Career
The 1638-1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms created strong resistance in Scotland and England to a permanent military;this meant those who wanted to pursue a military career often did so in foreign armies. [4] When the Third Anglo-Dutch War began in 1672,the Duke of Buckingham was authorised to recruit a regiment for service against the Dutch. [5] Handasyd's cousin James was also a lieutenant in this unit. [6]
Before seeing active service,the war ended in January 1674 and many of these recruits transferred to one of the English regiments of the Scots Brigade,a mercenary unit employed by the Dutch. Handasyd joined what later became the 5th Foot and fought in the Franco-Dutch War,including the Siege of Maastricht and battles of Cassel and Saint-Denis. [7]
The Brigade accompanied William III to England in the November 1688 Glorious Revolution;Handaysd served in the 1689-1691 Williamite War in Ireland,including the Battle of the Boyne. After the 1691 Treaty of Limerick,he was among those transferred to Flanders during the Nine Years War,by which time he was captain of the Grenadier company,a unit composed of elite assault troops. [8] In March 1694,he was appointed Major in the 28th Foot,a new regiment raised by Colonel John Gibson,a former colleague in the Scots Brigade. [9]
This was part of a force sent to retake St. John's,Newfoundland;captured by the French in June 1696,it was strategically important due to its proximity to the cod fishing areas of the Grand Banks. [10] Gibson arrived in early 1697 to find the French had evacuated the town after first destroying it;short of supplies,he took most of his force back to Europe,leaving 300 men under Handasyd and the engineer Michael Richards to rebuild the town. By the time they returned to England in 1698,214 of the 300 had died of malnutrition or disease,testimony to the harsh conditions. [11]
After the war ended with the 1797 Treaty of Ryswick,Parliament was determined to reduce costs;Gibson's Regiment was disbanded and by 1699,the English military was less than 7,000 men. [12] When the War of the Spanish Succession began in 1701,Handasyd was promoted lieutenant-colonel in the 22nd Foot. Sent to Jamaica,a notoriously unhealthy location,in April 1702 he replaced Colonel William Selwyn who died soon after arrival. [13]
As the senior military officer,Handasyd also became governor,an important position due to Jamaica's hugely profitable sugar plantations. The island was a key resupply point for the Royal Navy;in March 1703,an English squadron under John Graydon was sent to attack the French town of Placentia,in Newfoundland. His ships arrived in Jamaica short of men and in poor condition;Handasyd made strenuous efforts to resupply him but the local merchants later complained about the impressment of local seamen. [14]
His wife Anna died in September 1704 and was buried in St. Jago de la Vega or Spanish Town Cathedral. [15] Like his predecessor,Sir William Beeston,Thomas had a difficult relationship with the planter-dominated Jamaican Assembly. [16] This came to a head in 1710,when he tried to dissolve the Assembly and in the ensuing commotion,its President Peter Beckford died after allegedly falling down the stairs. [17]
Handasyd now requested he be relieved and was replaced as Governor by Lord Archibald Hamilton,while his son Roger became Colonel of the regiment. Promoted Major-General,he returned to England in early 1711 and purchased Gaynes Hall near Great Staughton,Cambridgeshire. He died there on 26 March 1729 and was buried in the parish church of St Andrews,where his memorial can still be seen. [18]