vanishes away either because it drives its roots less deep than it ought to, or because it is choked and withers away."
  71. ↑ Davis 1991, pp. 217–218.
  72. ↑ Calvin 1845, 3:2:11. "Experience shows that the reprobate are sometimes affected in a way so similar to the elect that even in their own judgment there is no difference between them. [...] [T]he Lord, the better to convict them, and leave them without excuse, instills into their minds such a sense of goodness as can be felt without the Spirit of adoption [...] Therefore, as God regenerates the elect only for ever by incorruptible seed, [...] there is nothing to prevent an inferior operation of the Spirit from taking its course in the reprobate. [...] Thus we dispose of the objection, that if God truly displays his grace, it must endure for ever. There is nothing inconsistent in this with the fact of his enlightening some with a present sense of grace, which afterwards proves evanescent."
  73. ↑ Calvin 1845, pp. 478–479, 3:2:11-12. "[Some reprobates are] just as a tree not planted deep enough may take root, but in the process of time wither away, though it may for several years not only put forth leaves and flowers, but produce fruit."
  74. ↑ Keathley 2010, p. 170. "The doctrine of temporary faith, a notion first formulated by Calvin but later developed by Beza and William Perkins, further intensified the problem of assurance in Calvinist and Puritan theology. According to them, God gives to the reprobate, whom He never intended to save in the first place, a “taste” of his grace. Based on passages such as Matt 7:21–23; Heb 6:4–6, and the parable of the Sower, Beza and Perkins attribute this false, temporary faith to an ineffectual work of the Holy Spirit."
  75. ↑ Gribben & Tweeddale 2022, p. 402. "[...] Owen readily admits that the Spirit occasionally induces a partial illumination of the gospel truth, which might produce some conviction of sin and reformation of behavior. [...] For whatever its superficial resemblance to genuine conversion, it nevertheless falls short of that reality and explains the phenomenon of an apparently temporary illumination famously described in Heb. 6.4."
  76. ↑ Pink 2009, pp. 18–19. "Scripture also teaches that people may possess a faith which is one of the Holy Spirit, and yet which is a non-saving one. This faith which we now allude to has two ingredients which neither education nor self-effort can produce: spiritual light and a Divine power moving the mind to assent. Now a man may have both illumination and inclination from heaven, and yet not be regenerated. We have a solemn proof of this in Hebrews 6:4-6."
  77. ↑ Boettner 1932, ch. 14. "In addition to what has been said it is to be admitted that often times the common operations of the Spirit on the enlightened conscience lead to reformation and to an externally religious life. Those so influenced are often very strict in their conduct and diligent in their religious duties. To the awakened sinner the promises of the Gospel and the exhibition of the plan of salvation contained in the Scriptures appear not only as true but as suited to his condition. [...] This faith continues as long as the state of mind by which it is produced continues. When that changes, he relapses into his usual state of insensibility, and his faith disappears."
  78. 1 2 Walls & Dongell 2004, pp. 201–202. "What is truly remarkable here is that persons who receive this partial and temporary illumination appear for a time to be truly elect but in fact aren't. They are deluded by a false hope. This dreadful possibility is what haunts Calvinists who struggle with the assurance and certainty of salvation."
  79. 1 2 Calvin 1961, p. 126. "Men preposterously ask how they can be certain of a salvation which lies in the hidden counsel of God. I have replied with the truth. Since the certainty of salvation is set forth to us in Christ, it is wrong and injurious to Christ to pass over this proffered fountain of life from which supplies are available, and to toil to draw life out of the hidden recesses of God." (Emphasis added)
  80. ↑ Keathley 2010, p. 171. "John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress has blessed multitudes of Christians, but his spiritual autobiography, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, is disturbing. He recounts how, in his seemingly endless search for assurance of salvation, he was haunted by the question, “How can I tell if I am elected?”"
  81. ↑ Keathley 2010, p. 164. "Michael Eaton [quotes the Calvinist preacher Asahel] Nettleton: “The most that I have ventured to say respecting myself is, that I think it possible I may get to heaven.”"
  82. ↑ Paton 2013b. "You ask me: Michael, do you know you are saved? My answer: yes. You ask me: Michael, do you have assurance? My answer: yes. You ask me: Michael, why do you believe you are saved? My answer: because today I am still believing. But I have to test this all the time, as I am not infallible. I could have a false faith, but I don’t believe I do. This ninety percent assurance will have to do."
  83. ↑ Davis 1991, p. 213, ‌"Unlike Calvin and those in the later Reformed tradition, however, Augustine does not believe that the Christian can in this life know with infallible certitude that he is in fact among the elect and that he will finally persevere."
  84. ↑ Davis 1991, p. 216"Whether the believer, now in a state of grace, would remain in grace to the end was for Luther an open question."
  85. 1 2 Davis 1991, p. 217, ‌. "Calvin, however, has greater confidence than Luther and the Catholic tradition before him that the believer can also have great assurance of his election and final perseverance."
  86. ↑ Davis 1991, p. 217, ‌‌"[For Calvin, when the Church father Gregory the Great] “teaches that we are aware only of our call but unsure of our election, he is badly and dangerously in error.”"
  87. ↑ Keathley 2010, p. 167. "The post-Reformation Calvinists and Puritans held to a [...] view which saw assurance as a grace given subsequent to conversion and discerned by careful self-examination."
  88. ↑ CRC 1988, p. 19, Lord's Day 7, Q. 21. "True faith is not only a knowledge and conviction that everything God reveals in his Word is true; it is also a deep-rooted assurance, created in me by the Holy Spirit, through the gospel, that out of sheer grace earned for us by Christ, not only others, but I too, have had my sins forgiven, have been made forever right with God, and have been granted salvation."
  89. ↑ Westminster Assembly 1946, ch. 18, art. 2. "This certainty is not a bare conjectural and probable persuasion grounded upon a fallible hope; but an infallible assurance of faith founded upon the divine truth of the promises of salvation, the inward evidence of those graces [...]."
  90. ↑ Ellis 2008, ch. Conclusion.
  91. ↑ Toon 2011, p. 144. "Hyper-Calvinism led its adherents to hold that evangelism was not necessary and to place much emphasis on introspection in order to discover whether or not one was elect."
  92. ↑ Britain 1827, p. 302, vol. 1. "Election, then will be like a threefold cord let down from heaven, which the believer has a right to view as his eternal security, never to be broken- and which will draw (not drag) him sweetly through sanctification of the Spirit, and a cordial belief of the truth, into the haven of eternal rest."
  93. 1 2 3 4 Stanglin 2018.
  94. ↑ Keathley 2010, p. 172. "The later Calvinists and Puritans employed two syllogisms, the practical syllogism and the mystical syllogism, in their attempt to ascertain assurance by way of logical deduction. [...] The practical syllogism is as follows: Major premise: If effectual grace is manifested in me by good works, then I am elect. Minor premise (practical): I manifest good works. Conclusion: Therefore, I am one of the elect. But how does one know the minor premise of the practical syllogism is true for him? The Puritans attempted to answer this question by an introspective self-examination using the mystical syllogism. The mystical syllogism is as follows: Major premise: If I experience the inward confirmation of the Spirit, then I am elect. Minor premise (mystical): I experience the confirmation of the Spirit. Conclusion: Therefore, I am one of the elect."
  95. ↑ Kurian & Day 2017, ch. Primitive Baptists.
  96. ↑ Garrett 2009, p. 212.
  97. ↑ Routledge 1851, Session 6, ch. 16., Cannon 16. "If any one shall say, that he will for certain, of an absolute and infallible certainty, have that great gift of perseverance unto the end, unless that he have learnt this by a special revelation; let him be anathema."
  98. ↑ Davis 1991, pp. 218–219.
  99. ↑ Geisler 2002, p. 68, n. 7. "Most strong Calvinists claim that full assurance in this life is possible. However, this is inconsistent with their other beliefs that one must maintain a life of faithful works to the end to be sure one is saved and did not really have "false assurance" during one's life and was, therefore, one of the nonelect."
  100. ↑ Purkiser 1972, p. 74, ‌‌"This turns out to be a curious sort of security. In effect one says, "If I am elected to eternal life, I am eternally secure. But I cannot, in the nature of the case, be sure that I am so elected."."
  101. ↑ Robinson 2022, pp. 352–253. "For God to act in this manner strikes the non-Calvinist as not only ludicrous, but more importantly, as God being deceptive in lulling the temporary believer into thinking that he (and his fellow believers) are true believers and part of God's elect at one time. [...] [I]t is contrary to the character of the God who reveals himself as the God of truth and faithfulness [...] ."
  102. ↑ Ashby 2002, pp. 164–169.
  103. ↑ Wynkoop 1967, chap. 6. "[Assurance] is a growing, deepening, expanding faith in Christ measured by a growth in love and obedience and which looks upward to Him, not backward to some past point, as important as this may be to the “entering in.”".
  104. ↑ Purkiser 1972, p. 74, ‌‌‌"Their own faith is lacking because they will not —cannot— trust themselves completely to the love of God as expressed in the finished work of Christ, nor to the promises and privileges of either."
  105. ↑ Wynkoop 1967, chap. 6‌. "The very conditionality of biblical salvation, then, leads us into a very serious and profound understanding of sanctification. Assurance is not a static, amoral, even antinomian positionalism. [...] The true antithesis to Calvinism is the Wesleyan and (we believe) biblical concept of sanctification with its dynamic, life-involving meaning [...]".
  106. ↑ McKnight 1992, p. 55.
  107. ↑ Ashby 2002, p. 173.
  108. ↑ Oropeza 2011, Part 1, A Synthetic Approach to the Warnings.
  109. 1 2 McKnight 1992, p. 23.
  110. ↑ Ashby 2002, p. 174.
  111. 1 2 3 Oropeza 2011, Part 1.
  112. ↑ McKnight 1992, p. 24.
  113. ↑ McKnight 1992, p. 25.
  114. ↑ McKnight 1992, p. 36.
  115. ↑ Ashby 2002, pp. 177–178.
  116. ↑ McKnight 1992, p. 39.
  117. 1 2 Ashby 2002, pp. 175–176.
  118. ↑ Kim 2022, Ch. 2, § K..
  119. ↑ Picirilli 2002, p. 228.
  120. ↑ Ashby 2002, pp. 176–177.
  121. ↑ DeSilva 1999.
  122. ↑ Oropeza 2011, Part 1, The Test-of-Genuineness.
  123. ↑ Oropeza 2012, pp. 30–70.
  124. ↑ Ashby 2002, p. 187.
  125. ↑ McKnight 1992, pp. 55–59.
  126. ↑ Eby 2020.
  127. ↑ Jacobs 1911, p. 586, Formula of Concord : Solid declaration, ch. 4, par. 31-32.
  128. ↑ Jacobs 1911, p. 657, Formula of Concord : Solid declaration, ch. 11, par. 42.
  129. ↑ McKinley 1965, p. 56.
  130. ↑ Stanley 1990, pp. 81, 116–118.

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