Tropicoporus tropicalis

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Tropicoporus tropicalis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Hymenochaetales
Family: Hymenochaetaceae
Genus: Tropicoporus
Species:
T. tropicalis
Binomial name
Tropicoporus tropicalis
(M.J. Larsen & Lombard) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai (2015)
Synonyms [1]
  • Poria rickii Bres. (1920)
  • Phellinus rickii(Bres.) A. David & Rajchenb. (1985)
  • Phellinus tropicalisM.J. Larsen & Lombard (1988)
  • Inonotus tropicalis(M.J. Larsen & Lombard) T. Wagner & M. Fisch. (2002)

Tropicoporus tropicalis is a mushroom of the family Hymenochaetaceae. [2] Tropicoporus tropicalis is a wood-decaying basidiomycetes that rarely causes disease in animals and human, and is commonly found in humid climate such as Brazil. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] In its natural environment, the fungus is associated with white rot woody angiosperms, and has its annual fruiting body on tree trunks and branches. [4] Tropicoporus tropicalis has two kinds of hyphae (a dimitic hyphal system), generative and skeletal, that lack clamp connections. [3] [4] [8] [9]

Contents

Taxonomy

Poria rickii is a species described by Giacomo Bresadola in 1920. [10] Alix David and Mario Rajchenberg renamed it Phellinus rickii in 1985. [11]

However, there already is a pre-existing name Phellinus rickii Teixeira 1950. To avoid confusion, Larsen and Lombard (1988) gave David and Rajchenberg's P. rickii a new name Phellinus tropicalis. [9]

Wagner and Fischer (2002) showed that Phellinus tropicalis belong in Inonotus sensu stricto after phylogenetic analysis of the fungus's rDNA nuclear LSU sequence, and renamed it Inonotus tropicalis. [12]

In Zhou et al. (2015), Inonotus sensu lato (equivalent to Inonotus sensu stricto in Wagner and Fischer 2002) contains at least three clades (A, B, and C). Clade A is Inonotus sensu stricto, and clade B and C together form the Inonotus linteus complex. Clade B and C each was given names Tropicoporus and Sanghuangporus . The fungus, belonging to clade B, is renamed Tropicoporus tropicalis in the same time. [2]

Description

Tropicoporus tropicalis is a fungus with the growth characteristics of being appressed, short-downy, homogeneous, adherent, even margins, indistinct, and odourless. [9] It is also woolly and yellowish-orange colonies, [3] with annual fruiting bodies and dimitic hyphal system, [12] which refers to the appearance of two kinds of hyphae: generative (2.5 – 4 ɥm in diameter, thin-walled, simple-septate, and pale yellowish brown), and skeletal (3.5 – 4.5 ɥm in diameter, thick-walled, infrequently simple-septate, and dull yellowish brown). [4] [8] [9] Moreover, the fungus lacks setal hyphae and clamp connections in its hyphae, which is either thin or thick walled. [3] [8] However, it has numerous reddish brown Hymenial setae that has a maximum length of 25 ɥm, [8] [13] and has dull brown pores that becomes whiter near the margin. [9] [13] The Basidiocarp of Tropicoporus tropicalis is annual, resupinate, and hyaline. [2] [8] The abundant fungal spores are coloured yellowish to ochraceous, and shaped ovoid to broadly ellipsoid and smooth when mature. [13] Both the spores (7 - 9 per mm) and the basidiospores are small, with basidiospores having more than 3.5 um wide when it is ellipsoid, and are less than 3.5 um wide when it is sub-globose. [2] [8]

Physiology

The fungus grows:

The mat diameter of the fungus depends on temperature, but the optimal growth temperature is around 36 °C, and the maximum temperature without growth (not killed) is 44 °C. [9] Even though all parts of the fungus could be darkened by 2% KOH, only the hyphae can be stained by phloxine, a reddish dye. [9] Furthermore, Tropicoporus tropicalis is also found to be highly resistant to caspofungin and posaconazole, two different anti-fungal compounds. [3]

Ecology and habitat

Tropicoporus tropicalis is a poroid wood-decaying basidiomycete [4] [5] that is usually associated with white rot woody angiosperms, [3] grow on deciduous wood, [6] and have fruiting body on infected tree trunks and branches. [4] It is mainly found in the tropical zone [2] and humid climate, [6] such as Brazil; but is present in Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Costa Rica, Colombia, East Africa, and Malaya, Johore, and Mawaii Malaysia. [7]

As a pathogen

Tropicoporus tropicalis rarely causes diseases in animals and human. [3] However, it is an opportunistic pathogen that has the potential to induce allergic and invasive diseases in mammals. [3]

Animal

The fungus has been recorded to cause fungal pericardial effusion and myocarditis in a French bulldog, that was under immunosuppressive therapy (species was non-pigmented, and has indication of a hyalohyphomycosis infection); [5] and induced a granulomatous mediastinal mass in an immunocompromised Irish Wolfhound dog. [14]

Human

The first association of an invasive infection on human occurred on a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. [7] [15] In addition, two similar chronic granulomatous disease cases of I. tropicalis infection were later found in immunodeficient children and adults that had caused osteomyelitis. [6]

In 2021, the first case of Tropicoporus tropicalis infection on a immunocompetent human was reported. [16]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hymenochaetales</span> Order of fungi

The Hymenochaetales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order in its current sense is based on molecular research and not on any unifying morphological characteristics. According to one 2008 estimate, the Hymenochaetales contain around 600 species worldwide, mostly corticioid fungi and poroid fungi, but also including several clavarioid fungi and agarics. Species of economic importance include wood decay fungi in the genera Phellinus and Inonotus sensu lato, some of which may cause losses in forestry. Therapeutic properties are claimed for Inonotus obliquus ("chaga") and Phellinus linteus, both of which are now commercially marketed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meshimakobu</span> East Asian mushroom

Meshimakobu and sanghuang / sanghwang, also known as mesima (English) or black hoof mushroom, is a mushroom in East Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corticiaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Corticiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Corticiales. The family formerly included almost all the corticioid fungi, whether they were related or not, and as such was highly artificial. In its current sense, however, the name Corticiaceae is restricted to a comparatively small group of corticioid genera within the Corticiales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phanerochaetaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Phanerochaetaceae are a family of mostly crust fungi in the order Polyporales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hymenochaetaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Hymenochaetaceae are a family of fungi in the order Hymenochaetales. The family contains several species that are implicated in many diseases of broad-leaved and coniferous trees, causing heart rot, canker and root diseases, and also esca disease of grapevines. According to a standard reference text, the family contains 27 genera and 487 species.

<i>Phellinus</i> Genus of fungi

Phellinus is a genus of fungi in the family Hymenochaetaceae. Many species cause white rot. Fruit bodies, which are found growing on wood, are resupinate, sessile, and perennial. The flesh is tough and woody or cork-like, and brown in color. Clamp connections are absent, and the skeletal hyphae are yellowish-brown.

<i>Skeletocutis</i> Genus of fungi

Skeletocutis is a genus of about 40 species of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, although most species are found in the Northern Hemisphere. It causes a white rot in a diverse array of woody substrates, and the fruit bodies grow as a crust on the surface of the decaying wood. Sometimes the edges of the crust are turned outward to form rudimentary bracket-like caps.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entorrhizomycetes</span> Class of fungi

Entorrhizomycetes is the sole class in the phylum Entorrhizomycota within the Fungi subkingdom Dikarya along with Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. It contains three genera and is a small group of teliosporic root parasites that form galls on plants in the Juncaceae (rush) and Cyperaceae (sedge) families. Prior to 2015 this phylum was placed under the subdivision Ustilaginomycotina. A 2015 study did a "comprehensive five-gene analyses" of Entorrhiza and concluded that the former class Entorrhizomycetes is possibly either a close sister group to the rest of Dikarya or Basidiomycota.

<i>Phellinus ellipsoideus</i> Species of fungus in the family Hymenochaetaceae found in China

Phellinus ellipsoideus is a species of polypore fungus in the family Hymenochaetaceae, a specimen of which produced the largest fungal fruit body ever recorded. Found in China, the fruit bodies produced by the species are brown, woody basidiocarps that grow on dead wood, where the fungus feeds as a saprotroph. The basidiocarps are perennial, allowing them to grow very large under favourable circumstances. They are resupinate, measuring 30 centimetres (12 in) or more in length, though typically extending less than a centimetre from the surface of the wood. P. ellipsoideus produces distinct ellipsoidal spores, after which it is named, and unusual setae. These two features allow it to be readily differentiated microscopically from other, similar species. Chemical compounds isolated from the species include several steroidal compounds. These may have pharmacological applications, but further research is needed.

<i>Helicobasidium</i> Genus of fungi


Helicobasidium is a genus of fungi in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. Basidiocarps are corticioid (patch-forming) and are typically violet to purple. Microscopically they have auricularioid basidia. Asexual anamorphs, formerly referred to the genus Thanatophytum, produce sclerotia. Conidia-bearing anamorphs are parasitic on rust fungi and are currently still referred to the genus Tuberculina.

<i>Serpula himantioides</i> Species of fungus

Serpula himantioides is a species of fungus that causes damage to timber referred to as dry rot. It is a basidiomycete in the order Boletales. It has been found on all continents except for Antarctica. Recent molecular work demonstrates that S. himantioides is a species complex including multiple cryptic lineages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fungal sinusitis</span> Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses due to fungal infection

Fungal sinusitis or fungal rhinosinusitis is the inflammation of the lining mucosa of the paranasal sinuses due to a fungal infection. It occurs in people with reduced immunity. The maxillary sinus is the most commonly involved. Fungi responsible for fungal sinusitis are Aspergillus fumigatus (90%), Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger. Fungal sinusitis occurs most commonly in middle-aged populations. Diabetes mellitus is the most common risk factor involved.

<i>Inocutis</i> Genus of fungi

Inocutis is a genus of nine species of polypore fungi in the family Hymenochaetaceae.

Obba is a genus of three species of poroid, white rot crust fungi in the family Gelatoporiaceae. The genome sequence of the type species, O. rivulosa, was reported in 2016.

Sebipora is a fungal genus in the family Gelatoporiaceae. It was circumscribed in 2012 by mycologist Otto Miettinen to contain the crust fungus Sebipora aquosa, its single species. This fungus is found in low altitudes in Sumatra and New Guinea, where it causes a white rot on dead angiosperm wood, particularly fallen tree trunks, and frequently on burned wood.

Rickiopora is a fungal genus of unknown familial placement in the order Polyporales. The genus is monotypic, containing the single neotropical species Rickiopora latemarginata.

<i>Candida tropicalis</i> Species of fungus

Candida tropicalis is a species of yeast in the genus Candida. It is a common pathogen in neutropenic hosts, in whom it may spread through the bloodstream to peripheral organs. For invasive disease, treatments include amphotericin B, echinocandins, or extended-spectrum triazole antifungals.

Cladophialophora arxii is a black yeast shaped dematiaceous fungus that is able to cause serious phaeohyphomycotic infections. C. arxii was first discovered in 1995 in Germany from a 22-year-old female patient suffering multiple granulomatous tracheal tumours. It is a clinical strain that is typically found in humans and is also capable of acting as an opportunistic fungus of other vertebrates Human cases caused by C. arxii have been reported from all parts of the world such as Germany and Australia.

Tropicoporus linteus is a tropical American mushroom. Its former name Phellinus linteus is applied wider, including to an East Asian mushroom.

References

  1. ↑ "Species Fungorum - GSD Species" . Retrieved 2023-11-14.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Zhou, Li-Wei; Vlasák, Josef; Decock, Cony; Assefa, Addisu; Stenlid, Jan; Abate, Dawit; Wu, Sheng-Hua; Dai, Yu-Cheng (26 April 2015). "Global diversity and taxonomy of the Inonotus linteus complex (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota): Sanghuangporus gen. nov., Tropicoporus excentrodendri and T. guanacastensis gen. et spp. nov., and 17 new combinations". Fungal Diversity. 77: 335–347. doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0335-8. S2CID   16031605.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chowdhary, A.; Kathuria, S.; Agarwal, K.; Meis, J. F. (8 September 2014). "Recognizing filamentous basidiomycetes as agents of human disease: A review". Medical Mycology. 52 (8): 782–797. doi: 10.1093/mmy/myu047 . PMID   25202126.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 De Simone, Daniele; D’Amico, Lorella; Bressanin, Daniela; Motta, Emma; Annesi, Tiziana (17 August 2010). "Molecular characterization of Inonotus rickii /Ptychogaster cubensis isolates from different geographic provenances". Mycological Progress. 10 (3): 301–306. doi:10.1007/s11557-010-0702-5. S2CID   32088978.
  5. 1 2 3 Ribas, Thibault; Pipe-Martin, Hannah; Kim, Kenneth S.; Leissinger, Mary K.; Bauer, Rudy W.; Grasperge, Britton J.; Grooters, Amy M.; Sutton, Deanna A.; Pariaut, Romain (June 2015). "Fungal myocarditis and pericardial effusion secondary to Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) in a dog". Journal of Veterinary Cardiology. 17 (2): 142–148. doi:10.1016/j.jvc.2015.01.004. PMID   26003903.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Nguyen, D.K.; Davis, C.M.; Chinen, J.; Vallejo, J.G.; Noroski, L.M. (February 2009). "Basidiomycetous Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis Osteomyelitis in Pediatric and Adult X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 123 (2): S13. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.12.060.
  7. 1 2 3 Sutton, D. A.; Thompson, E. H.; Rinaldi, M. G.; Iwen, P. C.; Nakasone, K. K.; Jung, H. S.; Rosenblatt, H. M.; Paul, M. E. (4 February 2005). "Identification and First Report of Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis as an Etiologic Agent in a Patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (2): 982–987. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.2.982-987.2005. PMC   548074 . PMID   15695724.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Campos-Santana, Marisa De; Robledo, Gerardo; Decock, Cony; Silveira, Rosa Mara Borges Da (March 2015). "Diversity of the Poroid Hymenochaetaceae (Basidiomycota) from the Atlantic Forest and Pampa in Southern Brazil". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 36 (1): 43–78. doi:10.7872/crym.v36.iss1.2015.43. hdl: 11336/16390 . S2CID   85945170.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Larsen, Michael J.; Lombard, Frances F. (January 1988). "Studies in the Genus Phellinus. I. The Identity of Phellinus rickii with Notes on Its Facultative Synonyms". Mycologia. 80 (1): 72. doi:10.2307/3807495. JSTOR   3807495.
  10. ↑ "Poria rickii". MycoBank. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
  11. ↑ David A, Rajchenberg M (1985). "Pore fungi from French Antilles and Guiana". Mycotaxon. 22 (2): 285–325.
  12. 1 2 Wagner, T; Fischer, M (2002). "Proceedings towards a natural classification of the worldwide taxa Phellinus s.l. and Inonotus s.l., and phylogenetic relationships of allied genera". Mycologia. 94 (6): 998–1016. doi:10.2307/3761866. JSTOR   3761866. PMID   21156572.
  13. 1 2 3 Gottlieb, Alexandra M.; Wright, Jorge E.; Moncalvo, Jean-Marc (August 2002). "Inonotus s. l. in Argentina — Morphology, cultural characters and molecular analyses". Mycological Progress. 1 (3): 299–313. doi:10.1007/s11557-006-0028-5. S2CID   32814231.
  14. ↑ Sheppard, B. J.; McGrath, E.; Giuffrida, M.; Craft, S. L. M.; Kung, C. Y.; Smith, M. E. (8 August 2013). "Report of wood decay fungus Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) from a dog with a granulomatous mediastinal mass". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 25 (5): 566–572. doi: 10.1177/1040638713499341 . PMID   23929678.
  15. ↑ Davis, CM; Noroski, LM; Dishop, MK; Sutton, DA; Braverman, RM; Paul, ME; Rosenblatt, HM (July 2007). "Basidiomycetous fungal Inonotus tropicalis sacral osteomyelitis in X-linked chronic granulomatous disease". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 26 (7): 655–6. doi: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3180616cd0 . PMID   17596815.
  16. ↑ Gupta P, Kaur H, Dwivedi S, Agnihotri S, Rudramurthy SM (2021). "First case of Tropicoporus tropicalis keratitis in an immunocompetent host from India and review of the literature". Journal of Medical Mycology. 32 (1). doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101205.
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