The Turbulent Term of Tyke Tiler

Last updated

The Turbulent Term of Tyke Tiler
Tyke Tiler cover.jpg
Front cover of first edition
Author Gene Kemp
IllustratorCarolyn Dinan (1977)
Kenny McKendry (1994)
LanguageEnglish
SeriesCricklepit
Genre Children's adventure novel, day school story, comedy
Publisher Faber and Faber
Publication date
7 February 1977
Publication placeUnited Kingdom
Media typePrint (hardback and paperback)
Pages118 pp (first edition)
ISBN 0571109667
OCLC 3224554
LC Class PZ7.K3055 Tu [1]
Followed by Gowie Corby Plays Chicken  

The Turbulent Term of Tyke Tiler (or Tyke Tiler) is a children's school adventure novel by Gene Kemp, first published by Faber and Faber in 1977 with illustrations by Carolyn Dinan. It is set at Cricklepit Combined School, a fictional primary school based on St Sidwell's School in Exeter where Kemp worked as a teacher from 1963 to 1979. The book inaugurated a series of further stories by Kemp set at the same school. Tyke Tiler follows the final term of Tyke, an adventurous twelve-year-old, at Cricklepit Combined School. After Tyke's best friend Danny gets into various scrapes, Tyke has to protect and stick up for him despite Danny being misunderstood by teachers and other students.

Contents

The book depicts themes which include attitudes towards disability and gender. Throughout the book, Tyke's gender is not explicitly revealed, although the character's attitudes and actions often lead readers to believe that Tyke is a boy. The story ends with the revelation that Tyke is actually a girl. Tyke Tiler was praised by critics and was the recipient of the Carnegie Medal for children's literature in 1977.

Plot

The book tells the story of Tyke Tiler's final term at Cricklepit Combined School. Tyke Tiler is a twelve-year-old with the reputation of being a troublemaker. Tyke's best friend Danny Price is often the source of the trouble. Tyke is forced to help Danny after he steals a £10 note from a teacher, accidentally lets his pet mouse loose in assembly, and gets Tyke to retrieve a sheep's skeleton from a nearby leat. Danny has a speech defect which means Tyke often has to translate for him. Although Danny is misunderstood by others around him, Tyke knows that he is funny, kind and means well.

One afternoon, Tyke goes to the headteacher's office and overhears some teachers discussing the possibility of Danny going to a special school instead of the local comprehensive. Tyke then decides to help Danny to cheat in the annual verbal reasoning test to ensure they can both attend the same local secondary school, Dawson Comprehensive. Danny scores high enough to avoid being sent to special school, but Tyke accidentally scores too high and the headmaster is keen Tyke to attend prestigious Dorrington School for gifted children, much to the joy of Tyke's mother. Tyke's father, a local councillor campaigning for re-election, is against privilege and is reluctant to send his child there. Tyke tries to reveal the truth about cheating on the test, but gives up after nobody believes her, and her sister tells her that her father will not make her attend this establishment.

When Tyke is off school sick, Danny is accused of stealing a gold watch belonging to a teacher called Mrs Somers, and flees the school before the police arrive. Suspecting that the actual thieves are school bullies Martin Kneeshaw and Kevin Simms, Tyke tries to convince the headmaster that they framed Danny.

Tyke finds Danny sleeping in his and Tyke's secret hideout, the derelict local paper mill. After Danny returns home, Tyke decides to abandon the hideout after realising it was no longer a place for secrets and adventures.

On the last day of school, Tyke recalls the story of an old pupil of the school, Thomas Tiler (possibly an ancestor) who was caned in front of the whole school nearly a century earlier for climbing the tower and ringing the school bell. Tyke climbs up the outside of the school and rings the school bell which has been abandoned and unused for more than 30 years, despite objections from pupils and teachers. It is at this stage that Tyke is addressed as “Theodora Tiler” by Mrs Somers – revealing that Tyke is actually a girl.

A postscript written from the point of view of Tyke's teacher, Mr Merchant, describes how the old bell tower collapsed and Tyke ended up in hospital with a broken arm, a broken ankle, bruising and concussion. In the hospital, Tyke confesses to Mr Merchant about cheating in the verbal reasoning test and tells him all about the final term at school – namely her efforts to help Danny. Mr Merchant enjoys Tyke's story and decides to write it down.

Up to the end of the penultimate chapter the narrative is written without directly revealing the protagonist's sex, although the characteristics suggest that Tyke is a boy. The story ends with the revelation that Tyke is a girl, her full name being Theodora Tiler. [2]

Themes

Gender

Throughout the majority of The Turbulent Term of Tyke Tiler, Tyke's gender is not disclosed, neither by other characters nor in the text. The story can therefore be described as having an ungendered narrative. [3] All but the final chapter is narrated from Tyke's first-person perspective, which limits the use of gendered pronouns. The dialogue of other characters similarly avoids the use of gendered pronouns by, for example, using the word "child" to describe Tyke. [4] [5] It is revealed near the beginning of the story that 'Tyke' is a nickname. The reader learns that Tyke's character despises her real name, which is not uncovered until the end of the story, along with her gender. [4]

She [Mrs Somers] used my real name, the one I hate, so I pulled my worst, most horrible face at her, the slit-eyed, yellow-tooth, ears-wiggling monster-from-the-centre-of-the-earth one.

— Gene Kemp, The Turbulent Term of Tyke Tiler, Chapter One [6]

Only at that moment, Mrs Somers came round the corner, stopped, spoke to Sir, looked up, saw me and shouted, her face red and corrugated: "Get down at once, Theodora Tiler, you naughty, disobedient girl!"

— Gene Kemp, The Turbulent Term of Tyke Tiler, Chapter Fourteen [7]

The daring nature of Tyke's exploits and behaviours – such as fighting, climbing the bell tower, and protecting Danny – often lead readers to assume Tyke is a boy. [4] [8] The name 'Tyke' itself is gendered with connotations of roughness and maleness. [9] The other characters in the story too are stereotypical of their gender: the headmaster of the school is referred to by Tyke as "Chief Sir" and is depicted as powerful with a deep voice; the student teacher Miss Honeywell is described as being pretty; Tyke's father is authoritative; Tyke's sister Beryl is interested in her boyfriend and makeup. [10] The final chapter of the novel is a postscript written from the point of view of Mr Merchant, Tyke's teacher. Tyke's gender is confirmed again to be female and for the first time in the book the character is described as "she". [4]

In the book Twentieth-Century Children's Writers, Mary Cadogan writes how Tyke Tiler "demolishes many accepted ideas about aspirational and experiential differences between boys and girls." [11] Although the novel does challenge gendered stereotypes with its twist reveal at the end, in a chapter on the representation of girls in literature in the book Teaching English, Susan Brindley argues that Tyke Tiler "is, in effect, presenting non-stereotypical girls as abnormal – and as such supports the dominant ideology." Brindley writes that the idea of Tyke's real gender being a revelation reinforces "sexist roles in society". She states how some readers feel that they have been "made fools of" when discovering Tyke's true gender. [12] Kery Mallan in the book Gender Dilemmas in Children’s Fiction calls this discovery a "narrative deceit". [13] Bhagirath Khuman and Madhumita Ghosal write that reactions like these to Tyke Tiler demonstrate the strange notion that "supposedly male characteristics are only suitable to boys' characters and that that is how they should be portrayed." [14] Furthermore, they write that rather than being a "narrative deceit", the revelation of Tyke's gender shows how readers have to challenge their own false beliefs about gender roles. [8] Going beyond cisgender interpretations of Tyke's gender, some analyses of Tyke Tiler interpret the protagonist as transgender or reference the novel in broader critiques of transgender fiction. [15] [16]

After discovering Tyke's gender, the reader is – as Victor Watson comments in his article on multi-layered texts – "in the know", and thus the book warrants re-reading. Furthermore, he writes how the illustrations throughout the book add to this new perspective as the reader now knows the images depict a girl character. [17]

Disability

In the book, Tyke Tiler's relationship with her friend Danny Price represents a child's perspective of how children with disabilities are treated by others and typified by adults. The character of Danny has limited ability and a speech defect which does not go unnoticed by Tyke. Near the beginning of the story, she calls him "as thick as two planks" and shouts to him that he is an "idiotic imbecile" after stealing a £10 note. However, throughout the story she recognises that there is more to Danny than the teachers at their school realise, who discuss whether Danny should be segregated from other children, including Tyke, and sent to a special school. In the book Disability in Modern Children's Fiction, John Quicke writes that this shows how Tyke "resents Danny being typed, just as she resents people... attempting to type her." [18] Furthermore, Mary Anne Prater writes how this book is an example of a story where a character with learning difficulties attends a school which is identified as an inappropriate environment. [19]

Mrs Somers said in a voice like a dentist's drill:

"I can't agree. Danny Price must be sent to the Russell Dene school they have the facilities to deal with children of that type."

I wanted to cry out that Danny Price, my friend, was not a child of that type, that he was funny and nice and all right, and that I could tell what he said perfectly clearly and that he would be unhappy without me around.

— Gene Kemp, The Turbulent Term of Tyke Tiler, Chapter Seven [20]

In the story, Tyke decides to cheat on her school's annual Verbal Reasoning Test and teach Danny the answers so he will not be sent to the special school. Prater calls this action a "pupil and instructor" relationship, notable due to the fact it is between two schoolchildren rather than a teacher and pupil. [21] Throughout the book, Tyke protects and cares for Danny. Catherine Nichols writes how this kind of relationship functions as a way to demonstrate to the reader that the protagonist is a good person, rather than giving Danny more to do in the story. [15]

Chivalry and heroism

The character Danny Price is given the part of Sir Galahad in the school play and is inspired by the character's description "His strength was as the strength of ten, because his heart was pure". Galahad.jpg
The character Danny Price is given the part of Sir Galahad in the school play and is inspired by the character's description "His strength was as the strength of ten, because his heart was pure".

There is an emphasis throughout the book on chivalry and heroism. When writing the book, Gene Kemp was keen for the schoolchildren in the story to have a background topic which they would learn about throughout their final term. Kemp chose King Arthur as the topic because she was inspired by the novel The Sword in the Stone, considering it to be one of the finest children's books ever written. [22] In an article on Arthurian antecedents in The Turbulent Term of Tyke Tiler, Gill Vickery writes that the novel itself "is built on a framework of Arthurian myth and legend". [2] In the novel, the student teacher Miss Honeywell reads T. H. White's The Once and Future King to Tyke's class, which they later perform as a play. The characters in the book largely resemble the characters they play in this performance: the part of King Arthur goes to Tyke's trusted friend Ian Pitt, the cunning Guinevere and Morgan le Fay go to unfavourable classmates Linda Stoatway and Lorraine Fairchild, and the part of noble Sir Galahad goes to Danny Price. In the story, Danny in particular is pleased to be compared to Sir Galahad and is inspired by the description "His strength was as the strength of ten, because his heart was pure". He resolves to live up to this comparison, which makes Tyke realise that he could not have stolen Mrs Somers' watch. [23]

Settings and plots in the story also follow tropes similar to those found in classic myth and legend. In the story, Tyke's confrontation with the headmaster after Danny is accused of stealing Mrs Somers' watch is comparable to a hero entering a dragon's lair. Tyke and Danny's hideout – an old watermill – is ultimately abandoned by the pair and is described by Vickery as "an imprisoning tower". The tantalising bell tower is the Holy Grail of the story with Tyke ultimately succumbing to its temptation, ringing the bell and facing the consequences when the bell tower collapses. [24]

Background

Gene Kemp taught at St Sidwell's Church of England Primary School, Exeter (pictured in 2009) which was the inspiration for Cricklepit Combined School. It also has a bell tower like the one Tyke climbs towards the end of the book. St. Sidwell's Church of England Primary School, Exeter - geograph.org.uk - 1151765.jpg
Gene Kemp taught at St Sidwell's Church of England Primary School, Exeter (pictured in 2009) which was the inspiration for Cricklepit Combined School. It also has a bell tower like the one Tyke climbs towards the end of the book.

Tyke Tiler was preceded by Kemp's novel The Prime of Tamworth Pig (1972), which was the first in a series of five books about an intelligent pig and his friend, a boy named Thomas. These stories were centred around infant school children in the countryside. Tyke Tiler signalled a departure from that focus, instead being about older children in an urban setting with a plot more akin to everyday reality. [25] Tyke Tiler is the first in a series of stories set in the fictional Cricklepit Primary School, which is based on St Sidwell's Primary School in Exeter where Kemp taught from 1963 to 1979. Gene Kemp drew upon her experience as a primary school teacher when writing the book. [26] The characters and setting were praised for resembling "real" schoolchildren and teachers, along with Kemp's "experienced ear for the lore and language of the upper juniors". [27] [28] Kemp herself stated "The actuality of children's lives – the long daydreamings, desultory conversations, desultory play, is very rarely dealt with in children's books." After the success of Tyke Tiler, Kemp left the teaching profession and became a full-time writer. [29]

Tyke Tiler was first published by Faber and Faber in 1977 with illustrations by Carolyn Dinan. [30] The illustrations are drawn in such a way that the gender of Tyke remains ambiguous throughout the story. [31] The book was reprinted in 1979, [32] 1994, [33] 2002, [34] 2006, [35] and 2015. [36]

Reception

The Turbulent Term of Tyke Tiler is Kemp's best-known book and won the annual Carnegie Medal in 1977, which recognises the year's best children's book by a British subject. She also won an "Other Award" from the Children's Rights Workshop for a book which focussed on non-discriminatory representations of gender, race, class, or disability. [26] Winning both of these awards for a book was a rare occurrence. [37] Tyke Tiler was a character which challenged the trends of the 1970s when there was a lack of strong female protagonists in children's literature. [26] In a 1986 review for The School Librarian , Elizabeth K. King wrote that the book "blew like a fresh wind through the world of children's literature, leaving a crowd of cheering girls and very perplexed boys in its wake." [38] The book was also praised for its depiction of growing up and attitudes towards authority. [31]

Adaptations

The author adapted the novel as a play, published under the same title by Oxford University Press in 2003. It was written to support the KS3 (pupils aged 11–14) Framework for Teaching English. [39] A television adaptation was made by Yorkshire Television and broadcast on ITV in 1988 as part of The Book Tower . [40] The script was adapted by Richard Callanan and the programme was split into eight episodes. It starred 'Tyke' Curtis as Tyke and Robert Rumsby as Danny. [41]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enid Blyton</span> English childrens writer (1897–1968)

Enid Mary Blyton was an English children's writer, whose books have been worldwide bestsellers since the 1930s, selling more than 600 million copies. Her books are still enormously popular and have been translated into ninety languages. As at June 2019, Blyton held 4th place for the most translated author. She wrote on a wide range of topics, including education, natural history, fantasy, mystery, and biblical narratives. She is best remembered for her Noddy, Famous Five, Secret Seven, the Five Find-Outers, and Malory Towers books, although she also wrote many others, including; St. Clare's, The Naughtiest Girl, and The Faraway Tree series.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Children's literature</span> Stories, books, magazines, and poems that are primarily written for children

Children's literature or juvenile literature includes stories, books, magazines, and poems that are created for children. Modern children's literature is classified in two different ways: genre or the intended age of the reader, from picture books for the very young to young adult fiction.

<i>The Secret Garden</i> 1911 novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett

The Secret Garden is a children's novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett first published in book form in 1911, after serialisation in The American Magazine. Set in England, it is seen as a classic of English children's literature. The American edition was published by the Frederick A. Stokes Company with illustrations by Maria Louise Kirk and the British edition by Heinemann with illustrations by Charles Heath Robinson.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sandra Cisneros</span> American writer (born 1954)

Sandra Cisneros is an American writer. She is best known for her first novel, The House on Mango Street (1983), and her subsequent short story collection, Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories (1991). Her work experiments with literary forms that investigate emerging subject positions, which Cisneros, herself, attributes to growing up in a context of cultural hybridity and economic inequality that endowed her with unique stories to tell. She is the recipient of numerous awards, including a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship, was awarded one of 25 new Ford Foundation Art of Change fellowships in 2017, and is regarded as a key figure in Chicano literature.

<i>Ramona</i> (novel series) Novel series by Beverly Cleary

The Ramona books are a series of eight humorous children's novels by Beverly Cleary that center on Ramona Quimby, her family and friends. The first book, Beezus and Ramona, appeared in 1955. The final book, Ramona's World, was published in 1999. Two books in the series were named Newbery Honor books, Ramona and Her Father and Ramona Quimby, Age 8. Ramona and Her Mother received the National Book Award. Sometimes known as the Beezus and Ramona series, as of 2012, the books were being marketed by HarperCollins as "The Complete Ramona Collection".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Julia Alvarez</span> American poet, novelist, essayist

Julia Alvarez is an American New Formalist poet, novelist, and essayist. She rose to prominence with the novels How the García Girls Lost Their Accents (1991), In the Time of the Butterflies (1994), and Yo! (1997). Her publications as a poet include Homecoming (1984) and The Woman I Kept to Myself (2004), and as an essayist the autobiographical compilation Something to Declare (1998). She has achieved critical and commercial success on an international scale and many literary critics regard her to be one of the most significant contemporary Latina writers.

<i>Farseer</i> trilogy Trilogy of fantasy novels by Robin Hobb

The Farseer trilogy is a series of fantasy novels by American author Robin Hobb, published from 1995 to 1997. It is often described as epic fantasy, and as a character-driven and introspective work. Set in and around the fictional realm of the Six Duchies, it tells the story of FitzChivalry Farseer, an illegitimate son of a prince who is trained as an assassin. Political machinations within the royal family threaten his life, and the kingdom is beset by naval raids. Fitz possesses two forms of magic: the telepathic Skill that runs in the royal line, and the socially despised Wit that enables bonding with animals. The series follows his life as he seeks to restore stability to the kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ann M. Martin</span> American writer of childrens literature

Ann Matthews Martin is an American children's fiction writer, known best for The Baby-Sitters Club series.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phyllis Reynolds Naylor</span> American writer (born 1933)

Phyllis Reynolds Naylor is an American writer best known for children's and young adult fiction. Naylor is best known for her children's-novel quartet Shiloh and for her "Alice" book series, one of the most frequently challenged books of the last decade.

<i>The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle</i> 1990 historical novel by Avi

The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle is a historical novel by the American author Avi published in 1990. The book is marketed towards children at a reading level of grades 5–8. The book chronicles the evolution of the title character as she is pushed outside her naive existence and learns about life aboard a ship crossing from England to America in 1832. The novel was well received and won several awards, including being named as a Newbery Honor book in 1991.

Gene Kemp née Rushton was an English author known for children's books. Her first, The Pride of Tamworth Pig, appeared in 1972. She won the British Carnegie Medal for her school novel The Turbulent Term of Tyke Tiler (1977).

Bibliotherapy is a creative arts therapy that involves storytelling or the reading of specific texts. It uses an individual's relationship to the content of books and poetry and other written words as therapy. Bibliotherapy partially overlaps with, and is often combined with, writing therapy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jacqueline Woodson</span> American writer (born 1963)

Jacqueline Woodson is an American writer of books for children and adolescents. She is best known for Miracle's Boys, and her Newbery Honor-winning titles Brown Girl Dreaming, After Tupac and D Foster, Feathers, and Show Way. After serving as the Young People's Poet Laureate from 2015 to 2017, she was named the National Ambassador for Young People's Literature, by the Library of Congress, for 2018 to 2019. Her novel Another Brooklyn was shortlisted for the 2016 National Book Award for Fiction. She won the Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award in 2018. She was named a MacArthur Fellow in 2020.

<i>Gowie Corby Plays Chicken</i>

Gowie Corby Plays Chicken (ISBN 9780571114054) is a children's novel by Gene Kemp, set at the fictional Cricklepit Combined primary school in southern England. It was published in 1979.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sharon M. Draper</span> American author and educator (born 1948)

Sharon Mills Draper is an American children's writer, professional educator, and the 1997 National Teacher of the Year. She is a two-time winner of the Coretta Scott King Award for books about the young and adolescent African-American experience. She is known for her Hazelwood and Jericho series, Copper Sun,Double Dutch, Out of My Mind and Romiette and Julio.

<i>American Born Chinese</i> (graphic novel) 2006 graphic novel by Gene Luen Yang

American Born Chinese is a graphic novel by Gene Luen Yang. Released in 2006 by First Second Books, it was a finalist for the 2006 National Book Awards in the category of Young People's Literature. It won the 2007 Michael L. Printz Award, the 2007 Eisner Award for Best Graphic Album: New, the Publishers Weekly Comics Week Best Comic of the Year, the San Francisco Chronicle Best Book of the Year, the 2006/2007 Best Book Award from The Chinese American Librarians Association, and Amazon.com Best Graphic Novel/Comic of the Year. It also made the Booklist Top Ten Graphic Novel for Youth, the NPR Holiday Pick, and Time Top Ten Comic of the Year. It was colored by cartoonist Lark Pien, who received the 2007 Harvey Award for Best Colorist for her work on the book.

<i>A String in the Harp</i> 1976 novel by Nancy Bond

A String in the Harp is a children's fantasy novel by Nancy Bond first published in 1976. It received a 1977 Newbery Honor award and the Welsh Tir na n-Og Award. It tells of the American Morgan family who temporarily move to Wales, where Peter Morgan finds a magical harp key that gives him vivid visions of the past. This well-received novel is an unusual time travel story, with its focus on the emotional pain and separation the Morgans experience after the death of their mother and the gradual healing they find through their experiences.

<i>Wonder</i> (Palacio novel) R. J. Palacio novel

Wonder is a contemporary children's novel written by R. J. Palacio and published on 14 February 2012. Wonder is in part inspired by an incident where the author's son started to cry after noticing a girl with a severe facial deformity. Inspiration was also pulled from Natalie Merchant's song of the same name. Several spin-offs have been published, including 365 Days of Wonder: Mr. Browne's Book of Precepts, We're All Wonders, Auggie and Me, and White Bird. A film adaptation was released in 2017, and a spin-off sequel film followed in 2024.

Feminist children's literature is the writing of children's literature through a feminist lens. Children's literature and women's literature have many similarities. Both often deal with being seen as weak and placed towards the bottom of a hierarchy. In this way feminist ideas are regularly found in the structure of children's literature. Feminist criticism of children's literature is therefore expected, since it is a type of feminist literature. Feminist children's literature has played a critical role for the feminist movement, especially in the past half century. In her book Feminism Is for Everybody: Passionate Politics, bell hooks states her belief that all types of media, including writing and children's books, need to promote feminist ideals. She argues "Children's literature is one of the most crucial sites for feminist education for critical consciousness precisely because beliefs and identities are still being formed". The cover of hooks' book, drawn by Laura DeSantis, depicts children alongside adults, showing the importance of the youth. The presence of feminism in children's literature has evolved over the years, but the overall message and goals have remained consistent.

<i>Melissa</i> (novel) 2015 book by Alex Gino

Melissa, previously published as George until April 2022, is a children's novel about a young transgender girl written by American author Alex Gino. The novel tells the story of Melissa, a fourth-grade girl who is struggling to be herself to the rest of the world. The rest of the world sees Melissa as George, a boy. Melissa uses the class play, Charlotte's Web, to show her mom that she is a girl by switching roles with her best friend, and playing the part of Charlotte. Scholastic first published the novel on August 25, 2015, and it has had a mixed reaction because of its LGBT+ content. In 2021, Gino retitled the novel Melissa.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "The turbulent term of Tyke Tiler" (first edition). Library of Congress Catalog Record. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
  2. 1 2 Vickery 1993, p. 185.
  3. ↑ Khuman & Ghosal 2018, p. 272.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Nichols 2016, The Turbulent Term of Tyke Tiler.
  5. ↑ Khuman & Ghosal 2018, p. 279.
  6. ↑ Kemp 1977, p. 17.
  7. ↑ Kemp 1977, pp. 113–114.
  8. 1 2 Khuman & Ghosal 2019, p. 110.
  9. ↑ Brindley 2005, p. 218.
  10. ↑ Brindley 2005, pp. 218–219.
  11. ↑ "Gene Kemp" Archived 6 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Authors. PenguinBooks. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
  12. ↑ Brindley 2005, pp. 219–220.
  13. ↑ Mallan 2009.
  14. ↑ Khuman & Ghosal 2018, p. 284.
  15. 1 2 Nichols 2016.
  16. ↑ Bittner 2016, p. 202.
  17. ↑ Watson 1993.
  18. ↑ Quicke 1985, p. 89.
  19. ↑ Prater 1999, p. 427.
  20. ↑ Kemp 1977, p. 70.
  21. ↑ Prater 1999, p. 424.
  22. ↑ Vickery 1993, p. 188.
  23. ↑ Vickery 1993, pp. 189–190.
  24. ↑ Vickery 1993, pp. 191–192.
  25. ↑ Cross 1979.
  26. 1 2 3 Eccleshare, Julia (13 January 2015). "Gene Kemp obituary". The Guardian . Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  27. ↑ Faith 1977, p. 361.
  28. ↑ Davies 1980, p. 39.
  29. ↑ Makins 1983, p. 41.
  30. ↑ Kemp 1977, Title page.
  31. 1 2 Jones 1984, p. 159.
  32. ↑ Turbulent Term of Tyke Tiler 1979. OCLC   754439761 . Retrieved 19 April 2022– via WorldCat.
  33. ↑ The turbulent term of Tyke Tiler. OCLC   60283675 . Retrieved 19 April 2022– via WorldCat.
  34. ↑ The turbulent term of Tyke Tiler. OCLC   59410805 . Retrieved 19 April 2022– via WorldCat.
  35. ↑ The turbulent term of Tyke Tiler. OCLC   62891649 . Retrieved 19 April 2022– via WorldCat.
  36. ↑ The turbulent term of Tyke Tiler. OCLC   920452799 . Retrieved 19 April 2022– via WorldCat.
  37. ↑ Sutherland 1980, p. 193.
  38. ↑ King 1986, pp. 309–310.
  39. ↑ "Oxford Playscripts: The Turbulent Term of Tyke Tiler". Oxford University Press . Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  40. ↑ The Turbulent Term of Tyke Tiler. BFI Film & TV Database. Retrieved 15 November 2012
  41. ↑ Kemp 1988.

Works cited

Awards
Preceded by Carnegie Medal recipient
1977		Succeeded by
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.