Teddy Ruxpin

Last updated
Teddy Ruxpin
Teddy ruxpinBackpack.png
The BackPack Toys version of Teddy Ruxpin, released in 2006
Type Teddy Bear
Inventor(s) Ken Forsse [1]
Company Worlds of Wonder (1985–1990) [2]
Hasbro (1991–1996)
Yes! Entertainment (1998–1999)
BackPack Toys (2005–2010)
Wicked Cool Toys (2017–2019) [3]
Country United States
Availability1985–2019
Materialspolyester fiber
SloganThe World's First Animated Talking Toy

Teddy Ruxpin is an electronic children's toy in the form of a talking bear-like creature known as an 'Illiop'. The toy's mouth and eyes move while he tells stories about his adventures played on an audio tape cassette deck built into his back. While the character itself was created by Ken Forsse, the talking toy was designed and built by Forsse’s Alchemy II, Inc. employees, including Larry Larsen and John Davies. [4] Later versions have a digital cartridge in place of a cassette. [5]

Contents

At the peak of its popularity, Teddy Ruxpin became one of the best-selling toys of 1985 and 1986. The 2006 version was awarded the 2006 Animated Interactive Plush Toy of the Year award by Creative Child Magazine. [6] A cartoon based on the characters debuted in 1986. [7] Teddy's extreme popularity in 1986 buoyed the controversial launch of the Nintendo Entertainment System, also distributed by Worlds of Wonder.

Technology

Conventional cassette tapes carry two audio tracks for stereo sound reproduction. Teddy Ruxpin's cassettes use the left track for audio and the right track for a control data stream. The data stream controls the motors that move the eyes and mouth and can also redirect the audio signal to Grubby, who is an octopede and the companion toy, by means of a proprietary cable. This allows the two toys to engage in pre-recorded interactions. Grubby only works with the original WoW versions of Teddy Ruxpin.

If a normal audio cassette is played in either the second or third generation models of the original Teddy Ruxpin, this is detected and its right audio track is ignored and Teddy will not move. The production eject mechanism was designed by global design firm RKS Design. [8] Early versions of the toy use three servo motors, but this was reduced to two and even one in later versions. [9]

History

After the September 1985 debut, various toy makers have produced Teddy Ruxpin over the years. The first was Worlds of Wonder from 1985 until its bankruptcy in 1988. The cut rights were then sold to Hasbro, [10] and produced again from 1991 to 1996. Another version debuted in 1998 by Yes! Entertainment, and another version in 2006 by BackPack Toys, owned and operated by Robert Taylor. The most recent version was produced by Wicked Cool Toys.

Shortly after his debut, Teddy Ruxpin was dubbed the "Official Spokesbear for the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children" in 1985. [11]

Worlds of Wonder

Teddy Ruxpin was launched in 1985 by toy manufacturer Worlds of Wonder. [12] Then came the companion toy Grubby, different outfits for Teddy and Grubby, and several other non-animatronic companion toys and characters. This includes two different versions of the bird-like Fobs (one orange, one purple) that are hand puppets with a sock-like, extendable neck. Other hand puppets are the larger Wooly What's-It, three interchangeable Anythings (This, That, The Other), Tweeg, and L.B. The Bounder. [13]

Other items produced by Worlds of Wonder for Teddy Ruxpin are the Answer Box and Picture Show.[ citation needed ] Actress Joanna Kerns served as Teddy's spokesperson shortly after its introduction, while at the height of her fame as Maggie Seaver on the ABC-TV sitcom Growing Pains .[ citation needed ]

Teddy Ruxpin sales peaked in 1986. [14] Worlds of Wonder launched a series of safety messages for children, with different partners including firefighters [15] and the United States Lifesaving Association. [16] WoW became the exclusive distributor for the launch of the smash hit Nintendo Entertainment System, based on leveraging the undeniable strength of Teddy Ruxpin and Lazer Tag. [14] [17]

To retailers who were bitterly adamant against hearing the words "video game" after having survived the video game crash of 1983, WoW salesman Jim Whims distinctly recalled delivering an ultimatum: "If you want to sell Teddy Ruxpin and you want to sell Lazer Tag, you're gonna sell Nintendo as well. And if you feel that strongly about it, then you ought to just resign the line now." Historian Steven Kent wrote: "Anyone who wanted to sell Teddy Ruxpin and Lazer Tag, including Sears and Toys R Us, was going to hear about the Nintendo Entertainment System." WoW received windfall sales commissions from selling the NES, [14] and $800 million in back orders for the Christmas season, mainly for Teddy Ruxpin and Lazer Tag. [17]

In 1987, Worlds of Wonder contracted with Wendy's restaurants to feature a Teddy Ruxpin themed Kid's Meal promotion. These are similar to the miniatures produced by Worlds of Wonder, except they are smaller and flocked.[ citation needed ] Teddy Ruxpin characters joined the Ice Capades program, which toured the country. [18]

In 1987, management staff of Worlds of Wonder grossly overestimated the popularity and inventory requirements of Teddy Ruxpin, which was actually in declining demand and was dwarfed by the NES. [14] The excessive parts orders for making Teddy Ruxpin overextended the company's assets, and the situation was worsened when stock trades by company officers spooked investors. [19]

In response to devaluation, WoW issued Non-Investment Grade Bonds, commonly known as junk bonds, in an effort to buoy itself. Although there is some contention as to whether this strategy would have helped, the attempt was made moot by the 1987 stock market crash. Worlds of Wonder filed for bankruptcy protection and was liquidated in 1988. [20] They went through a series of layoffs. The creditors continued to operate the company in receivership until finally closing in late 1990. [21] By 1991, Worlds of Wonder had closed and the remaining assets were liquidated. [22]

Playskool

In 1991, the Teddy Ruxpin toy line was bought by Hasbro, which produced him under their Playskool line until 1996 using the redesign that had been implemented by WoW. [23] This design is smaller and uses cartridges that resemble 8-track tapes, instead of cassette tapes.

Yes! Entertainment

From 1993 to 1995, Yes! Entertainment responded to Teddy Ruxpin with an "interactive video" animatronic toy released under the branding "TV Teddy". The TV Teddy system consists of a series of specially encoded VHS cassettes, an RF-transmitter that relays signals encoded on the video track to the toy, and an animatronic RF-receiver consisting of a loudspeaker, and two servos which provide much-simplified eye and mouth movements compared to both the WoW and Playskool versions. [24] The VHS cassettes consist of original opening content specifically designed for Teddy to interact with, followed by previously-released videos (among them The Berenstain Bears and titles from Family Home Entertainment) which are encoded with additional content for the animatronic toy.

In 1998, Yes! brought Teddy Ruxpin back to stores for a third time. The toy's size is largely the same as the Playskool version. Yes! returned to using the standard cassette tapes. A small Beanie Baby version of the toy is boxed with the Yes! Teddy Ruxpin based on the popularity of Beanie Babies at the time. [25] This venture was short-lived, however, as Yes! Entertainment's corporate management and financial troubles ultimately resulted in Alchemy II withdrawing the licensing for Teddy.[ citation needed ]

BackPack Toys

In 2005, BackPack Toys announced a fourth version of Teddy Ruxpin, which replaced the audio tapes with digital ROM cartridges. [26]

Wicked Cool Toys

Wicked Cool Toys began the production of a new Teddy Ruxpin in late 2017. This Teddy Ruxpin does not come with physical cartridges, instead being programmed with 3 stories inside of the toy. The rest of the stories are available for purchase on a mobile app. [27]

In May 2018, Alchemy and The Jim Henson Company made a deal to make a new Teddy Ruxpin series, animated as digital puppetry, aimed at preschoolers. [28] [29] The series was eventually scrapped.

In September 2021, DJ2 Entertainment picked up the television and film rights to Teddy Ruxpin. [30]

Book and cassette episode list

Worlds of Wonder

Worlds of Wonder produced the largest number of stories:

No.TitleShort summaryGuest characters
1"The Airship: Discover a Whole New World"Teddy and Grubby meet Newton Gimmick, and the three begin the search for the treasure.Leota the Woodsprite
2"The Missing Princess: You've Got to Take Care of You"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick are captured by the Mudblups and meet Prince Arin and, later, Wooly. Then they go to the Hard-to-Find City to save Princess Aruzia from the Gutangs.Mudblups, Prince Arin, Wooly, the Wizard, Gutangs, Princess Aruzia
3"The Wooly What's-It: Learning Can Be Fun!"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick travel to Wooly's house and later introduce him to Leota the Wood Sprite.Wooly, Leota, the Woodsprites and the Elves
4"Teddy and the Mudblups: Is Being Neat Hard to Do?"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick are out for an adventure when they are captured by Mudblups, again!Mudblups
5"Tweeg and the Bounders: You Have to Earn the Things Worth Having"Teddy introduces the character of Tweeg, a bumbling, greedy sort who apparently is always trying to get rich off making gold.Tweeg, L.B. and the Bounders
6"Grubby's Romance: Falling in Love is Something Special"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick are shrunken by Gimmick's reducing machine. Grubby meets a caterpillar and falls in love.Karen, Tweeg, L.B., various other bugs
7"Grunge Music: Tap Your Feet to the Beat"Teddy and Grubby hang out with the Grunges and learn about music and rhythm.Grunges
8"Take A Good Look: See the Ordinary in an Extraordinary Way"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick are shrunken by the power of Gimmick's new machine using one of the 7 crystals. They explore their "new world" and avoid being stomped on by Fuzz.Fuzz the Fob
9"All About Bears: When is a Bear Not a Bear?"Teddy and Grubby discuss real-life bears and similar species such as koalas and pandas..
10"The Story of the Faded Fobs: Helping Each Other Makes Everybody Happy"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick discover some faded Fobs and, with the help of Wooly, try to help them get their colors back.Fobs, Wooly
11"Teddy Ruxpin's Birthday: A Day to Say Hurray"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick celebrate Teddy's Birthday with fun, adventure, and many friends!Leota, Grunges, Wooly, Fobs
12"Teddy Ruxpin Lullabies: Warm and Cuddly Songs to Dream By"Teddy Ruxpin sings all his favorite lullabies for his friends.Fobs, Leota, Wooly, L.B., and the Bounders
13"Teddy's Winter Adventure: A Perfect Time for Sharing"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick enjoy the snow and exchanging presents for the winter holiday with their friends.Grunges, Wooly, Fobs, Leota, Tweeg, L.B.
14"The Third Crystal: Can Teddy Solve the Mystery?"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick must solve the mystery of the Third Crystal and avoid Tweeg.Fuzz, Tweeg and L.B.
15"Grundo Beach Party: Sun and Sand With Friends Can Be Fun"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick are having a Beach Party with the Grunges.Grunges, Fobs
16"Teddy Ruxpin's Christmas: A Musical Celebration"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick host a Christmas Party.Almost all Series Characters Pictured
17"The Medicine Wagon: Teddy, Grubby, and Gimmick are Tricked by Tweeg".Tweeg, L.B. and the Bounders
18"Autumn Adventure: Teddy and Grubby Find Out How Fun Autumn Can Be"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick have fun singing about the fall and dressing up in costumes to try to scare their friends.Fobs, Wooly, Grunges
19"Double Grubby: Gimmick's Invention Duplicates Lots of Trouble"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick deal with a duplicate of Grubby after Gimmick's new crystal-using Duplicator machine makes a copy of more than just an apple!No additional characters
20"The Day Teddy Met Grubby: Do You Remember The Day You Met Your Best Friend?"Teddy tells the story of how he met Grubby for the first time back home in Rillonia.Teddy's Mother
21"Gizmos and Gadgets: Teddy and His Friends Make an Important Discovery"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick come up with an invention for Gimmick to present at King Nogburt's Logic Faire.Fobs
22"The Mushroom Forest: You Can Be Anything You Want to Be"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick get lost in the Mushroom Forest and meet some new friends and sing some songs.The Anythings
23"Teddy Ruxpin Summertime: A Fun-Filled Musical Summer"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick have fun going camping, swimming, and doing various other summer activities.Grunges, Wooly, Fobs
24"Lost in Boggley Woods: Teddy and His Friends Meet the Wogglies"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick get lost in Boggley Woods and meet the Wogglies.Wogglies
25"Wooly and the Giant Snowzos: Do You Believe Everything You Hear?"Teddy, Grubby, Newton Gimmick, Fuzz, and Wooly are spending a cold winter's night when they get unexpected visitors.Wogglies, Fuzz, Wooly, Snowzos
26"Anything in the Soup: Will the Anythings end up in Grunge Gumbo?"While Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick are making gumbo with the Grunges, they meet some interesting creatures.Grunges, Anythings
27"Grundo Springtime Singtime: A Springtime Sing-Along for One and All!".Grunges and Fobs (Wooly and Newton Gimmick appear in the audience, but have no lines.)
28"One More Spot: Teddy, Grubby, And Gimmick Meet Amanda the Ladybug"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick meet Amanda and decide to use Gimmick's reducing machine to shrink themselves to go to the Bug Fair.Amanda the Ladybug, Ladybug team, various other bugs
29"Tweeg Gets the Tweezles: A Healthy Attitude Works Wonders".Tweeg, L.B. and the Bounders
30"Uncle Grubby: Grubby Finds Three Good Reasons to Be Patient"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick must help take care of some baby Fobs and find their parents.Bounders, Wooly, Fobs
31"The Sign of a Friend: Teddy and Grubby Meet a Silent Friend".Leota, Katie, and the Woodsprites
32"Teddy Ruxpin Lullabies II: More Dreamy Songs for Sleepy Time"..
33"Teddy Ruxpin Sings Love Songs: A Special Collection Of Teddy's Favorites".Almost all Series Characters Pictured
34"The Do-Along Songbook: Sing Along With Teddy Ruxpin and His Friends"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick teach a variety of fun, active, and dancing songs.Fobs
35"Quiet Please: Teddy Sings His Way Through A Quiet Day"..
36"Safe at Home with Teddy Ruxpin: Grubby's Special Assignment"Teddy and Grubby investigate the home and discover ways that you can be safe, healthy, and happy at home.No additional characters
37"Water Safety with Teddy Ruxpin: The Fobs Learn How To Swim"Teddy teaches a swimming class to the Fobs while Grubby participates and learns some water safety skills himself.Fobs, Grunge Lifeguard
38"Fire Safety with Teddy Ruxpin: Teddy's Junior Fire Patrol"Teddy teaches fire safety to the fobs while Grubby helps and learns some fire safety skills himself.Fobs
39"Teddy Ruxpin Visits the Dentist: Sponsored by Crest"..

Other

Worlds of Wonder created two devices that work only with Teddy Ruxpin: the Picture Show and Answer Box. Neither of these work with Grubby. The Picture Show cassettes use slide wheels, similar to the View Master:

The Answer Box cassettes are these:

Book and cartridge episode list

No.SeriesTitleShort SummaryFeatured Characters
1Included"The Airship: Discover a Whole New World"Teddy and Grubby meet Newton Gimmick, and the three begin the search for the treasure.Leota the Woodsprite
2Treasure Series 1"Wooly and The Wizard: Helping to Solve the Mystery"
3Treasure Series 1"Captured By Mudblups: Sometimes You Have to Change Your Plans"
4Treasure Series 2"The Missing Princess: You've Got to Take Care of You"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick are captured by the Mudblups and meet Prince Arin and, later, Wooly. Then they go to the Hard-to-Find City to save Princess Aruzia from the Gutangs.Mudblups, Prince Arin, Wooly, the Wizard, Gutangs, Princess Aruzia
5Treasure Series 2"Treasure: Knowing What's Really Valuable is Important"
6Adventure Series 1"Teddy Ruxpin's Birthday: A Day to Say Hurray"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick celebrate Teddy's Birthday with fun, adventure, and many friends!Leota, Grunges, Wooly, Fobs
7Adventure Series 1"The Day Teddy Met Grubby: Do You Remember The Day You Met Your Best Friend?"Teddy tells the story of how he met Grubby for the first time back home in Rilonia.Teddy's Mother
8Adventure Series 2"Grubby's Romance: Falling in Love is Something Special"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick are shrunken by Gimmick's reducing machine. Grubby meets a caterpillar and falls in love.Karen, Tweeg, L.B., various other bugs
9Adventure Series 3"Take A Good Look: See the Ordinary in an Extraordinary Way"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick are shrunken by the power of Gimmick's new machine using one of the 7 crystals. They explore their "new world" and avoid being stomped on by Fuzz.Fuzz the Fob
10Music Series 1"Teddy Ruxpin Lullabies: Warm and Cuddly Songs to Dream By"Teddy Ruxpin sings all his favorite lullabies for his friends.Fobs, Leota
11Music Series 1"Teddy Ruxpin's Christmas: A Musical Celebration"Teddy, Grubby, and Newton Gimmick host a Christmas Party.Almost all Series Characters Pictured

Voice actors

Phil Baron was the voice actor on all tapes and on the TV show The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin . He left the entertainment industry in the 1990s to become a cantor. Baron is currently the only voice actor officially associated with the property, as Teddy Ruxpin has been the only character in the storyline requiring updated voice recordings for new projects. Will Ryan voiced Grubby in the 1980s and returned as Grubby in the early 1990s for a musical project. [31]

Tony Pope was the original voice of Newton Gimmick. He and other AlchemyII voice actors in the 1980s did not reprise their roles in the television series because production was moved to Canada, starring John Stocker as Gimmick. Baron and Ryan provided the voices of Teddy and Grubby, respectively, in every project from 1985 up until Ryan's death in 2021. [32]

Ryan voiced the character of Tweeg in the adventure series. John Koensgen voiced Tweeg for the television series. Katie Leigh and Russi Taylor did the voices of Princess Aruzia and Leota the Woodsprite, respectively, on the book-and-tapes. For the TV series, Holly Larocque and Abby Hagyard took over the roles. [33]

The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin

The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin is a television series that ran from 1986 to 1987. In it, Teddy Ruxpin leaves his homeland in Rillonia with his friend Grubby in search of adventure. They meet an inventor named Newton Gimmick, who accompanies them on their quest for the Treasure of Grundo. The trio unexpectedly find six crystals with different meanings and powers. These crystals enable the Monsters and Villains Organization (MAVO) to have absolute power over the land.

Their leader, Quellor, wants to make sure that an Illiop never possesses the crystals. Elsewhere, a less pronounced threat routinely besieges the trio: the wannabe villain Jack W. Tweeg, a greedy troll intending to join MAVO. The sixty-five episode series unfolds gradually, as the trio meet interesting and often friendly creatures while visiting intriguing lands and going on wondrous adventures.

Unofficial tape injunction

At least two other companies (Vector Intercontinental and Veritel Learning Systems) produced tapes that work with the Teddy Ruxpin toy. Worlds of Wonder successfully sued them in 1986, claiming the effect these tapes had on Teddy were too similar to the results of playing the proprietary recordings, and the courts in Ohio and Texas ordered the infringing tapes off the market. [34]

The titular Brigsby Bear at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con Brigsby Bear by Gage Skidmore.jpg
The titular Brigsby Bear at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con

Brigsby Bear , a 2017 American film, featured an animatronic bear suit, similar to the one in the animatronic pilot for The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin. In the plot of the film, the suit is used in the production of a children's television series. The suit's mouth and eyes move when it plays a tape, just like the original toy. It is shown accepting both compact cassette and VHS tapes, both technologies that the toy utilized. [35]

The 2019 comedy-horror film Camp Wedding featured a possessed Teddy Ruxpin toy as a central plot point. [36] The prop was an authentic Teddy Ruxpin toy, modified to speak the lines, as well as to hide its logo. The toy is visible at the top of the film's poster.

Teddy Ruxpin is mentioned in the 2012 comedy film Ted . [37]

A Teddy Ruxpin toy appears in the 2021 film House of Gucci . [38]

A Teddy Ruxpin toy appears in Season 7 Episode 10 of Young Sheldon .

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Bates, James (1988-01-19). "Problems of Toy's Producer Leave Its Creator in a Bind". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010-08-22.
  2. ↑ "Ez Fix". Archived from the original on 2016-11-05. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
  3. ↑ "The Talking Toy" . Retrieved 2022-11-29.
  4. ↑ Cuff, Daniel F. (1988-04-04). "BUSINESS PEOPLE; Worlds of Wonder Loses Its Chairman". The New York Times . Retrieved 2010-08-07.
  5. ↑ "Teddy Ruxpin goes digital". CNN Money. 2005-06-15.
  6. ↑ "Teddy Ruxpin Earns Top Spot in 2006 Toy Awards". DesignTAXI. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  7. ↑ "The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin (1987–1988)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  8. ↑ Martin, Douglas (2014-04-09). "Ken Forsse, Who Brought a Toy Bear to Life, Dies at 77". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  9. ↑ "Teddy Ruxpin & Grubby". www.robotsandcomputers.com. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
  10. ↑ "Teddy Ruxpin Goes to Hasbro". The New York Times. September 9, 1991. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
  11. ↑ Clarity, James F.; Weaver Jr, Warren (1985-09-26). "BRIEFING; All Hail Bear". The New York Times.
  12. ↑ "Toys: Intensive Care for a Talking Bear". Time. 1986-02-10. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
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  14. 1 2 3 4 Kent, Steven L. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. ISBN   0-7615-3643-4 . Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  15. ↑ "Firefighters Join Talking Teddy Test – Orlando Sentinel". Articles.orlandosentinel.com. 1986-10-12. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
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  17. 1 2 Ramirez, Anthony (March 2, 1987). "Top Gun in the Toy Business". Fortune . reporter associate Sarah Smith. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  18. ↑ "'Ice Capades' A Hot Ticket - Philly.com". Articles.philly.com. 1987-02-25. Archived from the original on September 18, 2015. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  19. ↑ "You Call These Toys?". Time. 1987-12-07. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
  20. ↑ "Toy Maker Finds a Buyer". The New York Times . 1989-02-22. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  21. ↑ Zonana, Victor F. (1987-12-22). "Cash-Strapped Toy Maker Worlds of Wonder Petitions for Chapter 11 Protection". The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010-03-04.
  22. ↑ "BANKRUPTCY: Chapter 11 for Teddy Ruxpin". Time. 1988-01-04. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
  23. ↑ "Teddy Ruxpin Goes to Hasbro". The Los Angeles Times . 1991-09-09. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
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  30. ↑ "Iconic '80s Toy Teddy Ruxpin Getting TV, Film Treatment (Exclusive)". Hollywood Reporter . September 9, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  31. ↑ "News from ME - Mark Evanier's blog".
  32. ↑ "News from ME - Mark Evanier's blog".
  33. ↑ Lovable Teddy Ruxpin evolves from toy to animated star of his own half-hour program thanks to Crawley Films, Toronto Star – October 31, 1987
  34. ↑ "Chapter 5B – I.P. Protection of Digital Rights in the New Millennium". Docs.law.gwu.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-07-21. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  35. ↑ "Brigsby Bear (2017)". IMDB. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
  36. ↑ "Camp Wedding (2019)". IMDB. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
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  38. ↑ Matt Vetrano (December 8, 2021). "Cinema Dispatch: House of Gucci". The Reviewers Unite. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
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