Trans-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene

Last updated
trans-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene
HFO-1234ze.svg
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
(1E)-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoroprop-1-ene
Other names
R-1234ze(E); HFO-1234ze(E); trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene; trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropylene; trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.238.116 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 471-480-0
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C3H2F4/c4-2-1-3(5,6)7/h1-2H/b2-1+ Yes check.svgY
    Key: CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-OWOJBTEDSA-N Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/C3H2F4/c4-2-1-3(5,6)7/h1-2H/b2-1+
    Key: CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-OWOJBTEDBQ
  • F[C@H]=CC(F)(F)F
Properties
C3H2F4
Molar mass 114.043 g·mol−1
AppearanceColorless gas [1]
Melting point −156 °C (−249 °F; 117 K) [2]
Boiling point −19 °C (−2 °F; 254 K) [1] [2]
Critical point (T, P)109.4 °C, 36.36 bar [2]
0.373 g/L [1] [2]
Vapor pressure 703 kPa at 310 K
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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trans-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze(E), R-1234ze(E)) is a hydrofluoroolefin. It was developed as a "fourth generation" refrigerant to replace fluids such as R-134a, as a blowing agent for foam and aerosol applications, and in air horns and gas dusters. [3] The use of R-134a is being phased out because of its high global warming potential (GWP). HFO-1234ze(E) itself has zero ozone-depletion potential (ODP=0), a very low global warming potential (GWP < 1 ), even lower than CO2, and it is classified by ANSI/ASHRAE [4] as class A2L refrigerant (lower flammability (see below) and lower toxicity). [5]

Contents

Properties

The structure of trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene was investigated both in the gas state (gas electron diffraction) and in the crystalline phase (X-ray diffraction). In the crystal, it aggregates via C-H---F contacts from 2.44(1) to 2.63(1) Å. [6] Combustion experiments with trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene produce carbon dioxide, carbonyl fluoride and hydrogen fluoride as the main combustion products. The determination of the flammability range leads to the classification of trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene as a highly flammable gas.

Uses

The increasing concerns about global warming and the related possible undesirable climate effects have led to an increasing agreement in developed countries for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Given the relatively high global warming potential of most of the hydro-fluoro-carbons (HFCs), several actions are ongoing in different countries to reduce the use of these fluids. For example, the European Union's recent F-Gas regulation [7] specifies the mandatory GWP values of the refrigerants to be used as working fluids in almost all air conditioners and refrigeration machines beginning in 2020. [8]

Several types of possible replacement candidates have been proposed so far, both synthetic and natural. Among the synthetic options, hydro-fluoro-olefins (HFOs) are the ones appearing most promising thus far.

HFO-1234ze(E) has been adopted as a working fluid in chillers, heat pumps, and supermarket refrigeration systems. [9] [10] [11] There are also plans to use it as a propellant in inhalers. [12]

It has been demonstrated that HFO-1234ze(E) can not be considered as a drop-in replacement of HFC-134a. In fact, from a thermodynamic point of view, it can be stated that:

– The theoretical coefficients of performance of HFO-1234ze(E) is slightly lower than HFC-134a;

– HFO-1234ze(E) has a different volumetric cooling capacity when compared to HFC-134a.

– HFO-1234ze(E) has saturation pressure drops higher than HFC-134a during two-phase heat transfer under the constraint of achieving the same heat transfer coefficient. [13]

So, from a technological point of view, modifications to the condenser and evaporator designs and to compressor displacement are needed to achieve the same cooling capacity and energetic performance of HFC-134a. [8]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are fully or partly halogenated hydrocarbons that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F), produced as volatile derivatives of methane, ethane, and propane.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heat pump</span> System that transfers heat from one space to another

A heat pump is a device that consumes energy to transfer heat from a cold heat sink to a hot heat sink. Specifically, the heat pump transfers thermal energy using a refrigeration cycle, cooling the cool space and warming the warm space. In cold weather, a heat pump can move heat from the cool outdoors to warm a house ; the pump may also be designed to move heat from the house to the warmer outdoors in warm weather. As they transfer heat rather than generating heat, they are more energy-efficient than other ways of heating or cooling a home.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Refrigerant</span> Substance in a refrigeration cycle

A refrigerant is a working fluid used in cooling, heating or reverse cooling and heating of air conditioning systems and heat pumps where they undergo a repeated phase transition from a liquid to a gas and back again. Refrigerants are heavily regulated because of their toxicity and flammability and the contribution of CFC and HCFC refrigerants to ozone depletion and that of HFC refrigerants to climate change.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Difluoromethane</span> Chemical compound

Difluoromethane, also called difluoromethylene, HFC-32Methylene Fluoride or R-32, is an organic compound of the dihalogenoalkane variety. Invented in 1964 by Hoechst AG (not Daikin) it has the formula of CH2F2. It is a colorless gas in the ambient atmosphere and is slightly soluble in water, with a high thermal stability. Due to the low melting and boiling point, (−136.0 and −51.6 °C [−212.8 and −60.9 °F; 137.2 and 221.6 K] respectively) contact with this compound may result in frostbite. In the United States, the Clean Air Act Section 111 on Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) has listed difluoromethane as an exception (since 1997) from the definition of VOC due to its low production of tropospheric ozone. Difluoromethane is commonly used in endothermic processes such as refrigeration or air conditioning.

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (also known as norflurane (INN), R-134a, Klea 134a, Freon 134a, Forane 134a, Genetron 134a, Green Gas, Florasol 134a, Suva 134a, HFA-134a, or HFC-134a) is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) but with insignificant ozone depletion potential and a lower 100-year global warming potential (1,430, compared to R-12's GWP of 10,900). It has the formula CF3CH2F and a boiling point of −26.3 °C (−15.34 °F) at atmospheric pressure. R-134a cylinders are colored light blue. A phaseout and transition to HFO-1234yf and other refrigerants, with GWPs similar to CO2, began in 2012 within the automotive market.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1,1-Difluoroethane</span> Chemical compound

1,1-Difluoroethane, or DFE, is an organofluorine compound with the chemical formula C2H4F2. This colorless gas is used as a refrigerant, where it is often listed as R-152a (refrigerant-152a) or HFC-152a (hydrofluorocarbon-152a). It is also used as a propellant for aerosol sprays and in gas duster products. As an alternative to chlorofluorocarbons, it has an ozone depletion potential of zero, a lower global warming potential (124) and a shorter atmospheric lifetime (1.4 years).

R-410A is a refrigerant used in air conditioning and heat pump applications. It is a zeotropic but near-azeotropic mixture of difluoromethane (CH2F2, called R-32) and pentafluoroethane (CHF2CF3, called R-125). R-410A is sold under the trademarked names AZ-20, EcoFluor R410, Forane 410A, Genetron R410A, Puron, and Suva 410A.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene</span> Chemical compound

2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, HFO-1234yf, is a hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) with molecular formula CH2=CFCF3. Its primary application is as a refrigerant with low global warming potential (GWP).

Tetrafluoropropene, also called tetrafluoropropylene, has the following isomers:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">R-407C</span> Mixture used as a refrigerant

R-407C is a mixture of hydrofluorocarbons used as a refrigerant. It is a zeotropic blend of difluoromethane (R-32), pentafluoroethane (R-125), and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). Difluoromethane serves to provide the heat capacity, pentafluoroethane decreases flammability, tetrafluoroethane reduces pressure. R-407C cylinders are colored burnt orange.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Automotive air conditioning</span> System to cool the air in a vehicle

Automotive air conditioning systems use air conditioning to cool the air in a vehicle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrofluoroolefin</span> Class of chemical compounds

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References

  1. 1 2 3 "MSDS Resource Centre". msds-resource.honeywell.com.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Solstice® ze Refrigerant (HFO-1234ze) : Low GWP Hydrofluoroolefins (HFO) : The Environmental Alternative to Traditional Refrigerants, Honeywell Belgium N.V., FPR-003/2015-01. Accessed 2024-01-05.
  3. ↑ Honeywell Sells Novel Low-Global-Warming Blowing Agent To European Customers Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine , Honeywell press release, Oct. 7, 2008
  4. ↑ ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34, 2010. Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants.
  5. ↑ "The environmental alternative to traditional refrigerants". Honeywell. 2015. p. 2.
  6. ↑ Jan Schwabedissen, Timo Glodde, Yury V. Vishnevskiy, Hans‐Georg Stammler, Lukas Flierl, Andreas J. Kornath, Norbert W. Mitzel: Structures and Properties of trans ‐1,3,3,3‐Tetrafluoro‐ propene (HFO‐1234ze) and 2,3,3,3‐Tetrafluoropropene (HFO‐1234yf) Refrigerants. In: ChemistryOpen. Band 9, Nr. 9, September 2020, ISSN 2191-1363, S. 921–928, doi:10.1002/open.202000172
  7. ↑ Regulation (EU) No 517/2014
  8. 1 2 Giulia Righetti, Claudio Zilio, Simone Mancin & Giovanni A. Longo (2016): A review on in-tube two-phase heat transfer of hydro-fluoro-olefines refrigerants, Science and Technology for the Built Environment, DOI:10.1080/23744731.2016.1229528
  9. ↑ Longo, Giovanni A.; Zilio, Claudio; Righetti, Giulia; Brown, J. Steven (2014). "Condensation of the low GWP refrigerant HFO1234ze(E) inside a Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger". International Journal of Refrigeration. 38: 250–259. doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2013.08.013.
  10. ↑ Longo, Giovanni A.; Mancin, Simone; Righetti, Giulia; Zilio, Claudio (2016). "HFO1234ze(E) vaporisation inside a Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger (BPHE): Comparison with HFC134a and HFO1234yf". International Journal of Refrigeration. 67: 125–133. doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.04.002.
  11. ↑ Longo, Giovanni A.; Mancin, Simone; Righetti, Giulia; Zilio, Claudio (2016). "Saturated flow boiling of HFC134a and its low GWP substitute HFO1234ze(E) inside a 4 mm horizontal smooth tube". International Journal of Refrigeration. 64: 32–39. doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.01.015.
  12. ↑ "AstraZeneca partners with Honeywell on development of HFO-1234ze MDIs". www.oindpnews.com.
  13. ↑ Brown, J.S., C. Zilio, R. Brignoli, and A. Cavallini. 2013. Heat transfer and pressure drop penalization terms (exergy losses) during flow boiling of refrigerants. International Journal of Energy Research 37:1669–79.
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