Timeline of the North Korean nuclear program

Last updated

Timeline of the North Korean nuclear program
Invisible Square.svg
Invisible Square.svg
Mapscaleline.svg
2km
1.2miles
Black pog.svg
South
Black pog.svg
West
Black pog.svg
East
Black pog.svg
North portal
Red pog.svg
6
Red pog.svg
5
Red pog.svg
4
Red pog.svg
3
Red pog.svg
2
Red pog.svg
1
North Korea location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Location of North Korea's nuclear tests [1] [2]
1:  2006; 2:  2009; 3:  2013; 4:  2016-01; 5:  2016-09; 6:  2017;
V

This chronology of the North Korean nuclear program has its roots in the 1950s and begins in earnest in 1989 with the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the main economic ally of North Korea. The chronology mainly addresses the conflict between the United States and North Korea, while including the influences of the other members of the six-party talks: China, Russia, South Korea, and Japan.

Contents

The North Korean nuclear program can roughly be divided into four phases. Phase I (1956–80) dealt primarily with training and gaining basic knowledge. Phase II (1980–94) covers the growth and eventual suspension of North Korea's domestic plutonium production program. Phase III (1994–2002) covers the period of the "freeze" on North Korea's plutonium program (though North Korea pursued uranium enrichment in secret) [3] and Phase IV (2002–present) covers the current period of renewed nuclear activities. [4]

Nuclear weapons types

Nuclear weapon warhead designs fall into various categories.

  • Fission devices (commonly called "atom bombs" or "A-bombs") rely on nuclear fission, the splitting of extremely heavy elements to release energy. The bombs used against Japan in World War 2 were of this type.
  • At the other end of the scale, staged thermonuclear weapons (commonly called "hydrogen bombs" or "H-bombs") use one or more fission devices just as a first stage, to ignite a fusion warhead, in which extremely light elements fuse together releasing a great deal of energy. The most massive bombs exploded are of this kind, and can be up to thousands of times more powerful than those used during World War 2. [5] (All multi-megaton modern thermonuclear weapons are of this type [6] [7] )
  • Finally between the two are a variety of hybrids, such as "boosted" designs where a fission device is surrounded by (or contains) fusible material to boost its yield, and "fission-fusion-fission" devices. These can add anything from a moderate to a significant increase to a fission device.

Compared to fission weapons, thermonuclear designs are exceedingly complex, and staged weapons in particular are so complex that only five countries (USA, Russia, France, UK, China) have created them in more than 70 years of research. The fuels for an H-bomb are also far more difficult to create. [5] Several countries with long-standing nuclear weapons programs, such as India and Pakistan, are suspected of striving towards a hybrid or "boosted" design instead, which is easier. [5] Since both fusion weapons and hybrid designs can at times be referred to as "hydrogen bombs", [8] it cannot be said with certainty at present, what type of weapon North Korea may have been referring to in any given test. At present, analysts are skeptical of the 2016 test being a staged thermonuclear design, [9] [10] while noting that the most recent test, in 2017, was considerably more powerful. [5] In 2018, North Korea had offered and was reportedly preparing for inspections at nuclear and missile sites. [11]

Phase I

Phase II

Phase III

2002

Phase IV

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2012

2013

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2023

2024

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</span> International treaty

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is an international treaty intended to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament. Between 1965 and 1968, the treaty was negotiated by the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament, a United Nations-sponsored organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. A central premise of the NPT is that NPT non-nuclear-weapon states agree not to acquire nuclear weapons and the NPT nuclear-weapon states in exchange agree to share the benefits of peaceful nuclear technology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear proliferation</span> Spread of nuclear weapons

Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons, fissionable material, and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT. Proliferation has been opposed by many nations with and without nuclear weapons, as governments fear that more countries with nuclear weapons will increase the possibility of nuclear warfare, de-stabilize international or regional relations, or infringe upon the national sovereignty of nation states.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</span>

North Korea has a military nuclear weapons program and, as of 2024, is estimated to have an arsenal of approximately 50 nuclear weapons and sufficient production of fissile material for six to seven nuclear weapons per year. North Korea has also stockpiled a significant quantity of chemical and biological weapons. In 2003, North Korea withdrew from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). Since 2006, the country has conducted six nuclear tests at increasing levels of expertise, prompting the imposition of sanctions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Korea–United States relations</span> Bilateral relations

Relations between North Korea and the United States have been historically hostile. The two countries have no formal diplomatic relations. Instead, they have adopted an indirect diplomatic arrangement using neutral intermediaries. The Swedish Embassy in Pyongyang is the US protecting power and provides limited consular services to U.S. citizens. North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), does not have an embassy in Washington, DC, but is represented in the United States through its mission to the United Nations in New York City which serves as North Korea's de facto embassy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agreed Framework</span> 1994 nuclear agreement between the United States and North Korea

The Agreed Framework between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (북미제네바기본합의서) was signed on 21 October 1994, between North Korea (DPRK) and the United States. The objective of the agreement was the freezing and replacement of North Korea's indigenous nuclear power plant program with more nuclear proliferation resistant light water reactor power plants, and the step-by-step normalization of relations between the U.S. and the DPRK. Implementation of the agreement was troubled from the start, but its key elements were being implemented until it effectively broke down in 2003.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnox</span> Type of nuclear reactor

Magnox is a type of nuclear power / production reactor that was designed to run on natural uranium with graphite as the moderator and carbon dioxide gas as the heat exchange coolant. It belongs to the wider class of gas-cooled reactors. The name comes from the magnesium-aluminium alloy, used to clad the fuel rods inside the reactor. Like most other "Generation I nuclear reactors", the Magnox was designed with the dual purpose of producing electrical power and plutonium-239 for the nascent nuclear weapons programme in Britain. The name refers specifically to the United Kingdom design but is sometimes used generically to refer to any similar reactor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nyongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center</span> North Korean nuclear site

The Nyongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center (녕변원자력연구소) is North Korea's major nuclear facility, operating its first nuclear reactors. It is located in Nyongbyon County in North Pyongan Province, about 100 km north of Pyongyang. The center produced the fissile material for North Korea's six nuclear weapon tests from 2006 to 2017, and since 2009 is developing indigenous light water reactor nuclear power station technology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Korea and weapons of mass destruction</span> South Korean nuclear experiments

South Korea has the raw materials and equipment to produce a nuclear weapon. However, it has not opted to make one. South Korea has continued on a stated policy of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons since 2004 and has adopted a policy to maintain a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula. By contrast, North Korea has and is developing additional nuclear weapons.

The six-party talks aimed to find a peaceful resolution to the security concerns as a result of the North Korean nuclear weapons program. There was a series of meetings with six participating states in Beijing:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Song Min-soon</span> South Korean politician (born 1948)

Song Min-soon is a South Korean politician and diplomat who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade from 2006 until 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear power in North Korea</span>

North Korea (DPRK) has been active in developing nuclear technology since the 1950s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2006 North Korean nuclear test</span> 2006 test detonation of a nuclear weapon in North Korea

The 2006 North Korean nuclear test was the detonation of a nuclear device conducted by North Korea on October 9, 2006.

Reactor-grade plutonium (RGPu) is the isotopic grade of plutonium that is found in spent nuclear fuel after the uranium-235 primary fuel that a nuclear power reactor uses has burnt up. The uranium-238 from which most of the plutonium isotopes derive by neutron capture is found along with the U-235 in the low enriched uranium fuel of civilian reactors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Outside the Box</span> 2007 Israeli airstrike on a suspected nuclear reactor in Syria

Operation Outside the Box, also known as Operation Orchard, was an Israeli airstrike on a suspected nuclear reactor, referred to as the Al Kibar site, in the Deir ez-Zor region of Syria, which occurred just after midnight on 6 September 2007. The Israeli and U.S. governments did not announce the secret raids for seven months. The White House and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) subsequently confirmed that American intelligence had also indicated the site was a nuclear facility with a military purpose, though Syria denies this. A 2009 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) investigation reported evidence of uranium and graphite and concluded that the site bore features resembling an undeclared nuclear reactor. IAEA was initially unable to confirm or deny the nature of the site because, according to IAEA, Syria failed to provide necessary cooperation with the IAEA investigation. Syria has disputed these claims. Nearly four years later, in April 2011 during the Syrian Civil War, the IAEA officially confirmed that the site was a nuclear reactor. Israel did not acknowledge the attack until 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Syria and weapons of mass destruction</span>

Syria and weapons of mass destruction deals with the research, manufacture, stockpiling and alleged use by Syria of weapons of mass destruction, which include chemical and nuclear weapons.

This timeline of nuclear weapons development is a chronological catalog of the evolution of nuclear weapons rooting from the development of the science surrounding nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. In addition to the scientific advancements, this timeline also includes several political events relating to the development of nuclear weapons. The availability of intelligence on recent advancements in nuclear weapons of several major countries is limited because of the classification of technical knowledge of nuclear weapons development.

38 North is a website devoted to analysis about North Korea. Its name refers to the 38th parallel north which passes through the Korean peninsula and from 1945 until the start of the Korean War in 1950 divided the peninsula into North and South Korea. Formerly a program of the US-Korea Institute at Johns Hopkins University's Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, it is now housed at the Stimson Center and is directed by Senior Fellow Jenny Town. Notable contributors include nuclear scientist Sigfried Hecker, former Associated Press Pyongyang Bureau Chief Jean H. Lee, cybersecurity expert James Andrew Lewis, and North Korea Tech founder Martyn Williams.

The following lists events that happened in 2013 in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. In 2013, tensions between North Korea and South Korea, the United States, and Japan escalated because of United Nations Security Council Resolution 2087, which condemned North Korea for the launch of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2. The crisis was marked by increased rhetoric by the new North Korean administration under Kim Jong-un and actions suggesting imminent nuclear attacks against South Korea, Japan, and the United States.

The Kangson enrichment site is the name given to a suspected uranium enrichment site located in Chollima-guyok, just outside of Pyongyang, North Korea, along the Pyongyang-Nampo Expressway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1994 North Korean nuclear crisis</span> Diplomatic crisis over nuclear weapons

The 1994 North Korean nuclear crisis was a crisis on the Korean Peninsula, mainly revolving around North Korea's nuclear program. Largely caused by North Korea's announcement that it would withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1993 the tensions could have led to a war between North Korea and the US had not been for an agreement reached between former President Jimmy Carter and then-leader Kim Il Sung. It led to North Korea and the United States signing the Agreed Framework in October 1994, effectively ending the crisis.

References

  1. "Search Results". USGS.
  2. "North Korea's Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site: Analysis Reveals Its Potential for Additional Testing with Significantly Higher Yields". 38North. 10 March 2017.
  3. David E. Sanger, North Korea Says It Has a Program on Nuclear Arms Archived 13 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine , New York Times (17 October 2002),
  4. "North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Programme". IISS.org. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Why it's so difficult to build a hydrogen bomb". 7 January 2016. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  6. McIntyre, Donald (2006). The Development of Britain's Megaton Warheads (PDF) (MA). University of Chester. pp. 29–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  7. Arnold, Lorna; Pyne, Katherine (2001). Britain and the H-bomb. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave. p. 147. ISBN   978-0-230-59977-2. OCLC   753874620.
  8. "Yes, North Korea Probably Tested an H-Bomb — Just Not the Kind You're Thinking of". Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  9. "North Korea nuclear H-bomb claims met by scepticism". BBC News. 6 January 2016. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  10. "U.S. Analysis 'Not Consistent' with North Korea's Claim of a Hydrogen-Bomb Test". The Atlantic . 6 January 2016. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  11. 1 2 "North Korea is reportedly preparing nuclear and missile sites for international inspectors". CNBC . 31 October 2018. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Derek Bolton (August 2012). North Korea's Nuclear Program (PDF) (Report). American Security Project. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2013.
  13. Mark Selden, Alvin Y. So (2004). War and state terrorism: the United States, Japan, and the Asia-Pacific in the long twentieth century. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 77–80. ISBN   978-0-7425-2391-3. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  14. Pincus, Walter (15 October 2006). "N. Korean Nuclear Conflict Has Deep Roots". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2006.
  15. "North Korea Nuclear Milestones – 1962–2006". Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control. 2006. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  16. Hans M. Kristensen (28 September 2005). "The Withdrawal of U.S. Nuclear Weapons From South Korea". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
  17. Hans M. Kristensen (28 September 2005). "A history of U.S. Nuclear Weapons in South Korea". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 15 November 2006. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
  18. "Fact Sheet on DPRK Nuclear Safeguards". 25 July 2014. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  19. "North Korea: No bygones at Yongbyon". thebulletin.org. November 2005. Archived from the original on 28 September 2006. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
  20. "DefenseLINK News: DoD News Briefing Tuesday, September 8, 1998". Archived from the original on October 30, 2006. Retrieved October 5, 2006.
  21. "North Korea Space Programs". Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
  22. "CNS – The 31 August 1998 North Korean Satellite Launch: Factsheet". Archived from the original on 23 November 2001. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
  23. 1 2 "Exclusive: Revealing Kangson, North Korea's First Covert Uranium Enrichment Site". Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  24. 1 2 Heinonen, Olli (18 December 2020). "New Evidence Suggests Kangson Is Not a Uranium Enrichment Plant". 38 North . The Henry L. Stimson Center. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  25. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. "Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi's Visit to North Korea". Archived from the original on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2007.
  26. Sanger, David E. (17 October 2002). "NORTH KOREA SAYS IT HAS A PROGRAM ON NUCLEAR ARMS". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  27. Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen (May–June 2005). "North Korea's nuclear program, 2005" (PDF). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved 26 May 2009.[ dead link ]
  28. James Brooke (3 January 2003). "Threats and Responses: Northeast Asia – China 'Looming Large' in South Korea As Biggest Player, Replacing the U.S". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  29. Steven Lee Myers (11 January 2003). "Threats and Responses: Russia – Moscow Is Negotiating With North Korean Officials in Quiet Effort to Defuse Tensions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  30. Mark Landler (7 January 2003). "Threats and Responses: Inspectors – Atomic Agency Is Giving North Korea a Last Chance". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  31. Steven R. Weisman (8 January 2003). "Threats and Responses: Asian Arena – U.S., in a Shift, Is Willing to Talk With North Korea About A-Arms". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  32. Michael Janofsky with David E. Sanger (10 January 2003). "Threats and Responses: Diplomacy – North Korea Opens Unofficial Channel for U.S. Talks". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  33. "Statement of DPRK Government on its withdrawal from NPT" (PDF). 10 January 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2006. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
  34. Steven R. Weisman (21 January 2003). "Threats and Responses: United Nations – Diplomacy Should Resolve Korean Crisis, Powell Say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  35. Unattributed (22 January 2003). "Threats and Responses: Asian Arena – The Two Koreas Open Cabinet-Level Talks". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  36. James Brooke (24 January 2003). "Threats and Responses: Asian Arena – The Two Koreas Open Cabinet-Level Talks". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  37. James Brooke (25 January 2003). "Threats and Responses: Korea – Be Patient With North, Seoul's Kim Urges the U.S." The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  38. "State of the Union Address of the President to the Joint Session of Congress". 28 January 2003. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  39. "N Korea launches 7th missile: Japan. 05/07/2006. ABC News Online". Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on 22 September 2006. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
  40. "N Korea warns of new missile launches. 06/07/2006. ABC News Online". Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on 19 July 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
  41. "N Korea 'to conduct nuclear test". BBC News. 3 October 2006. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
  42. "N Korea statement on nuclear test". BBC News. 3 October 2006. Archived from the original on 18 January 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
  43. "US issues direct warning over N Korea nukes". NEWS.com.au. 5 October 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
  44. "DPR Korea: Security Council says nuclear test is threat to peace, warns of action". 6 October 2006. Archived from the original on 10 October 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
  45. "USGS Recent Earth Quakes – Earthquake detected in North Korea". USGS. Archived from the original on 13 October 2006.
  46. "Comedy Central Official Site - TV Show Full Episodes & Funny Video Clips". Comedy Central. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014.
  47. "Bolton: U.S. won't bend to North Korean bullying". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 October 2006. Retrieved 10 October 2006.
  48. "Raw Data: Full Text of U.N. Resolution on North Korea". Fox News. 13 October 2006. Archived from the original on 20 October 2006. Retrieved 14 October 2006.
  49. "North Korean Nuclear Problems Said Quickly Fixable". Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
  50. 1 2 "U.S., North Korean Nuclear Negotiators Meet". Nuclear Threat Initiative. 16 January 2007. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2007.
  51. "Itar-Tass". Archived from the original on 27 January 2008.
  52. Carol Giacomo (10 February 2007). "N.Korean uranium enrichment program fades as issue". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2007.
  53. Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (1 March 2007). "U.S. Had Doubts on North Korean Uranium Drive". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2007.
  54. Kessler, Glenn (1 March 2007). "New Doubts On Nuclear Efforts by North Korea". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 11 April 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2007.
  55. "N Korea agrees disarmament steps". BBC News . 13 February 2007. Archived from the original on 16 February 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2007.
  56. Cody, Edward (26 June 2007). "N. Korea Says Funds Issue Is Resolved". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
  57. Cody, Edward (15 July 2007). "N. Korea Shutters Nuclear Facility". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
  58. "UN confirms N Korea nuclear halt". BBC News . 16 July 2007. Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
  59. Herman, Burt (12 September 2007). "U.S. Officials Tour NKorean Nuclear Site". Washington Post . Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  60. "North Korea lifts nuclear veil". CNN. 25 February 2008. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2008.
  61. "U.S. Diplomat Returns From North Korea With Boxes of Nuclear Records". Fox News. 10 May 2008. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2008.
  62. U.S. to remove North Korea from terror list Archived 27 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  63. "Blast gets North Korea off US blacklist". The Australian. 28 June 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2008.[ dead link ]
  64. Richter, Paul (12 October 2008). "U.S. drops North Korea from terrorism list after new deal". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
  65. Helen Kennedy (6 April 2009). "North Korea 'broke the rules again,' President Obama charges while calling for end to nuclear arms". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  66. William J. Broad (5 April 2009). "North Korean Missile Launch Was a Failure, Experts Say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  67. Landler, Mark (14 April 2009). "North Korea Says It Will Halt Talks and Restart Its Nuclear Program". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
  68. "N. Korea Says It Has Restarted Nuclear Facilities list". Fox News. Associated Press. 25 April 2009. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  69. "North Korea Conducts Nuclear Weapons Test". 25 May 2009. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
  70. Kang, Benjamin. "Exclusive: North Korea's nuclear test ready soon". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  71. "Russian Military Concedes Iran, N. Korea Nuclear Threat | Russia | RIA Novosti". En.ria.ru. 24 April 2012. Archived from the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  72. "Third Son Inherits North Korea's Dynasty After His Father's Death – Asia-Pacific Business and Technology Report". 4 May 2012. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  73. "Archived". Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  74. "Opposition leader warns N. Korea against nuclear test". Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  75. AdminGMT (29 March 2012). ""N. Korea Reveals Details of Kwangmyongsong-3 Satellite", NK News, 29 March 2012". NK News. Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  76. "S Korea leader warns of 'multiple' N Korea nuclear tests". BBC. 5 February 2013. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  77. "North Korea appears to conduct 3rd nuclear test, officials and experts say". CNN. 12 February 2013. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  78. Mullen, Jethro (20 May 2015). "North Korea says it can miniaturize nuclear weapons". CNN. Archived from the original on 21 March 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  79. Bruce Bennett (15 December 2015). "Does North Korea really have an H-bomb?". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  80. BBC Staff (10 December 2015). "North Korea's H-bomb claim dismissed by US". BBC. Archived from the original on 13 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  81. Euan McKirdy (5 January 2015). "North Korea says it successfully conducts hydrogen bomb test". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  82. Robert Carlin (12 July 2016). "North Korea Said it is Willing to Talk about Denuclearization ... But No One Noticed". 38 North . U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  83. Choe Sang-Hun and Jane Perlez (9 September 2016). "North Korea Tests a Mightier Nuclear Bomb, Raising Tension". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  84. "US intelligence chief says disarmament unlikely". BBC. 26 October 2016. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  85. "The Latest: US, South Korea speak after North's nuclear test :: WRAL.com". Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  86. "The nuclear explosion in North Korea on 3 September 2017: A revised magnitude assessment". NORSAR. 12 September 2017. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
  87. Fifield, Anna. "North Korea says it will suspend nuclear and missile tests, shut down test site". Washington Post.
  88. McCurry, Justin (21 April 2018). "North Korea halts nuclear and missile tests ahead of planned Trump summit". The Guardian via www.theguardian.com.
  89. Sang-Hun, Choe; Sanger, David E. (7 December 2019). "North Korea Turns Up Pressure on the United States for Concessions". The New York Times.
  90. "N Korea conducts 'crucial test' - state media". BBC News. 14 December 2019.
  91. Sanger, David E.; Wong, Edward; Crowley, Michael (21 December 2019). "U.S. Braces for Major North Korean Weapons Test as Trump's Diplomacy Fizzles". The New York Times.
  92. "US watching North Korea for 'Christmas gift' missile launch". AP NEWS. 20 December 2019.
  93. "Satellite photos show work on North Korean site linked to long-range missiles". NBC News.
  94. Sang-Hun, Choe (31 December 2019). "North Korea Is No Longer Bound by Nuclear Test Moratorium, Kim Says". The New York Times.
  95. "Kim Jong Un: North Korea ending test moratoriums". news.yahoo.com.
  96. @bstarrreports (17 January 2020). "North Korea is "building new missiles, new capabilities, new weapons…" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 19 May 2023 via Twitter.
  97. "North Korea unveils massive new ballistic missile in military parade". 10 October 2020.
  98. "北, 전술핵탄두 8종 사진 공개…일련번호·설명까지 보여줬다" [North Korea announced 8 types of strategic nuclear warheads with serial numbers and descriptions] (in Korean). Chosun. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  99. "North Korea claims it tested new command-and-control system in simulated nuclear counterstrike".