Adventures of the Gummi Bears

Last updated

Adventures of the Gummi Bears
Disney's Gummi Bears logo.png
Genre
Created by
Voices of
Theme music composer Silversher & Silversher
Opening theme"Gummi Bears Theme" by Joseph Williams
Ending theme"Gummi Bears Theme" (instrumental)
Composers
Country of originUnited States of America
Original languageEnglish
No. of seasons6
No. of episodes65 (95 segments) (list of episodes)
Production
Producers
Running time22 minutes
Production company Walt Disney Television Animation
Original release
Network
ReleaseSeptember 14, 1985 (1985-09-14) –
February 22, 1991 (1991-02-22)

Adventures of the Gummi Bears is an American animated children's television series created by Jymn Magon and produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. [1] The series, loosely inspired by gummy bear candies, [2] takes place in a fantasy world of medieval lands and magic, and focuses on the lives of seven mystical beings known as Gummi Bears. The series focuses on the exploits of the main characters, as they tackle a series of problems, as well as aid their human friends and thwart the plans of various evil characters. Episodes consisted of either a single story, or two 11-minute stories.

Contents

The lavishly budgeted series became iconic for not only spearheading the style of Disney animated series that followed, but also starting an era of artistic improvement in television animation spurred on its success with competitors forced to improve their own artistic standards to avoid unfavorable comparisons. [3] The series was known for various elements, including its signature potion known as "gummiberry juice", [4] [5] and the theme music - written by Michael and Patty Silversher, performed by Joseph Williams. [6] The animated series first premiered in the United States, running for six seasons between 1985 and 1991, [7] with the show later sold to other countries including the United Kingdom.

Premise

Adventures of the Gummi Bears takes place in a medieval fairy tale world and focuses on a group of six "Gummi Bears", a race of anthropomorphic bears with great skills in magic and technology. The group lives in the underground secret settlement of Gummi Glen within the forest of the kingdom of Dunwyn. Long ago, the Gummi Bears had a powerful and highly developed civilization, but were persecuted by human armies who sought access to the Gummi Bears' knowledge and ultimately drove almost all Gummi Bears north. Most of the Gummi Bears then settled on a continent unknown to humans and were forgotten over time. They are now generally considered a legend by humans, but few know that they still exist. Throughout the Gummi Bears' search for their heritage, old ruins and intact buildings with some high-tech devices are repeatedly discovered.

Despite their efforts to continue living free from human influence and safe from threats, the bears of Gummi Glen gradually encounter several humans. Contrary to all fears and prejudices, the encounters do not always result in confrontation and fighting; while most humans dismiss every encounter as an illusion and put it out of their mind, some humans (especially children) try to befriend the Gummi Bears. Only those who still believe in and know about the Gummi Bears and their magic try to capture them. The Gummi Bears' closest friends among humans are Princess Calla, the daughter of King Gregor and heir to Dunwyn's throne, and Cavin, the squire of Gregor's chief knight Sir Tuxford.

The Gummi Bears owe their name to a magic potion named "Gummiberry Juice", which allows them to bounce like a rubber ball. Gummiberry Juice is made by Grammi Gummi using an ancient and secret recipe from the Gummiberries that grow in the Dunwyn forest. The Gummiberry Juice gives humans and monsters superhuman strength for a short time, but unlike Gummi Bears, it only works on humans once a day. The evil and power-hungry Duke Igthorn is constantly trying to obtain the formula of the potion and the remaining secrets of the Gummi Bears with his servant Toadwart and his private army of simple-minded ogres. He seeks to conquer Dunwyn, dethrone the king and establish a reign of terror. The Gummi Bears often have to intervene - albeit secretly - to protect the king, their friends and their secrets from the machinations of Igthorn and other enemies.

Characters

The Gummi-Glen Bears (from left to right): Cubbi, Sunni, Gruffi, Zummi, Tummi, and Grammi. Gummibears.jpg
The Gummi-Glen Bears (from left to right): Cubbi, Sunni, Gruffi, Zummi, Tummi, and Grammi.

Episodes

SeasonSegmentsEpisodesOriginally aired
First airedLast aired
1 2113September 14, 1985 (1985-09-14)December 21, 1985 (1985-12-21)
2 128September 13, 1986 (1986-09-13)November 29, 1986 (1986-11-29)
3 148September 12, 1987 (1987-09-12)December 12, 1987 (1987-12-12)
4 1610September 10, 1988 (1988-09-10)December 17, 1988 (1988-12-17)
5 139September 9, 1989 (1989-09-09)January 6, 1990 (1990-01-06)
6 2018September 10, 1990 (1990-09-10)February 22, 1991 (1991-02-22)

Broadcast

The series premiered on NBC on September 14, 1985, and aired there for four seasons. The series moved to ABC (later acquired by Disney in 1996) for one season from 1989 to 1990 (airing alongside The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh as the Gummi Bears-Winnie the Pooh Hour) and concluded on September 6, 1991, as part of the syndicated programming block The Disney Afternoon. [9] The series was later rebroadcast on the Disney Afternoon block and rerun on that block through the summer of 1991. In later years, reruns were shown on The Disney Channel from October 7, 1991 [10] to at least January 1997, [11] and later on Toon Disney, with its most recent televised airing occurring on December 28, 2001.

Home media

VHS

International releases

Several VHS cassettes of the series were released internationally. [12] [13] Of those, eight cassettes containing 32 episodes are listed below. The first four cassettes ("Welcome to Gummiglen!", "Creature Feature", "Hot Little Tot!", and "A Sky Full of Gummies!"), which contain 20 episodes, were released in English [12] [13] in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. These four cassettes were also released in some non-English-speaking countries (including Poland, [14] [15] [16] the Netherlands [17] and Germany). The other four cassettes, as well as the ones not listed below, were released exclusively in non-English-speaking countries (including the Netherlands, [13] [18] [19] Poland, [20] [21] Finland, [22] [23] and Italy [13] [24] ).

VHS nameEpisode titlesRelease date
Adventures of the Gummi Bears (Volume 1): Welcome to Gummiglen!"A New Beginning"
"Zummi Makes it Hot"
"The Sinister Sculptor"
"Someday My Prints Will Come"
"Can I Keep Him?"		September 11, 1996
Adventures of the Gummi Bears (Volume 2): Creature Feature"The Fence Sitter"
"Night of the Gargoyle"
"Loopy, Go Home"
"A-Hunting We Will Go"
"The Secret of the Juice"		September 11, 1996
Adventures of the Gummi Bears (Volume 3): Hot Little Tot!"Sweet and Sour Gruffi"
"Duel of the Wizards"
"What You See is Me"
"Bubble Trouble"
"Toadie's Wild Ride"
"Gummi in a Strange Land"		September 11, 1996
Adventures of the Gummi Bears (Volume 4): A Sky Full of Gummies!"A Gummi in a Gilded Cage"
"The Oracle"
"When You Wish Upon a Stone"
"A Gummi by Any Other Name"		September 11, 1996
Adventures of the Gummi Bears (Volume 5): The Crimson Avenger"The Crimson Avenger"
"You Snooze, You Loose"
"Over the River and Through the Trolls"		September 10, 1997
Adventures of the Gummi Bears (Volume 6): Wild Ride"Toadie's Wild Ride"
"Sweet and Sour Gruffi"
"Duel of the Wizards"
"What You See is Me"		September 10, 1997
Adventures of the Gummi Bears (Volume 7): Up, Up, and Away"Up, Up, and Away"
"Faster Than a Speeding Tummi"		September 10, 1997
Adventures of the Gummi Bears (Volume 8): For Whom the Spell Holds"For Whom the Spell Holds"
"Little Bears Lost"
"Guess Who's Gumming to Dinner?"		September 10, 1997

DVD releases

Seasons 1 to 3 of the series were released on DVD on November 14, 2006, [25] when Walt Disney Home Entertainment released Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears: Volume 1 on DVD in Region 1. The 3-disc set features seasons 1 to 3 and does not contain any bonus features, save for subtitles for the hearing impaired.

DVD nameEp#Release date
Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears: Volume 147November 14, 2006

To date, the series has never officially been released on DVD in the UK, but since November 2016 the show has been available on the UK Disney streaming site DisneyLife.

In Australia, Disney released nine volumes, which have now long been discontinued. They are all in complete storyline production order, but the first volume starts from episode 19 in series 2. Episodes 1-18 have not been released on DVD in Australia and are only available on the USA Region 1 collection, but the Region 4 Australian DVDs do finish off the series and go right up to episode 65 of the series' final two-part double episode adventure.

Video on demand

The series became available to stream on Disney+ as of November 12, 2019. [26]

Media adaptations

Comic strip

Gummi Bears was adapted into a daily newspaper comic, which ran from September 1, 1986, to April 1, 1989. The strip was written by Lee Nordling and illustrated by Rich Hoover. [27]

Legacy

Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears was Disney's first major serialized animated television series (it was released back to back with another show, The Wuzzles , which lasted only 13 episodes), and is often credited as having helped jump start the television animation boom of the late 1980s and 1990s. [3] [28] Consequently, it also became the forerunner to Disney's famous Disney Afternoon timeslot, which gave way to other famous serialized Disney television series, such as DuckTales , Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers and Gargoyles . Although many of these subsequently-created shows exceeded Gummi Bears in budget and length, the show is often credited as a sort of prototype for all of the animation which followed it. [29]

The show was so successful in the United Kingdom that the episodes "A New Beginning" and "Faster Than a Speeding Tummi" were released as theatrical featurettes there in 1986 and 1987, alongside The Great Mouse Detective and a re-release of Disney's Pinocchio . [29]

Appearances of Gummi Bears in other media include one of Gruffi Gummi in a D-TV music video of the Elvis Presley song "Teddy Bear", in 1986.

The show's popularity led to a re-theming of Disneyland's Motor Boat Cruise, along with a small part of Disneyland that became known as "Disney Afternoon Avenue". The Motor Boat Cruise became the "Motor Boat Cruise to Gummi Glen" and plywood characters from the show made Gummiberry Juice along the waterway. The Gummi Bears have been featured as meetable characters who greet guests in Disney theme parks.[ citation needed ]

Cameos

Related Research Articles

<i>Goof Troop</i> American animated television series and sitcom

Goof Troop is an American animated television series and sitcom produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. The series focuses on the relationship between single father Goofy and his son, Max, as well as their neighbor Pete and his family. Created by Robert Taylor and Michael Peraza Jr., the main series of 65 episodes aired in first-run syndication from 1992 to 1993 on The Disney Afternoon programming block, while an additional thirteen episodes aired on Saturday mornings on ABC. A Christmas special was also produced and aired in syndication in late 1992.

<i>Mickey Mouse Works</i> American animated television series

Mickey Mouse Works is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation featuring Mickey Mouse and his friends in a series of animated shorts. The first Disney television animated series to be produced in widescreen high definition, it is formatted as a variety show, with skits starring Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, Goofy, Pluto and Ludwig Von Drake while Horace Horsecollar, Clarabelle Cow, Morty and Ferdie Fieldmouse, Huey, Dewey and Louie, Chip 'n' Dale, Scrooge McDuck, Pete, Humphrey the Bear, J. Audubon Woodlore, Dinah the Dachshund, Butch the Bulldog, Mortimer Mouse, José Carioca, and Clara Cluck appear as supporting or minor characters. Musical themes for each character were composed by Stephen James Taylor with a live 12-piece band and extensive use of the fretless guitar to which the music of the series was nominated for an Annie Award in both 1999 and 2001. Most of the shorts from the series were later used in House of Mouse.

<i>Darkwing Duck</i> American animated television series (1991–1992)

Darkwing Duck is an American animated superhero comedy television series produced by Disney Television Animation that first ran from 1991 to 1992 on both the syndicated programming block The Disney Afternoon and Saturday mornings on ABC. A total of ninety-one episodes were aired. It features the adventures of Darkwing Duck, who is the superheroic alter-ego of ordinary suburban duck Drake Mallard.

<i>Quack Pack</i> 1996 American animated sitcom television series

Quack Pack is an American animated sitcom produced by Walt Disney Television Animation, featuring Donald Duck and his nephews. The show debuted on September 3, 1996 as a part of the "Disney Afternoon" programming block, following the success of Goof Troop, and ran for one season with 39 episodes.

<i>Batman: The Animated Series</i> American animated television series by DC Comics

Batman: The Animated Series is an American animated superhero television series based on the DC Comics superhero Batman. Developed by Bruce Timm and Eric Radomski, and produced by Warner Bros. Animation, it originally aired on Fox Kids from September 5, 1992, to September 15, 1995, with a total of 85 episodes. Mid-way through the series' run, it was re-titled The Adventures of Batman & Robin.

<i>DuckTales</i> (1987 TV series) American animated television series

DuckTales is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. It originally premiered on syndication on September 18, 1987, and ran for a total of 100 episodes over four seasons, with its final episode airing on November 28, 1990. Based upon Uncle Scrooge and other Duck universe comic books created by Carl Barks, the show follows Scrooge McDuck, his three grandnephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie, and close friends of the group, on various adventures, most of which either involve seeking out treasure or thwarting the efforts of villains seeking to steal Scrooge's fortune or his Number One Dime.

<i>Chip n Dale: Rescue Rangers</i> (TV series) American animated television series

Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers is an American animated adventure comedy television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. Created by Tad Stones and Alan Zaslove, it featured established Disney characters Chip 'n' Dale in a new setting. After the episode "Catteries Not Included" aired on August 27, 1988 as a preview, the series premiered on The Disney Channel on March 4, 1989. The series continued in syndication in September 1989 with a two-hour special, Rescue Rangers: To the Rescue, later divided into five parts to air as part of the weekday run. On September 18, 1989, the series entered national syndication. It often aired on afternoons along with DuckTales, and beginning on September 10, 1990, as a part of the syndicated programming block The Disney Afternoon. The final episode aired on November 19, 1990.

The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. Based on the Winnie-the-Pooh books by authors A. A. Milne and E. H. Shepard, The New Adventures was the first time a major Disney character headlined an animated, made-for-television series as well as the first Disney television series based on a major animated film. The cartoon premiered with a limited run on The Disney Channel on January 17, 1988. Nine months later, the show moved to ABC as part of their Saturday morning lineup. New episodes continued until October 26, 1991. Proving popular with children and older fans, it remained a staple on television in the United States for nearly two decades.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ogre</span> Legendary monster

An ogre is a legendary monster depicted as a large, hideous, man-like being that eats ordinary human beings, especially infants and children. Ogres frequently feature in mythology, folklore, and fiction throughout the world. They appear in many classic works of literature, and are most often associated in fairy tales and legend.

<i>Spider-Man</i> (1994 TV series) American animated television series

Spider-Man, also known as Spider-Man: The Animated Series, is an American superhero animated television series based on the Marvel Comics superhero of the same name. The series aired on the Fox Kids Network from November 19, 1994, to January 31, 1998, for a total of five seasons comprising 65 episodes, and ran reruns on Toon Disney's Jetix block and on Disney XD. The series was produced by Marvel Films and animated by TMS-Kyokuichi.

<i>TaleSpin</i> American animated television series

TaleSpin is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. It first aired in 1990 as a preview-run on The Disney Channel before beginning its main run in syndication later that year as part of the programming block The Disney Afternoon. It features anthropomorphized versions of characters adapted from Disney's 1967 animated feature The Jungle Book, which was theatrically rereleased in the summer before this show premiered in the fall, notably Baloo the Bear, Louie the orangutan, and Shere Khan the tiger, along with new characters created for the show. The name of the show is a play on "tailspin", the rapid descent of an aircraft in a steep spiral, and on the fact that tale is another word for "story". The show is one of nine Disney Afternoon shows to use established Disney characters as the main characters, with the other eight being Darkwing Duck, DuckTales, Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers, Goof Troop, Bonkers, Quack Pack, Aladdin, and Timon & Pumbaa. It is also one of two animated television series based on the book The Jungle Book, the second being Jungle Cubs.

<i>Gargoyles</i> (TV series) 1994–1997 American animated television series

Gargoyles is an animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation, in collaboration with Walt Disney Animation Japan for its first two seasons and Nelvana for its final, and originally aired from October 24, 1994, to February 15, 1997. The series features a species of nocturnal creatures known as gargoyles that turn to stone during the day. After spending a thousand years in an enchanted petrified state, the gargoyles are reawakened in modern-day New York City, and take on roles as the city's secret night-time protectors.

<i>The Little Mermaid</i> (TV series) Animated television series

The Little Mermaid is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation based on the 1989 animated feature film of the same name. It features the adventures of Ariel as a mermaid prior to the events of the film. This series is the third Disney television series to be spun off from a major animated film. Some of the voice actors of the film reprise their roles in the series, among them Jodi Benson as Ariel, Samuel E. Wright as Sebastian, Kenneth Mars as King Triton, and Pat Carroll as Ursula. Other voice actors include Edan Gross as Flounder, and Jeff Bennett as Prince Eric.

<i>The Raccoons</i> Canadian-American animated television series

The Raccoons is a Canadian animated television series that ran on CBC from November 11, 1985, to March 19, 1991, in Canada and on Disney Channel from July 4, 1985, to August 28, 1992, in the U.S., with three preceding television specials from its inception in 1980, and one direct-to-video special in 1984. The franchise was created by Kevin Gillis with the co-operation of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ian Marter</span> English actor and writer (1944–1986)

Ian Don Marter was an English actor and writer, known for his role as Harry Sullivan in the BBC science-fiction television series Doctor Who from December 1974 to September 1975, with a non-regular, one-serial return in November and December 1975. He sometimes used the pseudonym Ian Don.

<i>Aladdin</i> (animated TV series) Animated television series made by Walt Disney Television

Aladdin: The Series is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation that aired from February 6, 1994, to November 25, 1995, concluding exactly three years to the day from the release of the original Disney's 1992 animated feature film of the same name on which it was based. Despite the animated television series premiering four months before the first sequel, the direct-to-video film The Return of Jafar, it takes place afterward. The second and final animated sequel was the 1996 direct-to-video film, Aladdin and the King of Thieves.

Edward T. "Tad" Stones is an American animator, storyboard artist, screenwriter, producer and director, best known for his work for The Walt Disney Company, where he worked from 1974 to 2003. His most notable credits for Disney include creating, writing and producing the animated series Darkwing Duck and producing Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers, Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears, Aladdin, Hercules, and Buzz Lightyear of Star Command. He was a storyboard artist on Bob's Burgers when it premiered in January 2011.

Madeline is an animated preschool television series produced by DIC Entertainment, L.P., as part of the Madeline media franchise. It began as a series of six television specials from 1988 to 1991, and then continued as Madeline and The New Adventures of Madeline from 1993 to 2001. The show is narrated by Christopher Plummer.

At the Movies (<i>Rugrats</i>) 3rd episode of the 1st season of Rugrats

"At the Movies" is the first segment of the third episode of the animated television series Rugrats. It originally aired on the television network Nickelodeon on August 25, 1991, during the series' first season. In the episode, The Rugrats go to a movie theatre to see The Dummi Bears and the Land Without Smiles, but Tommy is infatuated with seeing a monster movie, Reptar!. He and the babies sneak out of the theater room to catch a showing of Reptar! while leaving a wake of accidental mayhem and destruction as they do.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Enchiridion!</span> 5th episode of the 1st season of Adventure Time

"The Enchiridion!" is the fifth episode of the first season of the American animated television series Adventure Time. The episode was outlined, written, and storyboarded by Patrick McHale, Adam Muto, and Pendleton Ward. It originally aired on Cartoon Network on April 19, 2010. The episode guest stars Henry Rollins, John Moschitta Jr., and Mark Hamill.

References

  1. ↑ Amidi, Amid (September 14, 2015). "'Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears' Turns 30 Years Old Today". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
  2. ↑ "Waldenbooks for Kids", June 1986
  3. 1 2 "'Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears' Turns 30 Years Old Today". Cartoonbrew.com. September 14, 2015. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  4. ↑ "The Great Site of Gummi". Cortneywilliams.com. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
  5. ↑ "Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears". The Tv Iv. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
  6. ↑ Sweedo, Nicholas (September 28, 2015). "Disney Song #48: Gummi Bears / The Silvershers: A Conversation". TheMacGyverProject.blogspot.com. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  7. ↑ Perlmutter, David (2018). The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 14–15. ISBN   978-1538103739.
  8. ↑ "Voiceover actor Michael Rye dies at 94, Bridged the generations from radio to videogame work". Variety . September 25, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
  9. ↑ Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Co. pp. 254–256. ISBN   978-1476665993.
  10. ↑ The Disney Channel Magazine, Vol. 9, no. 5, September/October 1991: pp. 20, 36, 45.
  11. ↑ The Disney Channel Magazine, Vol. 14, no. 6, December 1996/January 1997: p. 28.
  12. 1 2 "The Great Site of Gummi". Cortneywilliams.com. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Disney Video List VHS and DVD Disney Videos, Disney home entertainment DVD Video". Sealvideo.co.uk. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  14. ↑ "Polish Gummi Bears VHS cover #1". Cortneywilliams.com. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  15. ↑ "Polish Gummi Bears VHS cover #2". Cortneywilliams.com. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  16. ↑ "Polish Gummi Bears VHS cover #3". Cortneywilliams.com. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  17. ↑ "Dutch Gummi Bears VHS cover #1". Cortneywilliams.com. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  18. ↑ "Dutch Gummi Bears VHS cover #2". Cortneywilliams.com. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  19. ↑ "Dutch Gummi Bears VHS cover #3". Cortneywilliams.com. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  20. ↑ "Polish Gummi Bears VHS cover #4". Cortneywilliams.com. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  21. ↑ "Polish Gummi Bears VHS cover #5". Cortneywilliams.com. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  22. ↑ "Finnish Gummi Bears VHS cover #1". Cortneywilliams.com. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  23. ↑ "Finnish Gummi Bears VHS cover #2". Cortneywilliams.com. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  24. ↑ "Italian Gummi Bears VHS cover #1". Cortneywilliams.com. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  25. ↑ "Disney's Adventures of The Gummi Bears: Volume 1 DVD Review". DVDizzy.com. November 13, 2006. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  26. ↑ Adventures of the Gummi Bears on Disney+ OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
  27. ↑ Holtz, Allan (2012). American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 179. ISBN   9780472117567.
  28. ↑ "Disney's Adventure of the Gummi Bears Changed How '90s Kids Spent Their Afternoons". Cbr.com. September 25, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  29. 1 2 "Hollywood! Adapt This: DISNEY'S ADVENTURES OF THE GUMMI BEARS". Collider.com. October 28, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  30. ↑ "Ducktales Exclusive Clip With Gummi Bears Easter Egg - IGN". June 29, 2018 – via www.ign.com.
    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.