Timeline of early Islamic history

This is a timeline of the early history of Islam during the lifetime of Muhammad. The information provided in this article is based on Islamic oral tradition, not on historical or archaeological evidence. A separate list of military expeditions and battles is at List of expeditions of Muhammad.

N.	Record, milestone or achievement	Date	Noteworthy facts	Notable primary sources
1.	Muhammad's first revelation: Quran   96:1–5 [1] [2] [3] [4]	610 [1] [2] [3] [4]	According to Islamic tradition, during one such occasion while he was in contemplation, the archangel Gabriel appeared before him in the year 610 CE and said, ‘Recite’, upon which he replied, ‘I am unable to recite’. Thereupon the angel caught hold of him and embraced him heavily. This happened two more time after which the angel commanded Muhammad to recite the following verses: [1] [2] [3] "Proclaim! (or read!) in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood:Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful,- Who taught (the use of) the pen,-Taught man that which he knew not." [4]	Sahih al-Bukhari , 1:1:3
2.	First Muslim Female convert: Khadija [5]	610 [5]	When Muhammad reported his first revelation from the Angel Gabriel (Jibril), Khadija was the first female and first person to convert to Islam. However, Shia Muslims claim Ali was the first to convert to Islam.	Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [5]
3.	First Muslim Male convert: Ali Ibn Abi Talib [6]	610 [6]	Ali, is said to have supported Muhammed from his childhood and in some texts, is said to have converted to Islam just after his birth. It is commonly reported that Ali was the second, after Khadija, to embrace Islam amongst the earliest Muslims. Ali ibn Abi Talib is known among the earliest and youngest Muslim converts. The early historian Ibn Ishaq and Tabari puts Ali Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law as the first male convert; Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari presents three candidates, and does not decide between them. [6] According to Hadith Ali was Muhammad's cousin and accepted Islam at the age of 11 making him the first male to accept Islam	Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq Tabari, Volume 6 [6]
4	Earliest Muslim Adult Male converts: Zayd ibn Harithah and Abu Bakr	610	One account in Tabari says that the first male convert was Zayd ibn Harithah, a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali was indeed one of the first persons to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam. [7] Later Abu Bakr followed. Muhammad's prominent companions Hassan ibn Thabit (d. 674), Ibn Abbas (d. 687), and the Kufan scholar al-Nakhai (d. 714) claim Abu Bakr to be the first adult male convert. Abu Bakr is also said to be one of the first male Muslim convert on accounts preserved by the historian al-Tabari. Despite the conflicts, when talking about adult males, Abu Bakr was one of the first ones to accept Islam.	al-Tabari & al-Nakhai
5	First Public Dawah [8]	613 [9] [8] [10]	Around 613, Muhammad began to preach to the public(Quran 26:214). [8] Most Meccans ignored him and mocked him, [9] though a few became his followers. There were three main groups of early converts to Islam: younger brothers and sons of great merchants; people who had fallen out of the first rank in their tribe or failed to attain it; and the weak, mostly unprotected foreigners. [10]	Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq
6	First Muslim Martyr/first Muslim to be killed: Sumayyah bint Khabbab	615 [11] [9]	Tradition records at great length the persecution and ill-treatment towards Muhammad and his followers. [11] [9] Sumayyah bint Khabbab (mother of Ammar ibn Yasir), a slave of a prominent Meccan leader Abu Jahl, is famous as the first martyr of Islam; killed with a spear by her master when she refused to give up her faith. [9] [12] [13] [14] [15]	Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [16]
7	First Muslim to be tortured: Bilal ibn Ribah	615	When Bilal's master, Umayyah ibn Khalaf found out he had converted to Islam, he began violently to torture Bilal. [17] With Abu Jahl instigating, Umayyah tied Bilal up and had him dragged around Mecca as a means to break Bilal's faith. [17] Frustrated upon Bilal's refusal to denounce Islam, Umayyah became even more angry. He ordered that Bilal's limbs were to be stretched out and tied to stakes lying flat on desert sand, so that he could feel the intensity of the sun and the Arabian heat. He would be whipped and beaten while tied to the stakes. Constantly refusing to denounce Islam, Umayyah became frustrated and ordered that a large boulder/stone be placed on Bilal's chest. The boulder heated by the sun burned Bilal's body while also crushing him. [17] After such punishments, news of this slave reached some of Muhammad's companions who told Muhammad of the slave. Muhammad then sent Abu Bakr. Eventually, Abu Bakr negotiated a deal with Umayyah to purchase Bilal and emancipate him from slavery. [17]	Tabari, Volume 6 [18]
8	First migration to another country: Ethiopia	615 [11] [9]	In 615, some of Muhammad's followers emigrated to the Ethiopian Aksumite Empire and founded a small colony. This was known as the Hijrah [11] [9]	Tabari, Volume 6 [19] Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [20]
9	First Muslim Ambassador and Envoy: Mus`ab ibn `Umair	September 621 [21] [22]	Musab ibn Umair al-Abdari was the first Muslim Ambassador. He was sent to Yathrib (now Medina) to teach the people the doctrines of Islam and give them guidance [22] Note: Author says it happened before the Second pledge at al-Aqabah which happened in 622. Therefore, this event happened in 621	Tabari, Volume 6 [23] Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [23]
10	First Muslim Muezzin: Bilal ibn Ribah [24] [25]	622 [26]	After Muhammad migrated to Medina he appointed Bilal ibn Ribah as the first Muslim Muezzin [24]	Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [27] Tabari, Volume 39 [28]
11	First treaty/pledge of war made amongst Muslims: Second pledge at al-Aqabah	622 [29]	Converts to Islam came from nearly all Arab tribes present in Medina, such that by June of the subsequent year there were seventy-five Muslims coming to Mecca for pilgrimage and to meet Muhammad. Meeting him secretly by night, the group made what was known as the "Second Pledge of al-`Aqaba", or "The Second Pledge of Mount Aqabah" where the pledge was made. It has been described by both Orientalists and Muslim scholars as "Pledge of War". [30] [31] [32] Conditions of the pledge, many of which similar to the first, included obedience to Muhammad, "enjoining good and forbidding evil" as well as responding to the call to arms when required. [33] The Muslim scholar Tabari also refers it to a pledge of war, Tabari wrote: ""the second al-'Aqabah took the pledge of war" [31] It has been described a both a treaty and a pledge [34]	Sahih al-Bukhari , 5:58:229 Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [33] Tabari, Volume 6 [31]
12	First military operation, and first offensive campaign: Al-Is Caravan Raid [35] First Muslim military commander: Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib [35]	623 [36]	According to Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar), a modern Islamic hagiography of Muhammad written by the Indian Muslim author Safi ur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, Muhammad ordered the first caravan raid led by Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib (Muhammad's uncle) seven to nine months after the Hijra. A party of thirty to forty men assembled at the seacoast near al-Is, between Mecca and Medina, where Amr ibn Hishām (Abu Jahl), the leader of the caravan was camping with three hundred Meccan riders. [35] [36] [37] [38] Hamza met Abu Jahl there with a view to attack the caravan, but Majdi bin Amr al-Juhani, a Quraysh who was friendly to both the parties intervened between them; so, both parties separated without fighting. [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] It is mentioned in Ibn Hisham and Ibn Ishaq's biography of Muhammad (the earliest surviving biography of Muhammad from the 7th century), that for these caravan raids Muhammad gave permission to "plunder" the caravans of theirs enemies and seize their goods and property(s) and said: "Go forth against this caravan; it may be that Allah will grant you plunder" [41]	Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [41] Al-Waqidi, Kitab al-Maghazi [42]
13	First Muslim to take part in actual fighting in the name of Islam: Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas [39] [43]	623	In 623 Muhammad ordered the Batn Rabigh Caravan Raid to raid Quraysh caravan to relieve themselves from poverty [39] [43] Sa'd ibn Abi Waqas was the first person to fire an arrow in the name of Islam, it mentioned in the Sunni hadith collection Sahih al-Bukhari "I heard Sa'd saying, "I was the first amongst the 'Arabs who shot an arrow for Allah's Cause. We used to fight along with the Prophet"" Sahih al-Bukhari , 5:57:74 [39]	Sahih al-Bukhari , 5:57:74 Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2 [44]
14	First peace treaty: Banu Darhma peace treaty	August 623 [45] [46]	Muhammad ordered the Invasion of Waddan with the purpose of raiding Quraysh caravan to relieve themselves from poverty. [39] [47] However, they instead raided the Caravan of Amr Bin Makhshi Al Dhamri of the Banu Damrah tribe. Negotiations began and the two leaders signed a treaty with Banu Damrah. [48] According to Muslim scholar Muhammad al-Zurqani, the provisions of the treaty were as follows: "This document is from Muhammad, the messenger of Allah, concerning the Banu Darmah, in which he establishes for them safety and security in their wealth and lives. They can expect support from the Muslims, unless they oppose the religion of Allah. They are also expected to respond positively if the prophet seeks their help." [49] The treaty meant that both parties were forbidden from raiding each other, joining hostile concentrations against each other, and supporting each other's enemies. The historian William Montgomery Watt saw this as a deliberate attempt by Muhammad to provoke the Meccans. [50]	Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2 [44]
15	First Muslim to kill another person in the name of Islam: Waqid ibn Abdullah First person(s) taken captive by Muslims: Uthman bin Abdullah and Nawfal bin Abdullah	January 624 [51]	Waqid ibn Abdullah participated in the Nakhla Raid that was ordered by Muhammad. He was the first person to kill someone in the name of Islam. While they (the Quraysh) were busy preparing food during the Nakhla Raid, the Muslims attacked. [51] In the short battle that took place, Waqid ibn Abdullah killed Amr ibn Hadrami by shooting arrow at the leader of the Quraysh caravan. [52] Nawfal ibn Abdullah managed to escape. The Muslims took Uthman ibn Abdullah and al-Hakam ibn Kaysan as captives. Abdullah ibn Jahsh returned to Medina with the booty and with the two captured Quraysh tribe members. The followers planned to give one-fifth of the booty to Muhammad. [53] Also during the Nakhla Raid, Nawfal bin Abdullah was captured and taken prisoner by Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh [53] According to the Muslim scholar Ibn Kathir, Muhammad refused to accept ransom for Nawfal bin Abdullah and another captive, until he was sure his companions were safe, he also threatened to kill the captives. Muhammad said: "For we fear for their safety with you. If you kill them, we will kill your people", Ibn Kathir cites Ibn Ishaqs 7th century biography of Muhammad as the primary source for this quote. [52] [53] The 2 companions in question were Sa`d bin Abu Waqqas and `Utbah bin Ghazwan who had lost their camels and gotten lost, Muhammad feared the Quraysh my find them and kill them. [53]	[Quran   2:217] [54] [55] Ibn Hisham [56]
16	First assassination carried out by Muslims: Asma bint Marwan or Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf [57]	January 624 [57]	Muhammad ordered the killing of 'Asma' bint Marwan for opposing Muhammad with poetry and for provoking others to attack him [58] For those scholar who consider this as unreliable Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf is considered the first person to be assassinated by Muslims	Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [59] Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2 [58]
17	First assassination carried out by Muslims: Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf [60] [61]	September 624 [60] [61]	According to Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad ordered his followers to kill Ka'b because he "had gone to Mecca after Badr and inveighed against Muhammad. He also composed verses in which he bewailed the victims of Quraysh who had been killed at Badr. Shortly afterwards he returned to Medina and composed amatory verses of an insulting nature about the Muslim women". [60] [61]	Sahih al-Bukhari , 5:59:369, Sahih Muslim , 19:4436
18	First person(s) to be beheaded and executed by Muslims: Nadr ibn al-Harith and Uqba ibn Abu Mu'ayt	March 624 [62]	According to the Muslim scholar Safiur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, after the Battle of Badr two captives – Nadr bin Harith and ‘Uqbah ibn Abū Mu‘ayṭ were beheaded by Ali. Mubarakpuri mentions that this incident about the beheading is also mentioned in the Sunan Abu Dawud no 2686 and Anwal Ma'bud 3/12 [62] The Muslim scholar Ibn Kathir mentions that [Quran   8:31] is also about this incident [63]	Sunan Abu Dawud no 2686 and Anwal Ma'bud 3/12 [62] [Quran   8:31] [63]
19	First Siege carried out by Muslims: Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa	February 624 [64]	Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina [65] by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which lead to her being stripped naked [66] As a result, a Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation, and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man. This escalated to a chain of revenge killings, and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa, leading to the siege of their fortress. [67] [68] [69] : 122  The tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad, who initially wanted to kill the members of Banu Qaynuqa but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn Ubayy's insistence and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa. [70]	[Quran   8:58], [71] [Quran   3:118], [72] [73] [Quran   3:12], [Quran   3:13] [74] Sahih Muslim , 19:4364 Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2 [75] Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community [76]
20	First person to try and assassinate Muhammad: Ghwarath ibn al-Harith during the Invasion of Dhi Amr	September 624 [77] [78]	Ghwarath ibn al-Harith [79] [80] [81] was the first person to try and assassinate Muhammad during the Invasion of Dhi Amr. According to Muslim scholar Sami Strauch, it is reported in Sahih Bukhari that it was raining, and Muhammad took his garments off and hung it on a tree to dry, while the enemy was watching, Ghwarath ibn al-Harith went to attack Muhammad. He threatened Muhammad with his sword and said "who will protect you from me on this day". Then according to Muslim Scholars the Angel Gabriel came and thumped Ghawrath in the chest and forced him to drop his sword. Muhammad then picked up the sword and said "who will protect you from me". [79] [80]	Sahih al-Bukhari , 5:59:458 Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2 [80]
21	First defensive military campaign: Battle of Uhud [35]	March 625 [82] [83]	The purpose of the Battle of Uhud was to defend against a Quraysh attack. [84] According to the Muslim scholar Dr. Mosab Hawarey, this battle was the first truly defensive military campaign. All military campaigns prior to this were of an offensive nature [35]	[Quran   8:36], [85] [Quran   3:122], [Quran   3:167] [86] Sahih al-Bukhari , 4:52:276, Sahih al-Bukhari , 3:30:108 [87]
22	First Muslim missionaries to be killed: Asim ibn Thabit, Khubyab bin Adi and Zayd bin al-Dathinnah during the Expedition of Al Raji	625 [88]	Some men requested that Muhammad send instructors to teach them Islam, [88] but the men were bribed by the two tribes of Khuzaymah who wanted revenge for the assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan (chief of the Banu Lahyan tribe) by Muhammad's followers. [89] 8 [88] or 10 Muslims were killed [35] According to William Montgomery Watt the seven men Muhammad sent may have been spies for Muhammad and instructors for Arab tribes. [90] Watt's claim that they were spies and not missionaries is mentioned in the Sunni Hadith collection Sahih al-Bukhari , 5:59:412 [91] The 7th century Muslim scholar al-Waqidi also mentioned that they were spies but a tribe did come to them requesting to teach Islam but Muhammad decided to send them for spying to inform him about the Quraysh. [92]	Sahih al-Bukhari , 5:59:412, Sahih Muslim , 4:1442 [93] Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [93] Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2 [94]
23	First Massacre of Muslims: Expedition of Bir Maona [95]	July 625 [96]	Muhammad sends Missionaries at request of some men from the Banu Amir tribe, [97] but the Muslims are killed as revenge for the assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan by Muhammad's followers. [89] 70 Muslims were killed [97] and 2 Non-Muslims were killed [97]	Quran 3:169-173 [98] Ibn Hisham [99] Sahih al-Bukhari , 5:59:405, Sahih Muslim , 4:1433
24	First massacre carried out by Muslims: Invasion of Banu Qurayza	February–March 627 [100]	Banu Qurayza betrayed Muhammad, So he ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qurayza because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel Gabriel. [101] [102] [103] [104] [105] [106] Al-Waqidi claims Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was torn apart. Stillman and Watt deny the authenticity of al-Waqidi. [107] Al-Waqidi has been frequently criticized by Muslim writers, who claim that he is unreliable. [108] [109] 600-900 members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded (Tabari, Ibn Hisham). [104] [105] [110] Another source says all Males and 1 woman beheaded (Sunni Hadith). [111] [112] 2 Muslim's were killed [104]	[Quran   33:26], [105] Quran 33:09 & 33:10 [113] [114] Sunan Abu Dawood , 38:4390 Sahih al-Bukhari , 4:52:68, Sahih al-Bukhari , 4:57:66 and more Tabari, Volume 8, Victory of Islam [115]
25	First woman captured by Muhammad as war booty: Rayhana [116] [117]	March 627 [100]	After the Invasion of Banu Qurayza [100] as part of his share of the spoils, Muhammad selected one of the women, Rayhana, for himself and took her as part of his booty. [116] Muhammad offered to free and marry her and according to some sources she accepted his proposal. [118] She is said to have later become a Muslim. [109] Watt, "Kurayza, Banu" Encyclopaedia of Islam	Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [119]
26	First Muslim treasurer: Bilal ibn Ribah [24]	630 [120]	Muhammad appointed Bilal ibn Ribah as the first Muslim treasurer after he completed his conquest of the Arabian Peninsula [120]	Tabari, Volume 5 [121]

See also

• List of expeditions of Muhammad
• Timeline of Medina

References

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66. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.149-150. (online)
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68. Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 284, ISBN   978-9960-899-55-8
69. Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book.
70. Cook, Michael, Muhammad, p. 21.
71. Sāzmān-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī (1987), Al-Tawḥīd, vol. 5, Tehran, Iran: Islamic Propagation Organization, International Relations Dept, p. 86
72. Rodwell, JM (15 July 2003), The Koran, Phoenix, p. 342, ISBN   978-1-8421-2609-7, This was the taunt of the jews of the tribe of Kainoka, when Muhammad demanded tribute of them in the name of God.
73. Abū Khalīl, Shawqī (2003). Atlas of the Quran. Dar-us-Salam. p. 248. ISBN   978-9-9608-9754-7.(online)
74. Peters, Francis E. (1993). A Reader on classical Islam. Princeton University Press. p. 78. ISBN   978-0691000404.
75. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir. Vol. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 32. ASIN   B0007JAWMK.
76. Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 86, ISBN   978-0887063442
77. Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 100, ISBN   978-0-88706-344-2
78. Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN   978-0-19-577307-1. (free online)
79. Strauch, Sameh (2006), Biography of the Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 472, ISBN   978-9960-9803-2-4
80. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 40. ASIN   B0007JAWMK. So the apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, put off his two garments and spread them on a tree to be dried and lay himself down (for rest). In the meantime a man from the enemy called Du'that ibn al-Harith came with a sword"
81. Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 132. ISBN   978-9960-897-71-4.
82. Watt, W. Montgomery (1961), Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman, Oxford University Press, p. 135, ISBN   0198810784, The Battle of Uhud (23rd March 625) About...
83. Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 105, ISBN   978-0887063442, Messenger of God to Uhud. This is said to have been on Saturday, 7 Shaw- wal, in Year Three of the Hijrah (March 23, 625).
84. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 181. (online)
85. Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 292.
86. Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, pp. 299-300.
87. Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 296 (footnote 2).
88. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187. (online)
89. Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina . Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN   978-0195773071. The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors. (online)
90. Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina . Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN   978-0-19-577307-1. The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors. (online)
91. Kailtyn Chick, Kailtyn Chick, p. 338, Hamlet Book Publishing, 2013
92. Rizwi Faizer, The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi, p. 174, Routledge, 2013, ISBN   1136921133
93. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187-188. (online)
94. Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir. Vol. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 66. ASIN   B0007JAWMK.
95. Sir William Muir, The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam, to the Era of the Hegira ..., Volume 3, p. 205
96. Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 151, ISBN   978-0887063442, Then in Safar (which began July 13, 625), four months after Uhud, he sent out the men of Bi'r Ma'unah
97. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 188. (online)
98. Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 352.
99. Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 352 (footnote 1).
100. William Muir (2003), The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing, p. 317, ISBN   9780766177413 ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
101. Ibn Ishaq (2005), The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah), translated by Guillaume, A., Oxford University Press, pp. 461–464, ISBN   978-0-19-636033-1
102. Peters, Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, p. 222-224.
103. Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137-141.
104. Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 201-205. (online)
105. Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, p. 213, ISBN   9781861796110 (online Archived 2015-03-05 at the Wayback Machine )
106. Subhash C. Inamdar (2001), Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity, Psychosocial Press, p. 166 (footnotes), ISBN   1887841288
107. Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 14-16.
108. Encyclopedia of Islam, section on "Muhammad"
109. Watt, Encyclopaedia of Islam , Section on "Kurayza, Banu".
110. Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator) (1997), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 35–36, ISBN   9780791431504 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)^{[ permanent dead link ]}
111. Sunan Abu Dawood , 14:2665
112. Sahih al-Bukhari , 4:52:280
113. Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, p. 213, ISBN   9781861796110 (online Archived 15 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine )
114. Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 338.
115. Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator) (1997), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 35–36, ISBN   9780791431504 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
116. Rodinson, Muhammad: Prophet of Islam, p. 213.
117. Journal of Religion & Society Archived 30 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine , p. 1, Creighton University. (archive)
118. • Ramadan, Tariq (2007). In the Footsteps of the Prophet. New York: Oxford University Press. p.  146. ISBN   978-0-19-530880-8.
119. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad. Oxford. p. 466.
120. Syed Razwy, Khadija-tul-Kubra (the Wife of the Prophet Muhammed) May Allah be Pleased ... ^{[ permanent dead link ]}, p. 77, TTQ, INC., 1990, ISBN   0940368935. Note: Source says he became a Muslim treasurer after Muhammad conquered the Arabian Peninsula. This was around 630
121. Michael G. Morony, Manufacturing and Labour, p. 178, Ashgate (2003), ISBN   0860787079. Quote: "(Bilal ibn Rabah, a mawla of Abu Bakr was the Prophet's treasurer); al-Tabari, Ta'rikh, V, 560"