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The Stramenopiles, also called Heterokonts, are a clade of organisms distinguished by the presence of stiff tripartite external hairs. In most species, the hairs are attached to flagella, in some they are attached to other areas of the cellular surface, and in some they have been secondarily lost. Stramenopiles represent one of the three major clades in the SAR supergroup, along with Alveolata and Rhizaria.
Cercozoa is a phylum of diverse single-celled eukaryotes. They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level, and are instead united by molecular phylogenies of rRNA and actin or polyubiquitin. They were the first major eukaryotic group to be recognized mainly through molecular phylogenies. They are the natural predators of many species of bacteria. They are closely related to the phylum Retaria, comprising amoeboids that usually have complex shells, and together form a supergroup called Rhizaria.
The tectofilosids are a group of filose amoebae with shells. These are composed of organic materials and sometimes collected debris, in contrast to the euglyphids, which produce shells from siliceous scales. The shell usually has a single opening, but in Amphitrema and a few other genera it has two on opposite ends. The cell itself occupies most of the shell. They are most often found on marsh plants such as Sphagnum.
Ancyromonas is a genus of basal Eukaryote consisting of heterotrophic flagellates.
Monadofilosa is a grouping of Cercozoa. These organisms are single-celled amoeboid protists.
Phalansterium is a genus of single-celled flagellated organisms comprising several species, which form colonies. Phalansterium produces tetraspores.
Thaumatomonadida is an order of flagellates.
Imbricatea is a class of Rhizaria characterised by silica scales. It is sometimes described as "Imbricatea/Silicofilosea", due to the similarity of those two groupings. Imbricatea is divided into the orders Euglyphida and Thaumatomonadida.
Thecofilosea is a class of unicellular testate amoebae belonging to the phylum Cercozoa. They are amoeboflagellates, organisms with flagella and pseudopodia, distinguished from other cercozoa by their scale-lacking test composed of organic material. They are closely related to the Imbricatea, a group of testate amoebae with tests composed of inorganic silica scales.
Colpodella is a genus of alveolates comprising 5 species, and two further possible species: They share all the synapomorphies of apicomplexans, but are free-living, rather than parasitic. Many members of this genus were previously assigned to a different genus - Spiromonas.
Massisteria is a genus of Cercozoa. They are naked protists with a central cell body from which several delicately thin and stiff pseudopodia extend, each one bearing a small number of granules. Their pseudopodia remain adhered to the substrate, as is typical among leucodictyids. The cell body has two flagella that, during feeding, are held in place.
Amastigomonas is a genus of protists belonging to a lineage of biciliated zooflagellates known as Apusomonadida. It was first described in 1931 by Henri de Saedeleer. The current use of Amastigomonas is as a descriptive archetype, with no phylogenetic or taxonomic implications. The term "Amastigomonas-like" is used to refer to all apusomonads that lack the 'derived' characteristics of Apusomonas.
The apusomonads are a group of protozoan zooflagellates that glide on surfaces, and mostly consume prokaryotes. They are of particular evolutionary interest because they appear to be the sister group to the Opisthokonts, the clade that includes both animals and fungi. Together with the Breviatea, these form the Obazoa clade.
Katabia is a genus of soil-dwelling heterotrophic flagellate cercozoans containing the single species Katabia gromovi, and the only member of family Katabiidae.
A protist is any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. The protists do not form a natural group, or clade, since they exclude certain eukaryotes with whom they share a common ancestor; but, like algae or invertebrates, the grouping is used for convenience. In some systems of biological classification, such as the popular five-kingdom scheme proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969, the protists make up a kingdom called Protista, composed of "organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-colonial and which form no tissues". In the 21st century, the classification shifted toward a two-kingdom system of protists: Chromista and Protozoa.
Granofilosea is a class of cercozoan protists in the subphylum Reticulofilosa. Out of the three groups that were traditionally considered heliozoans: the heliomonads, gymnosphaerids and desmothoracids, the latter were recently grouped into this new class.
Colponema is a genus of single-celled flagellates that feed on eukaryotes in aquatic environments and soil. The genus contains 6 known species and has not been thoroughly studied. Colponema has two flagella which originate just below the anterior end of the cell. One extends forwards and the other runs through a deep groove in the surface and extends backwards. Colponema is a predator that feeds on smaller flagellates using its ventral groove. Like many other alveolates, they possess trichocysts, tubular mitochondrial cristae, and alveoli. It has been recently proposed that Colponema may be the sister group to all other alveolates. The genus could help us understand the origin of alveolates and shed light on features that are ancestral to all eukaryotes.
Neocercomonas is a protist genus of the order Cercomonadida. It consists of single-celled bacteriophagous organisms that usually live on or nearby terrestrial plants, both above and belowground. Species are biflagellate and may grow up to 60 micrometers long, with a trailing tail-like mass of protoplasm at their posterior end and a pair of roots connecting their posterior flagellum to the cytoskeleton.
Massisteriidae is a family of granofilosean protists within the phylum Cercozoa.
Chrompodellids are a clade of single-celled protists belonging to the Alveolata supergroup. It comprises two different polyphyletic groups of flagellates: the colpodellids, phagotrophic predators, and the chromerids, photosynthetic algae that live as symbionts of corals. These groups were independently discovered and described, but molecular phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that they are intermingled in a clade that is the closest relative to Apicomplexa, and they became collectively known as chrompodellids. Due to the history of their research, they are variously known in biological classification as Chromerida or Colpodellida (ICZN)/Colpodellales (ICN).
References
- ↑ Wylezich C, Mylnikov AP, Weitere M, Arndt H (2007). "Distribution and phylogenetic relationships of freshwater Thaumatomonads with a description of the new species "Thaumatomonas coloniensis" n. sp". J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 54 (4): 347–57. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2007.00274.x. PMID 17669160.
- ↑ De Saedeleer H (1931) Notes de Protistologie IV. "Thaumatomonas lauterborni", n. g., n. sp., flagellé nouveau: cytologie, cycle biologique, position systematique. Recueil L’Instit Zool Torley-Rousseau 3:89–103 + plate
- ↑ Mylnikov AP, Karpov SA (1993) A new representative of colourless flagellates "Thaumatomonas seravini" sp. n. (Thaumatomonadida, Protista). Zool Zhurn 72:5–10 (in Russian)
- ↑ Mylnikov AP, Mylnikov AA (2003) The new amoeboid flagellate Thaumatomonas zhukovi (Thaumatomonadida, Protozoa). Zool Zhurn 82:1411–1417 (in Russian)
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