Formation | 2006, in response to North Korea's first nuclear test, and its continued nuclear proliferation efforts. |
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Founder | UN Security Council, in resolution 1718 |
Purpose | To oversee the relevant sanctions measures relating to North Korea (DPRK) |
Location |
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Region | Democratic People's Republic of Korea |
Fields | Economic sanctions |
Membership | All members of the UNSC |
Parent organization | United Nations Security Council |
Subsidiaries | Panel of Experts (2009−2024) |
Website | www |
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North Korea and the United Nations |
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The UN Security Council Sanctions Committee on North Korea (formally named Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1718) is a subsidiary body established in 2006 by the UN Security Council's resolution 1718 in response to North Korea's first nuclear test and its other nuclear proliferation efforts. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
Resolution 1718 imposed a series of economic sanctions on the DPRK and established a committee to gather more information, specify the sanctions, [6] monitor them, and issue recommendations. [1] The committee's responsibilities have broadened as subsequent resolutions expanded and strengthened sanctions, which include an arms embargo, a ban on luxury goods, financial sanctions, and limitations on export of mining resources. [7] [8]
From 2009 to 2024, a Panel of Experts (PoE) supported the work of the committee through expert analysis, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [8] particularly in evaluating cases of non-compliance. [15] While the committee can make legally-binding decisions on how to specifically execute the sanctions (by naming which entities are targeted, for example), [6] [1] the PoE only had an informational and advisory role in support of those decisions. [15] The PoE was disbanded in April 2024 after Russia used its Security Council veto to block the renewal of its mandate. [16] [17]
The committee was established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006) to oversee the relevant sanctions measures relating to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). [4] [1] [8] [5]
Expressing the gravest concern at the claim by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) that it has conducted a test of a nuclear weapon on 9 October 2006, and at the challenge such a test constitutes to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and to international efforts aimed at strengthening the global regime of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, and the danger it poses to peace and stability in the region and beyond,(...)
8. Decides that:
- (a) All Member States shall prevent the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer to the DPRK (...)
12. Decides to establish, in accordance with rule 28 of its provisional rules of procedure, a Committee of the Security Council consisting of all the members of the Council, to undertake the following tasks:
- (a) To seek from all States, in particular those producing or possessing the items, materials, equipment, goods and technology referred to in paragraph 8 (a) above, information regarding the actions taken by them to implement effectively the measures imposed by paragraph 8 above of this resolution and whatever further information it may consider useful in this regard;
- (b) To examine and take appropriate action on information regarding alleged violations of measures imposed by paragraph 8 of this resolution;
- (c) To consider and decide upon requests for exemptions set out in paragraphs 9 and 10 above;
- (d) To determine additional items, materials, equipment, goods and technology to be specified for the purpose of paragraphs 8 (a) (i) and 8 (a) (ii) above;
- (e) To designate additional individuals and entities subject to the measures imposed by paragraphs 8 (d) and 8 (e) above;
- (f) To promulgate guidelines as may be necessary to facilitate the implementation of the measures imposed by this resolution;
- (g) To report at least every 90 days to the Security Council on its work, with its observations and recommendations, in particular on ways to strengthen the effectiveness of the measures imposed by paragraph 8 above;
Additional functions were entrusted to the committee in resolutions 1874 (2009), 2087 (2013), 2094 (2013), 2270 (2016), and 2321 (2016). [4] [1] In 2017, the committee began to track the procurement of DPRK coal by Member States. [18] [7] [8] The committee is formed by representatives of all UNSC members. [4] [1] [8]
Abbreviation | PoE |
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Formation | 2009 |
Founder | UN Security Council, in resolution 1874 |
Defunct | 2024 |
Purpose | To assist the Sanctions Committee on North Korea in carrying out its mandate, gathering, examining and analyzing information, making recommendations, and issuing reports |
Location |
|
Region | Democratic People's Republic of Korea |
Fields | Economic sanctions |
Parent organization | Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1718 (2006) |
Website | www |
From 2009 to 2024 the committee was supported by a Panel of Experts (PoE) that was established by UNSC resolution 1874 [9] to assist the committee in carrying out its mandate; gathering, examining and analyzing information from States regarding the implementation of the measures (including incidents of non-compliance); making recommendations to improve implementation of the measures imposed; and issuing reports. [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [8] [19]
It was composed of eight experts and was based in New York City. [10] [11] [12] [13] [9] Its mandate had been extended annually through resolutions 1928 (2010), 1985 (2011), 2050 (2012), 2094 (2013), 2141 (2014), 2207 (2015), 2276 (2016), 2345 (2017), 2407 (2018), 2464 (2019), 2515 (2020), 2569 (2021), 2627 (2022), and 2680 (2023). [8] [10] [9] [20]
In 2024 the UNSC did not extend the PoE's mandate, which expired on April 30 of that year. [16] [17] [21] Of the 15 UNSC members, 13 voted in favor of renewing the mandate, China abstained, and Russia exercised its veto power. [22] [23] Russia and the DPRK had experienced a renaissance of their relationship especially in the previous two years as the latter had become an important supplier of war materiel to the former. [24] The vote did not impact the sanctions themselves, only the monitoring. [25] Several members observed that the PoE had recently been investigating breaches of the sanctions regime by the party who wielded the dismissal. [26]
The panel acted under the direction of the committee and its members were appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations in consultation with the committee. They had specialized backgrounds in areas such as nuclear issues, other weapons of mass destruction and conventional arms, customs and export controls, weapons of mass destruction arms control and non-proliferation policy, finance, maritime transport and missile technology. [10] [9] [8]
The Agreed Framework between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (북미제네바기본합의서) was signed on 21 October 1994, between North Korea (DPRK) and the United States. The objective of the agreement was the freezing and replacement of North Korea's indigenous nuclear power plant program with more nuclear proliferation resistant light water reactor power plants, and the step-by-step normalization of relations between the U.S. and the DPRK. Implementation of the agreement was troubled from the start, but its key elements were being implemented until it effectively broke down in 2003.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1695, adopted unanimously on July 15, 2006, after recalling resolutions 825 (1993) and 1540 (2004) concerning North Korea and the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction respectively, the Council banned the selling of material that would further the ability of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea to bolster its ballistic missiles programme.
United Nations Security Council resolution 1591, adopted on 29 March 2005, after recalling resolutions 1547 (2004), 1556 (2004), 1564 (2004), 1574 (2004), 1585 (2005), 1588 (2005) and 1590 (2005) on the situation in Sudan, the council placed a travel ban and asset freeze on those "impeding the peace process" in Darfur.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718 was adopted unanimously by the United Nations Security Council on October 14, 2006. The resolution, passed under Chapter VII, Article 41, of the UN Charter, imposes a series of economic and commercial sanctions on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the aftermath of that nation's claimed nuclear test of October 9, 2006.
North Korea–Russia relations are the bilateral relations between Russia and North Korea. The Soviet Union was the first to recognize North Korea on October 12, 1948, shortly after the proclamation, as the sole legitimate authority in all of Korea. The Soviet Union supported North Korea during the Korean War. North Korea was founded as part of the Communist bloc, and received major Soviet military and political support. The comprehensive personality cult around North Korea's ruling family was heavily influenced by Stalinism. China and the Soviet Union competed for influence in North Korea during the Sino-Soviet split in the 1960s, as North Korea tried to maintain good relations with both countries.
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 was a satellite launched by North Korea on April 5, 2009.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874 was adopted unanimously by the United Nations Security Council on 12 June 2009. The resolution, passed under Chapter VII, Article 41, of the UN Charter, imposes further economic and commercial sanctions on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and encourages UN member states to search North Korean cargo, in the aftermath of an underground nuclear test conducted on 25 May 2009.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1928, adopted unanimously on June 7, 2010, after recalling resolutions 825 (1993), 1540 (2004), 1695 (2006), 1718 (2006), 1874 (2009) and 1887 (2009) on the topics of North Korea and nuclear weapons, the Council extended the mandate of a panel of experts monitoring sanctions against the country until June 12, 2011.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1985, adopted unanimously on June 10, 2011, after recalling resolutions 825 (1993), 1540 (2004), 1695 (2006), 1718 (2006), 1874 (2009), 1887 (2009), 1928 (2010) on the topics of North Korea and nuclear weapons, the Council extended the mandate of an expert panel monitoring sanctions against the country until June 12, 2012.
The Foreign Trade Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is North Korea's primary foreign exchange bank, and is owned and run by the North Korean government.
In the year 2016, North Korea conducted two nuclear tests: one in January and the other in September. Additionally, the country conducted several missile tests. As consequence, the United Nations Security Council adopted three resolutions against North Korea.
The Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is the landmark document resulting from the investigations on human rights in North Korea commissioned by the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2013 and concluded in 2014.
The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2270 on March 2, 2016, with approval of all the five permanent members and the ten non-permanent members in response to North Korea’s fourth nuclear test on January 6, 2016, and its launch of a long-range missile carrying what it said was a satellite on February 7, 2016.
On March 4, 2015, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2207 on North Korea. The resolution extended the mandate of the Panel of Experts, which supports activities of the ‘1718 Sanctions Committee’, for one year to April 5, 2016.
A number of countries and international bodies have imposed international sanctions against North Korea. Currently, many sanctions are concerned with North Korea's nuclear weapons programme and were imposed after its first nuclear test in 2006.
In the year 2017, North Korea was involved in the 2017 North Korea crisis, along with other events. The country conducted a nuclear test in September, and several missile tests throughout the year. One of these was the country's first successful test of an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), Hwasong-14. Two missiles were launched over Hokkaido in the Japanese archipelago, in August and in September 2017.
The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2371 on August 5, 2017, with approval of all the five permanent members and the ten non-permanent members in response to North Korea’s July 2017 missile tests.
European Union–North Korea relations are the foreign relations between the European Union and the country of North Korea. Bilateral relations between North Korea and the EU date back to the 1990s.
To monitor and adjust the sanctions imposed on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the Council decided to establish a committee consisting of all 15 members of the body, which would provide a report every 90 days, beginning with the passage of the resolution.
The Security Council has frequently established sanction regimes[4] and has set up sanctions committees supervising their implementation.[5] The power of the Security Council to set up such regimes is firmly established in international law.