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Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory,as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi.2),including adjacent islands such as the Simeulue,Nias,Mentawai,Enggano,Riau Islands,Bangka Belitung and Krakatoa archipelago.
Malays are an Austronesian ethnoreligious group native to eastern Sumatra,the Malay Peninsula and coastal Borneo,as well as the smaller islands that lie between these locations. These locations are today part of the countries of Malaysia,Indonesia,the southern part of Thailand,Singapore and Brunei Darussalam.
The Aceh War,also known as the Dutch War or the Infidel War (1873–1904),was an armed military conflict between the Sultanate of Aceh and the Kingdom of the Netherlands which was triggered by discussions between representatives of Aceh and the United States in Singapore during early 1873. The war was part of a series of conflicts in the late 19th century that consolidated Dutch rule over modern-day Indonesia.
Banda Aceh is the capital and largest city in the province of Aceh,Indonesia. It is located on the island of Sumatra and has an elevation of 35 meters. The city covers an area of 61.36 square kilometers (23.69 sq mi) and had a population of 223,446 people at the 2010 Census,rising to 252,899 at the 2020 Census. The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 261,969.
Malay was first used in the first millennia known as Old Malay,a part of the Austronesian language family. Over a period of two millennia,Malay has undergone various stages of development that derived from different layers of foreign influences through international trade,religious expansion,colonisation and developments of new socio-political trends. The oldest form of Malay is descended from the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the earliest Austronesian settlers in Southeast Asia. This form would later evolve into Old Malay when Indian cultures and religions began penetrating the region,most probably using the Kawi and Rencong scripts,some linguistic researchers say. Old Malay contained some terms that exist today,but are unintelligible to modern speakers,while the modern language is already largely recognisable in written Classical Malay of 1303 CE.
Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain is a Malay epic in the tradition of the Alexander Romance describing fictional exploits of Alexander the Great (Iskandar),identified with Dhu al-Qarnayn (Zulkarnain),a king briefly mentioned in the Quran. The oldest existing manuscript is dated 1713,but is in a poor state. Another manuscript was copied by Muhammad Cing Sa'idullah about 1830.
The Sultanate of Aceh,officially the Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam,was a sultanate centered in the modern-day Indonesian province of Aceh. It was a major regional power in the 16th and 17th centuries,before experiencing a long period of decline. Its capital was Kutaraja,the present-day Banda Aceh.
Ali Mughayat Syah was the first Sultan of Aceh Darussalam in Northern Sumatra,reigning from about 1514 until his death. His reign not only saw the foundation of the Aceh Sultanate,but also the conquest of neighboring Daya (1520),Pidie (1521),and Pasai (1524). Despite his accomplishments,Ali Mughayat's life is poorly documented and must be pieced together from various Acehnese,Malay and European accounts.
Iskandar Muda was the twelfth Sultan of Acèh Darussalam,under whom the sultanate achieved its greatest territorial extent,holding sway as the strongest power and wealthiest state in the western Indonesian archipelago and the Strait of Malacca. "Iskandar Muda" literally means "young Alexander," and his conquests were often compared to those of Alexander the Great. In addition to his notable conquests,during his reign,Aceh became known as an international centre of Islamic learning and trade. He was the last Sultan of Aceh who was a direct lineal male descendant of Ali Mughayat Syah,the founder of the Aceh Sultanate. Iskandar Muda's death meant that the founding dynasty of the Aceh Sultanate,the House of Meukuta Alam died out and was replaced by another dynasty.
Acehnese or Achinese is an Austronesian language natively spoken by the Acehnese people in Aceh,Sumatra,Indonesia. This language is also spoken by Acehnese descendants in some parts of Malaysia like Yan,in Kedah. Acehnese is used as the co-official language in the province of Aceh,alongside Indonesian.
The Acehnese,also written as Atjehnese and Achinese) are an indigenous ethnic group native to Aceh,Indonesia on the northernmost tip of the island of Sumatra. The area has a history of political struggle against the Dutch colonial rule. The vast majority of Acehnese people are Muslims. The Acehnese people are also referred to by other names such as Lam Muri,Lambri,Akhir,Achin,Asji,A-tse and Atse. Their language,Acehnese,belongs to the Aceh–Chamic group of Malayo-Polynesian of the Austronesian language family.
Kedahan Malays or commonly known as Orang Utara ('Northerners'),are a sub-group of Malays native to northern Malay Peninsula in areas of both current and historical area of Kedah. They are among the oldest ethnic groups in the Malay peninsula with a history dating back 2,800 years as proven by the discovery of sites in Bujang Valley and historical documents from India,China and Arabia. Kedahan Malays are one of the largest Malay sub-groups in Malaysia,comprising at least 15% of the total Malaysian Malay population including those with Kedahan ancestry.
Gunongan Historical Park is located in the Aceh Province of Sumatra,Indonesia. Possibly built by Iskandar Muda,the grounds of the historical park contain a 17th-century palace,garden,and white circular structure whose purpose is unknown,the Gunongan,after which the park has been named. The origins and function of the Gunongan palace are obscure,though it is theorized to be either built on the remains of an older structure or built during the 17th century,combining Hindu and Islamic aesthetics. Its function possibly had a sacred significance but it later became a leisure ground for the Acehnese royal family.
Sultan Ali Ri'ayat Syah I,also known as Sultan Husein,was the fourth sultan of Aceh in northern Sumatra. He reigned from 1571 to 1579 and continued his father's policy of fighting the Portuguese in Melaka.
Singkil people are an ethnic group of people found in Aceh Singkil Regency and Subulussalam,Aceh province,Indonesia.
Abd al-Rauf ibn Ali al-Fansuri al-Sinkili was a renowned Islamic scholar,spiritual leader of the Shattariyya tariqa and mufti of the Aceh Sultanate. He was a confidant of Sultana Safiat al-Din and first to spread the Shattari Sufi order in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. Many of his students became disseminators of Islam. He is commonly known as Sheikh Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili and posthumously as Teungku Syiah Kuala.
Ghali,gali,or gale are a type of galley-like ships from the Nusantara archipelago. This type of ship only appeared after the 1530s. Before the appearance of this type of ship,several native galley-like ships already existed in the archipelago,some with outriggers. The design of ghali is the result of the impact made by Mediterranean shipbuilding techniques on native shipbuilding,introduced particularly by Arabs,Persians,Ottoman Turks,and Portuguese. The terms may also refer to Mediterranean vessels built by local people,or native vessels with Mediterranean influence.
Cerucuh is an ancient,small Malay trading boat. One of the earliest record of cerucuh has a background of 14th century,being mentioned in Malay Annals which was composed no earlier than 17th century,being used by Majapahit empire during the first Majapahit attack on Singapura (1350). Malay Annals recorded:
Maka betara Majapahitpun menitahkan hulubalangnya berlengkap perahu akan menyerang Singapura itu,seratus buah jung;lain dari itu beberapa melangbing dan kelulus,jongkong,cerucuh,tongkang,tiada terhisabkan lagi banyaknya.
So the king of Majapahit ordered his war commander to equip vessels for attacking Singapore,a hundred jong;other than that a few melangbing and kelulus;jongkong,cerucuh,tongkang,all in uncountable numbers.
The Hikayat Aceh is a 17th-century history of the Aceh Sultanate,which is located on the northern tip of the island of Sumatra,Indonesia. Written in Malay in the Arabic script it chronicles and eulogizes the Acehnese Sultan Iskandar Muda. The Hikayat Aceh is an indispensable tool for all interested in the history of Aceh and its exceptional political,cultural,and religious traits.
References
- 1 2 "Teuku Iskandar: Pencatat Peradaban Aceh dan Melayu" [Teuku Iskandar: The Recorder of Acehnese and Malay Civilizations]. kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id (in Indonesian). Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Diplomacy, Directorate General of Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Profil Penerima Anugerah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2017 Kategori Satyalancana Kebudayaan: Teuku Iskandar [Profile of 2017 Indonesian Cultural Award Recipients in the Cultural Satyalancana Category: Teuku Iskandar] (in Indonesian), 2017, archived from the original on 2020-06-13
- ↑ (review) Henri Chambert-Loir // Bulletin de L’cole française d’Extréme-Orient, N 81 1994, p. 402-403
- ↑ (review) Vladimir Braginsky. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 64 (03): 401 - 455, October 2001