Teodor Boldur-Lățescu

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Boldur-Latescu recovering from his wounds, 1870.png
Boldur-Lățescu in 1870, while recovering from his fracas with police
Evghenia Boldur-Latescu Aslan.png
Boldur-Lățescu's sister, Evghenia Aslan, in the early 1870s

In 1867, Anica Boldur settled outstanding gambling debts by selling Mărăței mahala , a part of Piatra city that she had owned to her name. [90] Teodor trained as a lawyer and registered with the bar association in Iași, marrying and divorcing a boyar lady, Tereza Exarhu. [91] During early 1870, he was handling legal affairs for Mantu Daraban, and went public with claims that Daraban was a victim of corrupt practices by other lawyers, including Dimitrie Cornea. This prompted a disciplinary probe by the bar association, which ruled that Lățescu's allegation was "wholly inexact"; it also noted that Lățescu himself was "not included on any table of Romanian lawyers", and therefore that no disciplinary sanction against him was needed. [92]

In 1871, Lățescu married the heiress of a timber trade merchant, Serdar Nicolae Albu, whose family controlled the politics of Piatra. [93] This unhappy marriage ended in divorce, after the groom was found to be squandering Albu's assets. [94] Beset by financial troubles, Boldur-Lățescu ended the publication of Moldova in 1869. [95] At the time, he had leased Elena Berman's printing press and was using it to put out Vasile Botez's newspaper, Secolulŭ al Noue-spre-zecele. [96] Șuțu reports that Boldur-Lățescu was mostly abroad, in Russia and in Istanbul, before deciding to return "to live among his own kind, at Iași." [97] His younger brother Iorgu was fully reconciled with the political regime, and served as a perennial Prefect of Police in Iași, where a street was named after him. [98] He may have been Prefect during an 1870 episode in which his brother fought with law enforcement. As reported by Șuțu, this came when Toader visited a menagerie and proceeded to pester, then prod at, the lions on display. [99] Due to his "herculean strength", it took 50 police agents to physically subdue him. Bruised and bloodied, he asked for his photograph to be taken and kept by the Boldurs as a memento of the day. [100]

According to literary historian Augustin Z. N. Pop, Boldur-Lățescu should be counted as an affiliate of the Free and Independent Faction, [101] the political party which still coalesced Moldavian separatists and federalists. He returned in March–November 1871 as owner and editor of Echoul Munților ("Mountain Echoes"). Switching offices between Piatra and Iași, [102] it may be considered the last of Moldavia's separatist gazettes. [103] He was at the time based in Neamț County, which he successfully represented in the Deputies' Assembly after elections in May 1871. [104] From May 1872, Lățescu began serving as Prefect of Dorohoi County, in northern Moldavia, replacing Grigore Ventura, who was being investigated for embezzlement. [105] He owed his appointment to a government headed by his former enemy Catargiu, the irony of which was commented upon in the press. According to Telegraphul daily, "here was Mr Boldur Lățescu asking to be made prefect of a district precisely by that executioner [emphasis in the original] of Moldavia whom he had turned in to public vindication, and the executioner himself, whether as a mockery of Mr Boldur Lățescu, or because he was afraid of him, now made him prefect of Dorohoi district." The same paper claimed that Lățescu showed his loyalty toward Catargiu by banning all local mayors from even discussing politics. [106]

At some point in 1872, Boldur-Lățescu was assigned Prefect of Bolgrad County in southern Bessarabia, which was largely peopled by Bessarabian Bulgarians. His continued support for Catargiu was again reviewed as unusual, given his background in separatism: satirists at Ghimpele noted that Boldur-Lățescu had turned into a "fiery defender of the dynasty". [107] Contrarily, Telegraphul noted that Lățescu had been moved after alienating the Dorohoi electorate, and that he regarded Bolgrad County as a place of exile, absenting for months on end. [106] Like the Factionalist Holban, Lățescu eventually moved his law practice, joining the bar association shared between Bolgrad and Ismail. [108] From July 1872 to May 1873, the former city housed his printing press, Echoulŭ Bolgraduluĭ. [109] It put out a newspaper of the same name, owned by Boldur-Lățescu [107] and curated by Basile Brănișteanu. [110] A newspaper called Flagelulŭ ("The Scourge"), which appeared at Ismail and Bucharest for a while after October 1873, may have also been put out by Boldur-Lățescu. [111]

During 1874, Lățescu was issuing another periodical, named Ecoulŭ Basarabieĭ ("Bessarabia's Echo"). [112] In his letters to Christian Tell, the Minister for Religious and Educational Affairs, he noted his resentment for the Bulgarian community, which he saw as won over by pan-Slavism and Russophilia. He was especially adverse to the Inspection Committee of Bulgarian Schools, alleging that its members were habitual embezzlers and traffickers of influence, and expressing his dismay that two board members could not speak either Romanian or proper Bulgarian. [113] In December 1874, he leased 10 desyatinas (1.9 hectares or 4.7 acres) of state agricultural land in the village of Caracurt. [114]

National Liberal figure

April 1874 cartoon in the "Red" magazine Asmodeu: Romania as a young warrior, stripped down by boyar raptors and the Prussian eagle Paserile de prada, Asmodeu, 14 apr 1874.png
April 1874 cartoon in the "Red" magazine Asmodeu: Romania as a young warrior, stripped down by boyar raptors and the Prussian eagle

As early as July 1873, Boldur-Lățescu had complained to Catargiu that Bolgrad was being governed with brute force, including the "arbitrary arrests [of] innocent people"—according to Telegraphul, he was abruptly told not to interfere with this state of affairs. [106] He was eventually moved to a more central position: between 1 and 30 November 1873, [115] he was the editor in chief of Monitorul Oficial , the Romanian government gazette, while also collecting a salary as director of the State Printing Office. [106] According to Ghimpele, Lățescu was pushed to resign from these offices by Catargiu, after visiting the provinces and documenting forms of government abuse that he encountered there; Românul "stole the paper" and published it. Ghimpele also noted the Lățescu's surprising conversion from a "friend [and] supporter" of Catargiu to one who "reprimanded" Catargiu's government. [116] In the June 1876 election, Boldur-Lățescu ran for the Assembly as an ally of the National Liberal Party, which coalesced the opposition to Catargiu's "Whites". Emerging as Prime Minister from this National Liberal sweep, Ion C. Brătianu applauded Lățescu's "staunch opposition to the past regime". [117]

Boldur-Lățescu took the 3rd College of Bolgrad by 124 votes to Aristid Pascal's 100. [118] He resigned shortly after, on 7 February 1877, [119] to return as Bolgrad's Prefect upon Brătianu's recommendation. He then presided over the 3rd College seat snap election, in which he was the winning candidate. He engaged in massive electoral fraud, for which he was reprimanded by the Assembly on 9 June 1877; the election itself was annulled by a majority vote in chamber. [117] He complained about this in a letter to the Assembly, which outlined his defense. He contended that, as a "man of no financial means", he could not be credibly accused of buying off voters; he also noted that the only violence in Bolgrad had been that of "my and my nation's most unrelenting enemies". Lățescu also mentioned that, as proof of his genuine popularity, he had since also been elected to Bolgrad's administrative council. [120]

The 1870s saw the emergence and success of Iași's anti-separatist conservative club, Junimea , which grouped some of Lățescu's known adversaries, including Maiorescu, Pogor, Skelitti and Carp. At the time, Moldavians were rallying with the cause of Romanian nationalism, which led to them supporting the Romanian War of Independence (1877–1878): Rosnovanu enrolled as a volunteer, while Evghenia Boldur, married Conduratu, was a decorated nurse. [121] Also in June 1877, at the height of the war, Boldur-Lățescu was sacked from the Bolgrad Prefecture. An unsigned letter in the "White" daily România Liberă claimed that this was to the "general satisfaction" of Bolgrad citizens. The letter alleged that the outgoing Prefect had taken bribes to facilitate the naturalization and public employment of foreigners. [122] He was successful in his bid for the 3rd College of Neamț in the May 1879 election. [123] While at Piatra, he put out another short-lived newspaper, Mișcarea Liberală ("The Liberal Movement", 1879–1880), "which created much scandal and discord within the liberal party"; he also replaced Theodor Dornescu as commander of the Neamț Civic Guard. [124] During the by-elections of August, Lățescu moved again to the 3rd College seat of Bolgrad, though, as România Liberă reported, his election had widespread irregularities that should have invited a recount. [125] Some records suggest that he was still committed to the project of Moldavian sovereignty: Pippidi notes that a reprint of the Huru forgery, which appeared in 1879 at Focșani, was probably financed by him or, alternatively, by Alexandru Asachi. [126]

The representation of Bolgrad in the Assembly was abruptly ended when Romania agreed to cede all of southern Bessarabia to the Russian Empire. By March 1880, Boldur-Lățescu had retaken his Neamț seat. România Liberă's Bolgrad correspondent, commenting on these developments, suggested that Lățescu would still continue his trading in Romanian passports, by catering to the mass of Bessarabian Jews who stood ready to emigrate to Romania. [127] Before January 1881, he had joined Brătianu's National Liberals. During this interval, his party had been pushed into the opposition. As reported by România Liberă, "the Reds' irritation" with this arrangement could be measured in Lățescu's claim that "intelligence itself was insulted" by the assignment of a cabinet position to Alexandru Teriachiu. [128] He was reconfirmed as Neamț deputy for the 4th College in the April 1883 elections, part of a National Liberal sweep; he himself took 287 votes out of 300. [129]

This final period of Boldur-Lățescu's career saw the country being created a Kingdom of Romania, still under Carol of Hohenzollern (who was crowned King). He resumed his participation in the disputes between liberal factions, attacking Mihail Kogălniceanu for his "Catonism" and criticizing the National Liberal government for errors in defining liquor licenses. [130] In January 1882, an irate Kogălniceanu asked others to refrain from ever mentioning his and Lățescu's names together. [131] Kogălniceanu was again upset when Lățescu advocated budgetary restraint, and sought to reduce the pension of General Mihail Cerchez during an Assembly vote in 1882. During the debates, Lățescu complained that Kogălniceanu's speech had made oblique references, which he qualified as "correct expressions, but terrible allusions", to his own political stances. [132] During April–May, the two Moldavian politicians clashed again, when Lățescu tried to raise awareness of the new civil list set aside for the newly founded State Railways Company. He publicized the manager's 36,000-francs salary, which he found exorbitant. Lățescu proposed a reduction of 34,000 francs, equivalent to salaries paid by the private-run Lemberg–Czernowitzer Eisenbahn. [133] In June 1884 he co-sponsored legislation which set aside a Crown Estate for the monarch and his family. [134]

Final dissidence

At that stage, Boldur-Lățescu's split from Moldavian autonomists such as Nicolae Ionescu was manifest when he refused to support tax rebates for Iași, which had been a point of policy since the 1860s. He argued that the debate had grown stale, and that Iași was already more privileged than other Moldavian communes. [135] Ionescu declared his astonishment that Lățescu, the "O'Connell of Iași's outskirts", had not only "moved camp to the unionist side", but was also turning his back on the Moldavian capital city. [136] Lățescu was also active in the debates over Jewish emancipation and assimilation, being skeptical of both. Speaking in front of the Assembly in March 1884, he criticized government for extending naturalization to "Israelite" bancheri și zarafi ("bankers and loan sharks"), instead of prioritizing "scientists and tradesmen" from the same community. Jewish journalist Moses Schwartzfeld quoted this assessment as a revelation into the corrupt nature of naturalization laws. [137]

Boldur-Lățescu switched to the Neamț Senate seat, 2nd College, during the race of November 1884, [138] also serving as senatorial financial inspector ( Chestor ) from 1 March 1886. [139] During this full term, which lasted to 1888, he continued to advocate checks on Jewish emancipation. In January 1887, he claimed to have received documentation on the "non-territorial Jews who had infiltrated the officers' corps under false names." The Jewish community analyzed the three names he had advanced as evidence, concluding that one, Cruceanu, was in fact a Christian; another one, Iosef Simionescu, was a decorated veteran of the 1877 war (and therefore granted naturalization); while a third one, Gherini, seemed not to exist at all. [140]

Boldur-Lățescu increased his estate in Iași in December 1885, when he leased "in perpetuity" a vacant lot on Sărăriei Street. [141] Some of his final years were spent in Botoșani County, where he served as Prefect from March 1887. His first act of office was to examine all pistols and rifles issued to police agents, and make sure that they were functional. [142] In April 1887, he was a noted guest at Carol's banquet in Iași. [143] He simultaneously served as leader of the National Liberal chapter, which led to accusation that he was abusing his power as Prefect, especially ahead of elections in January 1888. The "White" press had it that Boldur-Lățescu had embezzled public funds, extorted peasants, and taken bribes, as well as avoiding taxes or prosecution by having his revenues invested in a farm in Northern Dobruja. [144] Lățescu was criticized when, on 1 April 1888, he vetoed Cassian Lecca's proposal to grant Junimea poet Mihai Eminescu a public pension. Aware that Eminescu was having a hard time making ends meet, he proposed granting him a one-time payment from the county council. [145]

Portrait of Olga Boldur-Latescu, published during her trial (March 1896) Olga Boldur-Latescu, Universul 1896-03-10.svg
Portrait of Olga Boldur-Lățescu, published during her trial (March 1896)

Other voices praised Lățescu's philanthropy after he donated 151 bound volumes in French, previously in his own collection, to A. T. Laurian National College. [146] Carol also recognized his contributions: in January 1888, he made Lățescu an Officer of the Order of the Crown. [147] He resigned as prefect during the first week of April 1888, [148] shortly after peasant revolts and the arrival in power of a Conservative Party-and-Junimea cabinet under Theodor Rosetti. Days after, he wrote Carol an open letter to complain about alleged administrative abuses. He contended that the new and "reactionary" Botoșani Prefect, Gheorghe Hermeziu, was oppressing the locals with the full support of Jews ("sworn enemies of the liberal party"), "proletarian" Romanians, and Gypsies. The letter ended with words of praise for Carol, congratulating him for his role in obtaining national self-determination and his styling as King. [149] During January 1890, Boldur-Lățescu presented himself as a candidate in elections for Botoșani's city council. [150] Later that year, he was called upon as a lawyer in Dorohoi. He first represented a local merchant, Prodan, in his dispute with the police agent Iacoban; he then switched to defending Iacoban, and to dismissing his own plea in favor of Prodan. [151]

In November 1890, at Botoșani, Boldur-Lățescu inaugurated another political newspaper, Țara de Sus ("The Upper Land"); it advertised itself as committed to both the National Liberal platform (which was seen as having "created Modern Romania") and the "special interests of Moldavia". [152] The new decade soon witnessed a rearrangement of the political landscape: Catargiu governed the country at the helm of a Conservative Party, which lost Junimist backing; Maiorescu and his men shifted instead toward a pragmatic alliance with the National Liberals. Boldur-Lățescu was still politically active during the April 1891 legislative election, but earned derision for his proposal of an alliance with Catargiu against Junimea. [153] He ran for the 1st-College seat in the Assembly, but only took 27 votes and had to face a ballotage. [154] In May, he was stripped of his party membership, alongside fellow dissenters Lecca and Panait Gheorghiade; all three joined the Conservatives. [155] Țara de Sus, which had its editorial offices in Botoșani (though it was printed in Iași), was now identified by Junimea as a platform for George D. Vernescu's inner-Conservative faction. [156] This final flurry of activity ended when Lățescu died suddenly in early June, at Botoșani. He was buried on 8 June at Cetățuia Monastery in Galata. [157]

Legacy and posthumous scandals

The former separatist was survived by daughters Esmeralda (or Smaranda; married Ceaur-Aslan), Eugenia (Brăilescu), and Olga. In early 1893, the three of them had successfully sued the Ministry of Agriculture over a deposit their father had made for a land purchase in Oșlobeni. [158] Aged 25 in 1896, Olga had been married off to a cousin, George Lățescu. Olga left him in March 1896, opting to live as a courtesan in Bucharest, [159] though she was also reportedly married to an architect, Nicolae Gabrielescu. [160] She then met Ioan Șabechi, a confidence man, together with whom she blackmailed, or simply robbed, Gabrielescu. This affair, "reported on by all contemporary newspapers", [161] resulted in Olga's arrest. [159] [162] A defense team, comprising N. Ceaur-Aslan, Alexandru Djuvara, and Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea, obtained that she be seen as a person of diminished competence, or "great hysteric"; she was finally sentenced to one year in prison. [163] The Boldur–Gabrielescu affair was retold in a romanticized reportage by Ion Luca Caragiale, who depicted the architect victim as a "gullible bohemian". [161]

Of the three sisters, Esmeralda is known to have died in May 1928, at the age of 64. [164] The Boldur-Lățescu branch of the Costachis was continued by Gheorghe Boldur-Lățescu's daughters, who lived a comfortable existence after being awarded property in the trial over Elena Bașotă's estate; [165] and by, among others, Teodor's grandnephew, Romanian Army Major Ion Boldur (1899–1985), distinguished for his participation in both world wars. Ion's own son, Gheorghe Boldur-Lățescu (1929–2024), [166] a political prisoner in Communist Romania and a historiographer thereof, was the family's last male descendant. [167] His sister, Ana Boldur, was a writer and prolific translator. She married communist writer Mihnea Gheorghiu, and thus "rescued whatever was left of the family". [168]

Notes

  1. Stoian, p. 107
  2. Monu, pp. 221–222; Pippidi, pp. 87, 101. See also Ghenghea, p. 66; Stoian, pp. 107–109; Șuțu, pp. 6, 38, 79, 96, 448, 451
  3. Neagu Djuvara, Thocomerius–Negru Vodă. Un voivod de origine cumană la începuturile Țării Românești, pp. 63–66. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2007. ISBN   978-973-50-1787-3
  4. Monu, pp. 5–6
  5. Monu, pp. 5–7
  6. Monu, pp. 49, 187–191, 213
  7. Monu, pp. 216–217
  8. Hogea, p. 221; Șuțu, pp. 81–82
  9. Olga Garusova, "Filantropii Chișinăului. Gheorghe Balș", in Sergiu Musteață (ed.), Identitățile Chișinăului. Ediția a patra, p. 188. Chișinău: Editura ARC, 2018. ISBN   978-9975-0-0224-0
  10. Monu, p. 220
  11. Șuțu, pp. 79–81
  12. Hogea, p. 219–220
  13. Gheorghe Duzinchievici, "Răscoalele din Moldova în anul 1831 împotriva Regulamentului Organic", in Revista Arhivelor, 1943, pp. 357–358
  14. Șuțu, p. 8
  15. Pippidi, pp. 87, 90, 92–93
  16. Pippidi, pp. 92–94, 97, 100, 107
  17. Monu, pp. 219–220
  18. Monu, p. 220
  19. Dumitru Vitcu, "Repere ale emergenței naționale: 'Societatea Unirii' din Iași (1856)", in Dacia Literară , Vol. XXV, Issues 3–4, 2014, p. 9
  20. Ion Istrati, "Hudeștii de ieri și de azi", in Albina. Revistă Săptămînală a Așezămintelor Culturale, Issue 43/1968, p. 4
  21. "Dela Teodor Boldur-Lățescu la Alecu Cuza", in Mișcarea , 12 March 1915, p. 1
  22. "Publicațiĭ judecătorescĭ. Judecât. district. Dorohoiŭ", in Progresul, 27 August 1863, p. 4
  23. "Publicațiĭ administrative. Tribunalul district. Dorohoiŭ", in Progresul, 6 February 1864, p. 4
  24. Ghenghea, p. 66; Monu, pp. 220–221; Stoian, p. 109; Sturdza, pp. 51, 652
  25. "Publicații administrive. Prefectura district. Dorohoiŭ", in Progresul, 18 December 1863, p. 1
  26. "Publicațiĭ administrative. Tribunalul județ. Dorohoiŭ", in Progresul, 1 February 1866, p. 3
  27. Mănucă, p. 122
  28. Negruzzi, p. 66
  29. Cristea, pp. 1079–1081; Ghenghea, p. 67
  30. Grosul, p. 86
  31. Grosul, p. 86
  32. Cristea, p. 1079
  33. Cristea, p. 1080
  34. Șuțu, pp. 213–214
  35. Bogdan, p. 14
  36. Grosul, p. 87
  37. Cristea, pp. 1080–1081
  38. Cristea, p. 1081
  39. Cristea, p. 1081
  40. Pînișoară, p. 162
  41. Negruzzi, p. 71
  42. Negruzzi, pp. 71–72
  43. Negruzzi, p. 73
  44. Pînișoară, pp. 162–163. See also Cristea, p. 1082
  45. Pînișoară, p. 162
  46. Pînișoară, p. 162. See also Cristea, p. 1082
  47. Negruzzi, p. 73
  48. Negruzzi, pp. 73–74
  49. Grosul, p. 87
  50. Bogdan, p. 15; Cristea, p. 1083
  51. Cristea, p. 1083
  52. Negruzzi, p. 75
  53. Negruzzi, pp. 74–75
  54. Monu, p. 222
  55. Bogdan, p. 103
  56. Pînișoară, p. 162
  57. Cristea, p. 1083
  58. Șuțu, pp. 213–214
  59. "Publicațiĭ judecătoreștĭ. Secția a 4-a, Corecțională", in Progresul, 15 June 1866, p. 3
  60. Ghenghea, pp. 67–71
  61. Grosul, p. 87
  62. Ghenghea, p. 72
  63. 1 2 "Gazetta Moldova séŭ Sibila depe stenca d-luĭ Rosnovanu", in Romanulu , 16 June 1867, pp. 497–498
  64. Cristea, p. 1085
  65. With title as rendered in Mănucă, pp. 123, 124. See also Bogdan, p. 641; Cristea, p. 1083
  66. Mănucă, p. 123
  67. Cristea, p. 1083. See also Ghenghea, p. 72
  68. Ghenghea, p. 68
  69. "Bucurescĭ 13/15 Florarŭ", in Romanulu , 14 May 1867, p. 393
  70. Bogdan, pp. 103–105
  71. "Bucurescĭ 3/15 Cireșiarŭ", in Romanulu , 4 June 1867, p. 461
  72. Șuțu, pp. 6–7, 12–13
  73. Monu, p. 222; Stoian, p. 109
  74. Bogdan, pp. 103, 105–108, 114–115
  75. Bogdan, p. 106
  76. Bogdan, pp. 107–113
  77. Ghenghea, p. 69
  78. "Bucurescĭ 13/25 Răpciune", in Romanulu , 14 September 1867, p. 779
  79. Bogdan, p. 113
  80. Bogdan, pp. 113–114
  81. P. Boutet, "Dépêches télégraphiques. Service particulier du Mémorial Diplomatique", in Le Mémorial Diplomatique, Issue 64/1867, p. 1082
  82. Bogdan, p. 115
  83. Ghenghea, p. 70. See also Cristea, p. 1083
  84. Bogdan, pp. 126–127
  85. Hodoș & Sadi-Ionescu, p. 419
  86. Ghenghea, p. 71
  87. I. N., "Prefața", in Dimitrie Cantemir, Descrierea Moldovei, p. V. Bucharest: Editura Librăriei Leon Alcaly, 1909
  88. Pippidi, p. 101
  89. Pippidi, pp. 101–102
  90. Hogea, pp. 23–27, 221–223
  91. Stoian, pp. 109–110
  92. "Inserțiuni și reclame. Consiliul de disciplină a corpului de avocați din Iassi, in ședința sa de astăd̦i", in Curierul de Iassi, Issue 32/1870, p. 2
  93. Sturdza, p. 51. See also Hogea, p. 222; Stoian, pp. 109–110
  94. Sturdza, pp. 51, 652
  95. Ghenghea, pp. 67, 72–73
  96. Pop, pp. 307–308. See also Hodoș & Sadi-Ionescu, p. 663
  97. Șuțu, p. 451. See also Hogea, p. 222
  98. Șuțu, pp. 81, 176, 357–358, 448, 451, 470. See also Hogea, p. 223
  99. Șuțu, pp. 451–452
  100. Șuțu, pp. 451–452
  101. Pop, p. 308
  102. Sanda Beatrice Bitere, Publicații periodice ieșene, 1892–1906, p. 20. Iași: Asachiana, 2020. ISBN   978-606-9047-13-2; Hodoș & Sadi-Ionescu, p. 223
  103. Ghenghea, pp. 72–73
  104. Stoian, p. 109
  105. R. L., "Külföldi levelezés. Bukarest, május 18-án 1872", in Magyar Polgár, 26 May 1872, p. 3
  106. 1 2 3 4 "Bucurescĭ, 10 Noembre", in Telegraphul, 11 November 1873, p. 1
  107. 1 2 "Revista politicoasa", in Ghimpele , Issue 44/1872, pp. 1–2
  108. Stoian, p. 109
  109. I. Antonovici, Gr. Crețu, Tipografiile, xilografiile, librăriile și legătoriile de cărți din Bârlad. Cu o privire asupra tipografiilor din România de la 1801 până astăzi în Prefață și 7 ilustrații, p. 32b. Bucharest: Imprimeria Statului, 1909
  110. Hodoș & Sadi-Ionescu, p. 223; Mihai Marinache, Ioana Marinache, Stéua Dobrogei (1879—...1891). Încercare de reconstituire monografică, pp. II, 124, 200. Tulcea: Editura Harvia, 2007. ISBN   978-973-7828-36-1. See also Ștefan Purici, Istoria Basarabiei. Note de curs, p. 93. Bucharest: Editura Semne, 2011. ISBN   978-606-15-0131-1
  111. Hodoș & Sadi-Ionescu, p. 256
  112. Hodoș & Sadi-Ionescu, p. 235
  113. Ștefan Petrescu, "Administrație publică și școli in sudul Basarabiei sub administrația românească între 1857 și 1878", in Gheorghe Cliveti (ed.), Conferința "Centenar Sfatul Țării: 1917–2017". Materialele conferinței științifice internaționale, Chișinău, Moldova, 21 noiembrie 2017, pp. 217–218. Chișinău: Academy of Sciences of Moldova & Editura Lexon PRIM, 2017. ISBN   978-9975-139-54-0
  114. Ivan Duminică, "Câteva documente inedite din perioada aflării Bolgradului în componența Principatelor Unite ale Moldovei și Țării Românești", in Revista de Etnologie și Culturologie, Issue 28/2020, pp. 59, 62
  115. Hodoș & Sadi-Ionescu, p. 434
  116. "Revista politicoasa", in Ghimpele , Issue 26/1873, pp. 1–2
  117. 1 2 "Adunarea Deputațilorŭ. Ședința de Juoĭ, 9 Iuniŭ 1877", in Telegraphulŭ, 11 June 1877, p. 2
  118. "Resultatulŭ alegerilorŭ colegiuluĭ III", in Telegraphulŭ, 9 June 1876, p. 2
  119. "Adunarea Deputațilorŭ. Ședința de Lunĭ, 7 Februariŭ 1877", in Telegraphulŭ, 9 February 1877, p. 2
  120. "Adunarea Deputaților. Sesiunea ordinară. Ședința de 6 Februare 1878", in Monitorul Oficial , Issue 29/1878, p. 702
  121. Șuțu, pp. 96–98, 447
  122. "Corespondența particulară a României Libere. Bolgrad, 26 Iuniŭ", in România Liberă , 2 July 1877, p. 2
  123. "Cronica zilei. Resultatul alegerilor Coleg. III-lea", in România Liberă , 10 May 1879, p. 1
  124. Hogea, pp. 222–223
  125. "Cronica zilei", in România Liberă , 21 August 1879, pp. 1–2
  126. Pippidi, p. 90
  127. "Din afară. Corespondența particulară a României Libere. Bolgrad, Basarabia Rusă, 18 Marte 1880", in România Liberă , 29 March 1880, p. 2
  128. "Bucureștĭ, 27 Ianuarie", in România Liberă , 28 January 1881, p. 1
  129. Hogea, pp. 95, 105
  130. Kogălniceanu & Simonescu, pp. 109, 116
  131. Kogălniceanu & Simonescu, p. 109
  132. Kogălniceanu & Simonescu, pp. 201–202
  133. (in Romanian) Mihai Eminescu, Din periodice. Din Timpul, mai 1882. 6 mai 1882, at Wikisource. See also Kogălniceanu & Simonescu, pp. 277–278
  134. "Domeniulŭ Corónei României. Proiectŭ de lege depusŭ în cameră", in Gazeta Transilvaniei , Issue 90/1884, p. 3
  135. Chiper, pp. 147–148
  136. Chiper, p. 148
  137. Moses Schwartzfeld, "Situația evreilor în Romănia [ sic ]. Privire retrospectivă asupra anului 1884", in Anuar pentru Israeliți, Vol. VIII, 1885, p. 133
  138. Hogea, pp. 108–109. See also Stoian, p. 109
  139. "Corpurile Legiuitoare. Senatul. Ședința de la 1 Martie", in Universul , 3–4 (15–17) March 1886, p. 3
  140. "Corpurile Legiuitoare. Senatul", in Revista Israelită, Vol. II, Issue 2, February 1887, p. 37
  141. "Decrete", in Epoca , 28 January 1886, p. 2
  142. "Din districte. Botoșani", in Epoca , 10 March (22 March), 1887, p. 3
  143. Bogdan, p. 350
  144. "Din districte. Botoșani. Tipuri colectiviste", in Epoca , 17 June (29 June), 1888, pp. 2–3
  145. Omagiu lui Mihail Eminescu cu prilejul a 20 ani dela moarte (1909), pp. 96–98. Galați: Editura Centrului Cultural Dunărea de Jos, 2008. ISBN   978-973-87650-6-1
  146. "Informațiuni", in Telegraphul, 3 May 1888, p. 3
  147. "Distinctions honorifiques. Roumanie", in La Revue Diplomatique, Issue 4/1888, p. 4
  148. "Nos echos. La débandade collectiviste", in L'Indépendance Roumaine , 6 April 1888, p. 2
  149. "Regimul împăciureĭ", in Telegraphul, 13 April 1888, pp. 1–2
  150. "Ultime informații", in Adevărul , 22 January 1890, p. 3
  151. Echo, "Afacerea Prodna la Dorohoiŭ", in Voința Națională , 8 (20) July 1890, p. 2
  152. "Din Țara", in Ecoul Moldovei, Vol. I, Issue 10, November 1890, p. 2. See also Hodoș & Sadi-Ionescu, p. 711; Ion Maximiuc, "Publicații și publiciști din nordul Moldovei (I)", in Hierasus, Vol. V, 1983, p. 418
  153. "Alegerile din Botoșanĭ. Coresp. specială a ziarului Lupta", in Lupta , 28 April 1891, p. 2
  154. "Resultatul alegerilor Colegiului I-ŭ de Camera", in Adevărul , 11 April 1891, p. 1
  155. "Ultime informații", in Lupta , 12 May 1891, p. 3
  156. "Cronica", in Era Nouă , Issue 84/1891, p. 3
  157. "Ediția de seară. Ultime informațiunĭ", in Voința Națională , 28 May (9 June), 1891, p. 3. See also Stoian, p. 107
  158. "Publicațiuni administrative. Corpul portăreilor al trib. jud. Neamț", in Gazeta de Iassi , 4 February 1894, p. 106
  159. 1 2 "Olga Boldur-Lățescu", in Epoca , 3 February 1896, p. 1
  160. Roșca, p. 312
  161. 1 2 Ștefan Ion Ghilimescu, "Revoluționarul, aghiotantul regal și poetul Candiano Popescu (I)", in Revista Acolada, Vol. XIII, Issue 4, April 2019, p. 14
  162. Bacalbașa, pp. 198, 202–203; Roșca, pp. 312–313
  163. Bacalbașa, p. 198
  164. "Informațiuni", in Mișcarea , 18 May 1928, p. 2
  165. Sturdza, p. 398
  166. Filip-Lucian Iorga, "In memoriam. Gheorghe Boldur-Lățescu (1929–2024)", in Memoria. Revista Gândirii Arestate, Issue 1/2024, p. 103
  167. Monu, pp. 222–223
  168. Alexandru George, "Confesional. Tot pe panta mărturisirilor...", in Vatra , Vol. XXVI, Issue 302, May 1996, p. 78

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Teodor Boldur-Lățescu
Teodor Boldur-Latescu.png
Photograph of Boldur-Lățescu, by Jean Bielig
Prefect of Bolgrad County
In office
1872–1876