Related Research Articles
Purple bacteria or purple photosynthetic bacteria are Gram-negative proteobacteria that are phototrophic, capable of producing their own food via photosynthesis. They are pigmented with bacteriochlorophyll a or b, together with various carotenoids, which give them colours ranging between purple, red, brown, and orange. They may be divided into two groups – purple sulfur bacteria and purple non-sulfur bacteria. Purple bacteria are anoxygenic phototrophs widely spread in nature, but especially in aquatic environments, where there are anoxic conditions that favor the synthesis of their pigments.
The Chromatiaceae are one of the two families of purple sulfur bacteria, together with the Ectothiorhodospiraceae. They belong to the order Chromatiales of the class Gammaproteobacteria, which is composed by unicellular Gram-negative organisms. Most of the species are photolithoautotrophs and conduct an anoxygenic photosynthesis, but there are also representatives capable of growing under dark and/or microaerobic conditions as either chemolithoautotrophs or chemoorganoheterotrophs.
Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Chlorobaculum tepidum, previously known as Chlorobium tepidum, is an anaerobic, thermophilic green sulfur bacteria first isolated from New Zealand. Its cells are gram-negative and non-motile rods of variable length. They contain chlorosomes and bacteriochlorophyll a and c.
Roseiflexus castenholzii is a heterotrophic, thermophilic, filamentous anoxygenetic phototroph (FAP) bacterium. This species is in one of two genera of FAPs that lack chlorosomes. R. castenholzii was first isolated from red-colored bacterial mats located Nakabusa hot springs in Japan. Because this organism is a phototroph, it utilizes photosynthesis to fix carbon dioxide and build biomolecules. R. castenholzii has three photosynthetic complexes: light-harvesting, reaction center, and light-harvesting - reaction center.
Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense is a slightly acidophilic, anaerobic, thermophile first isolated from hot springs in New Zealand, hence its name. It is Gram-negative, peritrichously flagellated, rod-shaped forming oval terminal endospores. Strain JW/SL-NZ613T is its type strain. Its genome has been sequenced.
Thiorhodospira sibirica is a species of alkaliphilic purple sulfur bacterium. It is strictly anaerobic, vibrioid- or spiral-shaped and motile by means of a polar tuft of flagella.
Streptomyces canus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil in the US. Streptomyces canus produces resistomycin, tetracenomycin D, amphomycin, aspartocin D and aspartocin E.
Streptomyces diastaticus is an alkaliphilic and thermophilic bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces. Streptomyces diastaticus produces oligomycin A, oligomycin C, rimocidin and the leukotriene-A4 hydrolase-inhibitor 8(S)-amino-2(R)-methyl-7-oxononanoic acid. Streptomyces diastaticus also produces gougerotin and diastaphenazine and the antibiotic ruticin.
Streptomyces hainanensis is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil in from the island Hainan in China.
Streptomyces hebeiensis is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil from the Hebei province in China.
Streptomyces sodiiphilus is an alkaliphilic bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from a muddy sample from the Chaka salt lake in the Qinghai Province in China.
Streptomyces thermogriseus is a thermophilic bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from a hot spring in Eryuan in the Yunnan Province in China.
Streptomyces yunnanensis is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil from a suburb of Kunming in the Yunnan Province in China.
Glaciecola is an aerobic bacteria genus from the family of Alteromonadaceae.
Nocardiopsis xinjiangensis is a halophilic bacterium from the genus of Nocardiopsis which has been isolated from saline soil in the Xinjiang Province in China.
Laceyella is a Gram-positive, thermophilic, spore-forming and aerobic bacterial genus from the family of Thermoactinomycetaceae. The genus Laceyella is namened after the English microbiologist John Lacey.
"Erythrobacter tepidarius" is a moderately thermophilic and non-motile bacteria from the genus of Erythrobacter which has been isolated from a hot spring in Usami in Japan.
Roseiflexus is a genus of bacteria in the family Roseiflexaceae with one known species.
Caloranaerobacter is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, anaerobic and chemoorganotrophic bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae.
References
- 1 2 3 4 "Thermochromatium". LPSN .
- ↑ "Thermochromatium". www.uniprot.org.
- 1 2 Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James R. (2007). Bergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 2: The Proteobacteria, Part B: The Gammaproteobacteria. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780387280226.
- 1 2 Madigan, M. T. (1 April 1986). "Chromatium tepidum sp. nov., a Thermophilic Photosynthetic Bacterium of the Family Chromatiaceae". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 36 (2): 222–227. doi: 10.1099/00207713-36-2-222 .
- ↑ Hallenbeck, Patrick C. (2017). Modern Topics in the Phototrophic Prokaryotes: Environmental and Applied Aspects. Springer. ISBN 9783319462615.