2009 North Korean nuclear test

Last updated

2009 North Korean nuclear test
2009 North Korean nuclear test.png
Graphic from the United States Geological Survey showing the location of seismic activity at the time of the test
Information
CountryNorth Korea
Test site 41°18′22″N129°01′44″E / 41.306°N 129.029°E / 41.306; 129.029 , [1] Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site, Kilju County.
Period09:54:43,25 May 2009 (2009-05-25T09:54:43) KST [1]
Number of tests1
Test typeUnderground
Device typeFission
Max. yield
Test chronology
←  2006 test
2013 test  →
2009 North Korean nuclear test
Invisible Square.svg
Invisible Square.svg
Mapscaleline.svg
2km
1.2miles
Black pog.svg
South
Black pog.svg
West
Black pog.svg
East
Black pog.svg
North portal
Red pog.svg
6
Red pog.svg
5
Red pog.svg
4
Red pog.svg
3
Red pog.svg
2
Red pog.svg
1
North Korea location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Location of North Korea's nuclear tests [9] [10]
1:  2006; 2:  2009; 3:  2013; 4:  2016-01; 5:  2016-09; 6:  2017;
V

The 2009 North Korean nuclear test was the underground detonation of a nuclear device conducted on Monday, 25 May 2009 by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. [11] This was its second nuclear test, the first test having taken place in October 2006. [12] Following the nuclear test, Pyongyang also conducted several missile tests. A scientific paper later estimated the yield as 2.35 kilotons. [3]

Contents

The test was nearly universally condemned by the international community. Following the test, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1874 condemning the test and tightening sanctions on the country. [13]

It was widely believed that the test was conducted as a result of the succession crisis in the country. [14] [15] [16] [17] After Kim Jong-Il suffered a stroke in the summer of 2008, arrangements were made for his third son, Kim Jong-un, to take power upon his death. [14] [18] It is believed the North Koreans conducted the nuclear test to show that, even in a time of possible weakness, it did not intend to give up its nuclear weapons program. [14] [17]

Background

North Korea (officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or DPRK) had threatened to conduct a second nuclear test in protest after the United Nations Security Council adopted a presidential statement condemning the country after it launched a rocket, which it claimed was carrying the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 satellite, on 5 April 2009. [19] The launch was condemned by several nations, describing it as an intercontinental ballistic missile test.

The test occurred shortly after North Korea announced that it possessed miniaturized nuclear warheads for medium-range missiles and that it had been recognized by analysts as a fully fledged nuclear power. [20]

In June 2009, after it was announced that Kim Jong-un was the intended successor of North Korean leader Kim Jong-il, U.S. government analysts speculated that the purpose of the nuclear test was to establish North Korea as a nuclear power within Kim Jong-il's lifetime. [21]

North Korean statements

Without citing a specific time, Pyongyang notified both Washington, D.C. and Beijing of the test about an hour before the actual detonation, which occurred around 10:00 Korea Standard Time (KST) Monday; [22] the U.S. State Department promptly contacted the four other six-party talks members. [23]

The state-run Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) released an announcement claiming, in part, that:

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea successfully conducted one more underground nuclear test on May 25 as part of the measures to bolster up its nuclear deterrent for self-defence in every way as requested by its scientists and technicians. The current nuclear test was safely conducted on a new higher level in terms of its explosive power and technology of its control and the results of the test helped satisfactorily settle the scientific and technological problems arising in further increasing the power of nuclear weapons and steadily developing nuclear technology. [24]

This was interpreted as referring to the disputes over the low yield of the 2006 test. [7]

Seismic activity

South Korea and Japan reported seismic activity at 09:50 KST (00:50 UTC). [25] The United States Geological Survey reported a magnitude 4.7 earthquake at a depth of zero and put the center of the tremor about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northwest of Kimchaek and 375 kilometres (233 mi) northeast of Pyongyang, within a few kilometres of the country's 2006 nuclear test site. [1] [26] The Japan Meteorological Agency measured the seismic activity at magnitude 5.3. [25] The Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources reported seismic activity in the same area but far stronger than in 2006. [25]

The Russian Defence Ministry confirmed it had detected a nuclear detonation in North Korea and was analysing the data to determine the yield. [27] [28] Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences has registered underground nuclear explosion conducted in North Korea on 25 May 2009. Registration time of this explosion was 0:54 am. GMT (4:54 a.m. Moscow time) with magnitude 5.0. [29]

In China, tremors were felt in the prefecture of Yanbian, which borders North Korea, and forced students in some local schools to be evacuated.[ citation needed ] The test is believed to have taken place at Mantapsan in the vicinity of P'unggyeri (Korean: 풍계리), which was the site of the nuclear test held in 2006. [30]

Analysis of test

Yield

Analysts have generally agreed that the nuclear test was successful, despite uncertainty of the exact yield.[ citation needed ]

The U.S. intelligence community assessed that North Korea "probably" had conducted a nuclear test with a yield of "a few kilotons". [2]

The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission assessed the yield at only slightly larger than the 2006 test, which was one kiloton. [2] Based on readings from 23 seismic stations, the Preparatory Commission estimated the blast to have a seismic magnitude of 4.52, corresponding to an explosive yield of 2.4 kilotons, compared to a seismic magnitude of 4.1, corresponding to a yield of 0.8 kilotons, for the 2006 blast. [31] [32]

Russia placed the yield of the test significantly higher at 10 to 20 kilotons. [2] This was approximately the yield of the Fat Man and Trinity bombs developed by the United States during World War II. [33] However, the Russians had also previously estimated a far higher yield of 5 to 10 kilotons when other sources estimated a yield of 0.5 to 0.9 kilotons in the 2006 test as well. [7] [34]

Defense Minister Lee Sang-Hee of South Korea said that more data were needed but that the yield might be between 1 and 20 kilotons. [7]

Analyst Martin Kalinowski at the University of Hamburg estimated the yield at being from 3 to 8 kilotons, still a very successful test when compared with the 2006 test. [7] [8]

Hans M. Kristensen of the Federation of American Scientists cautioned that "early news media reports about a 'Hiroshima-size' nuclear explosion seem to be overblown". [7] The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists asserted that the blast was more powerful than the 2006 test, though put the yield between 2 and 6 kilotons, but likely less than 4 kilotons and far short of a Hiroshima-type device. The group concluded that the bomb failed to detonate correctly, but even so the potential of this weapon should not be dismissed. [33]

However, after the subsequent nuclear test in 2013, the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, a state-run geology research institute in Germany, estimated the yield ranging from a minimum of 5 kilotons to the maximum of 12 kilotons and the 2006 test ranging from minimum of 700 tons to the maximum of 2 kilotons instead with relevant statistics. [35] [36]

Similarly, the University of Science and Technology of China has estimated the yield of this test to be at 7kT with an error margin of 1.9kT (5.1kT to 8.9kT) [4] while presenting their estimation for the nuclear test on 9 September 2016.

Lack of radionuclide confirmation

In June 2009, the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) announced that no radionuclides had been detected that could be associated with the 25 May event. At the time of the test, the CTBTO global network included 40 radionuclide sampling stations. In addition, the United States reported that no radionuclides were detected by aircraft over the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea), and South Korea also reported that no radionuclides were detected. By contrast, radionuclides were detected in at least two locations after the 2006 event. Lack of detection does not mean that the event was non-nuclear: it is reasonable for a nuclear test with this yield, buried deep enough in the appropriate rock, to not yield remotely detectable radionuclides, but it makes it more difficult to prove whether the test was nuclear. [37] [38]

Missile tests

On the same day, North Korea also conducted short-range surface-to-air missile tests. [39] The number of fired missiles was first reported as three, but corrected to two by the South Korean defense ministry on 27 May 2009. [40] The first missile had a range of 130 km (81 mi). [41] The South Korean news agency Yonhap cited military officials as saying that the launches seemed to be aimed at keeping U.S. and Japanese surveillance planes away from the site. [42]

On 26 May 2009, South Korea's Yonhap news agency reported, citing officials, that North Korea fired three more short-range missiles off an east-coast base, one ground-to-ship missile and one surface-to-air missile. [39] [43] [44] The move came as UN diplomats began work on a resolution to punish North Korea for its underground nuclear test. [45]

By 27 May 2009, at least five short range missiles were launched by North Korea. A military spokesman quoted by official media said that North Korea could no longer guarantee the safety of shipping off its west coast, suggesting a missile could also be fired in that direction. [46]

Another short-range missile was fired off North Korea's east coast on 28 May 2009. [47] [48]

On 29 May 2009, U.S. officials said that satellite photos revealed vehicle activity at two sites in North Korea suggesting that North Korean military might be preparing to launch a long-range ballistic missile. [49] [50] This was reaffirmed on 1 June 2009 by Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates who said at a news conference with his Philippine counterpart during a brief visit to Manila "We have seen some signs that they may be doing something with another Taepodong-2 missile, but at this point it's not clear what they're doing". [51]

Yonhap news agency reported on 2 June 2009 that North Korea was readying as many as three medium-range missiles (according to some analysts, Rodong missiles) [52] at a missile base in Anbyon region, Gangwon Province, northeast of the capital of Pyongyang. In addition, a South Korean defence ministry spokesman said that signs that North Korea was preparing to fire an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) had been detected. [53] [54] verifying US defense officials' reports and Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates's statement made on 1 June. North Korea apparently has moved the ICBM to a new base in Dongchang-ri along its west coast and a launch could take place in one or two weeks, according to Yonhap. [55] [56] [57]

International reaction

The North Korean news agency KCNA confirmed the test as "successful". The agency also said the test was "aimed at strengthening its self-defense nuclear deterrent in every way". [11] South Korea's Yonhap news agency reported citing KCNA that citizens of Pyongyang held a rally to celebrate the country's second successful nuclear test on 26 May. [58]

In general the International reactions to the 2009 North Korean nuclear test have been almost uniformly negative.

Members of the six-party talks

Aftermath

News of the tests immediately affected South Korean markets, sending the main KOSPI share index down 4%, while the South Korean won dropped by 1% against the US$ on the day of the nuclear test, 25 May. [59] The yen fell to 95.10 per dollar from its level of 94.78 on 22 May. [76]

On 28 May, North Korea threatened to end the Korean War armistice, stating that "the Korean peninsula will go back to a state of war", whereupon the joint military command of South Korea and the United States increased its surveillance alert level from WATCHCON 3 to WATCHCON 2, the second-highest level of surveillance alert. However, the five-stage combat alert level remained at DEFCON 4, the second-lowest level. [77] [78] Russia undertook security measures in case the war of nerves on the Korean peninsula erupted into a nuclear war. [79]

North Korea also threatened on 29 May to attack South Korean and US warships near its coast if its sovereignty were infringed. [80] In Japan a policy debate ensued regarding strengthening its military up to and including the possibility of an independent pre-emptive strike capability and even nuclear armaments, subjects hitherto taboo. [81] [82]

On 30 May, the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence confirmed that a VC10 tanker plane, which is used for air-to-air refueling, had been sent to Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan to help support the investigations, led by the U.S. military, to determine the power of the nuclear explosion and the type of material that was used. A Ministry spokesman said: "Following the recent events in North Korea and to support the international community's efforts during this time of increased political tension, we can confirm that the UK is supporting in the associated verification efforts". [83] On the same day, a U.S. F-22 fighter jet arrived on Kadena Air Base, the first of twelve F-22s and approximately 280 Langley Air Force Base Airmen from the 94th Fighter Squadron, along with members of the Virginia Air National Guard's 192nd Fighter Wing, that are being deployed to Kadena Air Base as part of a theatre security package. [84] [85] [86]

U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Jim Steinberg accompanied by Stephen Bosworth, the U.S. special envoy on North Korea, led a U.S. delegation to Asia on 1 June 2009 to consult regional forces on how to respond to North Korea's latest nuclear test. The delegation also includes Stuart Levy, the Treasury under-secretary for terrorism and financial intelligence, and Admiral James Winnefeld of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. [87]

Japan approved on 2 June 2009 plans for a satellite missile early warning system as part of a new space policy document, a year after Japan dropped a decades-old ban on military use of space with some ruling party lawmakers suggesting Japan should inspect North Korean ships, in the wake of reports that N. Korea was preparing to fire more mid-range missiles. [88] On the same day, as a response to the increased activity of the N. Korean military and after reports that North Koreans have stepped up naval drills near the western sea border, the site of deadly skirmishes between the two Koreas in 1999 and 2002, South Korea deployed a high-speed naval vessel, the Yoon Youngha guided missile patrol boat, to the area and vowed to "punish" any attacking forces. [89] [90]

After the North Korean nuclear test the U.S. has approved the sale of a number of weapon systems to South Korea, including GBU-28 "bunker buster" bombs, SM-2 Standard surface-to-air Missiles and F-16 Block 32 Aircraft Upgrades improving the aircraft and increasing the South Korean military's operational abilities. [91] [92] [93] The South Korean military has prepared plans for a counter-attack in the event of a first strike by North Korea. [94]

UNSC Resolution 1874

The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 1874 in response to the test, imposing further economic sanctions on the country and authorising UN member states to inspect North Korean cargo and destroy any that may be involved in the nuclear weapons program. [95] In response to the sanctions, an unidentified spokesman for the North Korean Foreign Ministry released a statement through the official Korean Central News Agency saying that the country would begin to "weaponize" its plutonium stockpiles. [96] The spokesman also said the country "will start uranium enrichment" and would view any US-led attempts to "blockade" it as an "act of war". [97] The statement was said to have lacked the usual bitterness of most North Korean statements. [96]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</span>

North Korea has a military nuclear weapons program and, as of 2024, is estimated to have an arsenal of approximately 50 nuclear weapons and sufficient production of fissile material for six to seven nuclear weapons per year. North Korea has also stockpiled a significant quantity of chemical and biological weapons. In 2003, North Korea withdrew from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). Since 2006, the country has conducted six nuclear tests at increasing levels of expertise, prompting the imposition of sanctions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Korea and weapons of mass destruction</span> South Korean nuclear experiments

South Korea has the raw materials and equipment to produce a nuclear weapon. However, it has not opted to make one. South Korea has continued on a stated policy of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons since 2004 and has adopted a policy to maintain a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula. South Korea also allows the United States to maintain nuclear weapons on its territories, which the US first brought to the peninsula in January 1958. North Korea has and is developing additional nuclear weapons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2006 North Korean missile test</span> 2006 missile testing in North Korea

Two rounds of North Korean missile tests were conducted on July 5, 2006. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea reportedly fired at least seven separate missiles. These included one long-range Taepodong-2 missile and short-range Scud derived missiles including the enlarged Nodong missile. The Taepodong-2 was estimated by United States intelligence agencies as having a potential range reaching as far as Alaska, although this missile failed after about 42 seconds of flight.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2006 North Korean nuclear test</span>

On October 9, 2006, North Korea performed its first nuclear test, detonating a plutonium-based device underground.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the North Korean nuclear program</span> Chronology of the North Korean nuclear program

This chronology of the North Korean nuclear program has its roots in the 1950s and begins in earnest in 1989 with the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the main economic ally of North Korea. The chronology mainly addresses the conflict between the United States and North Korea, while including the influences of the other members of the six-party talks: China, Russia, South Korea, and Japan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 North Korean missile tests</span> North Korean missile tests in 2009

Two rounds of North Korean missile tests were conducted in July 2009. On July 4, 2009, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea launched seven short range missiles into the Sea of Japan, after previously launching four missiles two days earlier on July 2. The missiles were launched in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874</span> United Nations resolution adopted in 2009

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874 was adopted unanimously by the United Nations Security Council on 12 June 2009. The resolution, passed under Chapter VII, Article 41, of the UN Charter, imposes further economic and commercial sanctions on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and encourages UN member states to search North Korean cargo, in the aftermath of an underground nuclear test conducted on 25 May 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2013 North Korean nuclear test</span> Test detonation on 12 February 2013

On 12 February 2013, North Korean state media announced it had conducted an underground nuclear test, its third in seven years. A tremor that exhibited a nuclear bomb signature with an initial magnitude 4.9 was detected by the China Earthquake Networks Center, Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization and the United States Geological Survey. In response, Japan summoned an emergency United Nations meeting for 12 February and South Korea raised its military alert status. It is not known whether the explosion was nuclear, or a conventional explosion designed to mimic a nuclear blast; as of two days after the blast, Chinese, Japanese, and South Korean investigators had failed to detect any radiation.

The following lists events that happened in 2013 in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. In 2013, tensions between North Korea and South Korea, the United States, and Japan escalated because of United Nations Security Council Resolution 2087, which condemned North Korea for the launch of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2. The crisis was marked by increased rhetoric by the new North Korean administration under Kim Jong-un and actions suggesting imminent nuclear attacks against South Korea, Japan, and the United States.

North Korea conducted its fourth nuclear detonation on 6 January 2016 at 10:00:01 UTC+08:30. At the Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site, approximately 50 kilometres northwest of Kilju City in Kilju County, an underground nuclear test was carried out. The United States Geological Survey reported a 5.1 magnitude earthquake from the location; the China Earthquake Networks Center reported the magnitude as 4.9.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">September 2016 North Korean nuclear test</span>

The government of North Korea conducted a nuclear detonation on 9 September 2016, the fifth since 2006, at the Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site, approximately 50 kilometres northwest of Kilju City in Kilju County.

In the year 2017, North Korea was involved in the 2017 North Korea crisis, along with other events. The country conducted a nuclear test in September, and several missile tests throughout the year. One of these was the country's first successful test of an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), Hwasong-14. Two missiles were launched over Hokkaido in the Japanese archipelago, in August and in September 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2017–2018 North Korea crisis</span> North Korea–US period of tension

The 2017–2018 North Korea crisis was a period of heightened tension between North Korea and the United States. The crisis began early in 2017 when North Korea conducted a series of missile and nuclear tests that demonstrated the country's ability to launch ballistic missiles beyond its immediate region, suggesting their nuclear weapons capability was developing at a faster rate than had been assessed by U.S. intelligence. Both countries started exchanging increasingly heated rhetoric, including nuclear threats and personal attacks between the two leaders, which, compounded by a joint U.S.–South Korea military exercise undertaken in August and North Korea's sixth nuclear test in September, raised international tensions in the region and beyond and stoked fears about a possible nuclear conflict between the two nations. In addition, North Korea also threatened Australia twice with nuclear strikes throughout the year for their allegiance with the United States. International relations lecturer and former government strategist Van Jackson said in the book On the Brink: Trump, Kim, and the Threat of Nuclear War that it was the closest the world had come to nuclear war since the Cuban Missile Crisis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2017 North Korean nuclear test</span>

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea conducted its sixth nuclear test on 3 September 2017, stating it had tested a thermonuclear weapon. The United States Geological Survey reported an earthquake of 6.3 magnitude not far from North Korea's Punggye-ri nuclear test site. South Korean authorities said the earthquake seemed to be artificial, consistent with an underground nuclear test. The USGS, as well as China Earthquake Networks Center, reported that the initial event was followed by a second, smaller, earthquake at the site, several minutes later, which was characterized as a collapse of the cavity formed by the initial detonation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Proposed Peace Treaty on the Korean Peninsula</span> Proposed peace treaty for Korea

The Peace Treaty on Korean Peninsula is a proposed settlement to formally end military hostilities on the Korean Peninsula as a follow-up to the 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement implemented by the United Nations after the Korean War. During the inter-Korean summit on April 27, 2018, Kim Jong-un and Moon Jae-in signed the Panmunjom Declaration; the declaration involved an agreement about mutual efforts and action items for transforming the armistice agreement into a peace treaty with the cooperation of the United States and China. During the 2018 Trump–Kim summit, US president Donald Trump and Kim signed a Joint Statement which reaffirmed the Panmunjom Declaration. On November 23, 2023, North Korea terminated its 2018 agreement with South Korea.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Earthquake Details: Magnitude 4.7 – NORTH KOREA". Earthquake Hazards Program. United States Geological Survey. 25 May 2009. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Charles, Deborah; Tabassum Zakaria; Sandra Maler (15 June 2009). "North Korea's May nuclear test few kilotons: U.S." Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  3. 1 2 Lian-Feng Zhao, Xiao-Bi Xie, Wei-Min Wang, Zhen-Xing Yao, "Yield Estimation of the 25 May 2009 North Korean Nuclear Explosion Archived 14 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine ", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, April 2012 vol. 102 no. 2 467–478. doi : 10.1785/0120110163
  4. 1 2 "温联星研究组". Archived from the original on 19 September 2016.
  5. ↑ Nordkorea: BGR registriert vermutlichen Kernwaffentest Archived 1 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine – BGR, 6 January 2016
  6. ↑ Nordkorea: BGR registriert vermutlichen Kernwaffentest Archived 16 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine – BGR (In German), 12 February 2013
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sang-Hun, Choe (25 May 2009). "North Korean Nuclear Claim Draws Global Criticism". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
  8. 1 2 Kalinowski, Martin (25 May 2009). "Second nuclear test conducted by North Korea on 25 May 2009" (PDF). Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker Centre for Science and Peace Research, Universität Hamburg. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
  9. ↑ "Search Results". USGS.
  10. ↑ "North Korea's Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site: Analysis Reveals Its Potential for Additional Testing with Significantly Higher Yields". 38North. 10 March 2017.
  11. 1 2 North Korea conducts nuclear test Archived 23 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine . BBC. 25 May 2009.
  12. ↑ Kim, Sam. N. Korea appears to have conducted nuclear test: source Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Yonhap New Agency. 2009/05/25.
  13. ↑ MacFarquhar, Neil (12 June 2009). "U.N. Security Council Adopts Stiffer Curbs on North Korea". NYT. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  14. 1 2 3 Powell, Bill (22 June 2009). "North Korea: The Coldest War". TIME. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  15. ↑ Snyder, Scott (25 May 2009). "Second Nuclear Test: North Korea Does What It Says". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  16. ↑ AFP (10 June 2009). "North Korea's nuclear tests 'linked to succession plans'". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  17. 1 2 Fackler, Martin (25 May 2009). "Test Delivers a Message for Domestic Audience". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  18. ↑ Sanger, David E.; Mark Mazzetti and Choe Sang-hun (2 June 2009). "North Korean Leader Is Said to Pick a Son as Heir". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  19. ↑ Jun Kwanwoo (24 May 2009). "World fury at North Korea nuclear test". AFP. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
  20. ↑ Richard Lloyd Parry (24 May 2009). "North Korea is fully fledged nuclear power, experts agree". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  21. ↑ Sanger, David E.; Mazzetti, Mark; Sang-Hun, Choe (2 June 2009). "North Korean Leader Is Said to Pick a Son as Heir". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  22. ↑ Thatcher, Jonathan (25 May 2009). "U.N. council condemns North Korea nuclear test". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 May 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
  23. ↑ "Japan: North Korea Nuclear Test (Taken Question)". 26 May 2009. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  24. ↑ KCNA (24 May 2009). "Text of the North Korean Announcement of Nuclear Test". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
  25. 1 2 3 "NKorea says it conducted 2nd nuclear test". The Associated Press. 25 May 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.[ dead link ]
  26. ↑ Earthquake shakes North Korea Archived 28 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . CNN. 24 May 2009.
  27. ↑ "Russian Defence Ministry confirmed that North Korea conducted a nuclear test". ITAR-TASS. 25 May 2009. Archived from the original on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
  28. ↑ BSKYB (25 May 2009). "Russia 'Confirms' North Korea Nuclear Test". Sky News. Archived from the original on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
  29. ↑ "Information messages about earthquakes". Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  30. ↑ "気象庁「北朝鮮・豊渓里でM4．5の人工地震」" (in Japanese). AISE Inc. 25 May 2009. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
  31. ↑ Ramstad, Evan and Jay Solomon, Peter Spiegel, "Korean Blast Draws Outrage Archived 25 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine " Wall Street Journal, 26 May 2009. Accessed 11 June 2009. Archived 2009-08-02.
  32. ↑ "CTBTO's initial findings on the DPRK's 2009 announced nuclear test, CTBTO Press Release, CTBTO Press Release – 25 May 2009". Archived from the original on 20 May 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
  33. 1 2 Park, Jeffrey (26 May 2009). "The North Korean nuclear test: What the seismic data says". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
  34. ↑ Jungmin Kang; Peter Hayes (20 October 2006). "Technical Analysis of the DPRK Nuclear Test". Archived from the original on 3 April 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
  35. ↑ "BGR registered putative third North Korean nuclear test". 15 February 2013. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  36. ↑ "BGR registriert vermutlichen dritten nordkoreanischen Kernwaffentest". 15 February 2013. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  37. ↑ Science, vol 324, 19 June 2009, page 1499: "Verification Experts Puzzled Over North Korea's Nuclear Test Archived 28 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine " by Daniel Clery
  38. ↑ Jonathan Medalia, "North Korea's 2009 Nuclear Test: Containment, Monitoring, Implications Archived 25 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine ", Congressional Research Service (2 April 2010).
  39. 1 2 "North Korea defies global outcry". Al Jazeera English. 27 May 2009. Archived from the original on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  40. ↑ "N. Korea Monday fired two missiles, not three: ministry". Yonhap. 27 May 2009. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  41. ↑ "North Korea follows nuclear test with missile launch". Reuters AlertNet. 25 May 2009. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
  42. ↑ Jean H. Lee (25 May 2009). "Defying world powers, N. Korea conducts nuke test". The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
  43. ↑ Sam Kim (26 May 2009). "N. Korea launches missiles amid tension over nuclear test". Yonhap. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  44. ↑ "N. Korea launches additional missile into East Sea: official". Yonhap. 27 May 2009. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  45. ↑ "North Korea 'fires more missiles'". BBC. 26 May 2009. Archived from the original on 29 May 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  46. ↑ "North Korea Threats 'Won't Win Attention'". Sky News. 27 May 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  47. ↑ "N Korea fires short-range missile". RTÉ Ireland. 29 May 2009. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  48. ↑ Jin-Woo, Lee (29 May 2009). "Pyongyang raises stakes with another missile test". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  49. ↑ "Activity spotted at two NKorea missile sites: US officials". AFP. 29 May 2009. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  50. ↑ "US officials: North Korea may launch new missiles". Associated Press. 29 May 2009. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  51. ↑ Spiegel, Peter (1 June 2009). "Gates See Evidence of Another Long-Range North Korea Missile". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
  52. ↑ "North Korea Prepares Multiple Missiles For Launch". 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 7 June 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  53. ↑ "South Korea Deploys Warship as North Readies Missiles (Update1)". Bloomberg. 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  54. ↑ "NKorea seen readying long-range missile test". AFP. 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 5 June 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  55. ↑ Sam Kim (2 June 2009). "N. Korea gearing up to test-fire missiles on both coasts". Yonhap. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  56. ↑ "N. Korea may launch ballistic missile after one or two weeks: official". Yonhap. 1 June 2009. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  57. ↑ "NKorea prepares missiles; South beefs up defenses". Associated Press. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2009.[ dead link ]
  58. ↑ Kim Hyun (27 May 2009). "N. Koreans rally in celebration of nuclear test". Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  59. 1 2 Kim, Jack. North Korea conducts nuclear test: report Archived 22 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine . Reuters. 24 May 2009.
  60. ↑ "S. Korea to Join US-Led Anti-Proliferation Drill". The Korea Times . 26 May 2009. Archived from the original on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
  61. ↑ Alert level raised on North Korea Archived 26 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine . BBC. 28 May 2009.
  62. ↑ Sang-Hun, Choe. OPLAN 5027 Major Theater War – West Archived 17 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . GlobalSecurity.org
  63. ↑ South Korea and U.S. Raise Alert Level Archived 25 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine . NYT. 27 May 2009.
  64. ↑ James Wray and Ulf Stabe (1 June 2009). "South Korea asks ASEAN for support in nuclear dispute". Deutsche Presse Agentur. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
  65. ↑ "S. Korea joins PSI, North irate". United Press International. 27 May 2009. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
  66. ↑ "Chinese gov't "resolutely opposes" DPRK's nuclear test". Xinhua News Agency. 25 May 2009. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
  67. ↑ FACTBOX: Reaction to North Korea's nuclear test Archived 22 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine , Reuters, 25 May 2009
  68. ↑ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (25 May 2009). "V4+Japan Foreign Ministers' Meeting: Joint Press Statement". Archived from the original on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
  69. ↑ "FM: Russia urges DPRK to demonstrate responsibility". People's Daily Online. 25 May 2009. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
  70. ↑ "RF seriously concerned about N Korea's nuke test". ITAR-TASS. 25 May 2009. Archived from the original on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
  71. ↑ North Korea's second nuclear test stirs outrage Archived 26 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . CNN. 25 May 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
  72. ↑ TEXT: Obama statement on North Korea nuclear test Archived 22 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine . Reuters. 25 May 2009.
  73. ↑ "Obama: North Korean nuclear test 'a grave threat'". CNN. 25 May 2009. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
  74. ↑ North Korea 'will pay' over tests Archived 28 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine BBC. 26 May 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
  75. ↑ Doyle, Leonard; Blair, David (31 May 2009). "Leaders live in luxury while North Koreans starve to pay for nuclear bomb". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2 June 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  76. ↑ "Yen Falls as North Korea Holds Nuclear Test, Launches Missiles". Bloomberg L.P. 25 May 2009. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  77. ↑ Malcolm Moore (28 May 2009). "South Korea and US troops raise alert level over North Korean threat". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  78. ↑ "U.S. and South Korea raise military alert on North". Yahoo!7 News. Reuters. 28 May 2009. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
  79. ↑ "Russia fears Korea conflict could go nuclear". Ynetnews. Reuters. 27 May 2009. Archived from the original on 29 May 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  80. ↑ Koring, Paul. North Korea threatens to attack U.S. warships – The Globe and Mail Archived 27 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine . The Globe and Mail. 29 May 2009.
  81. ↑ Ito, Shingo. North Korea threat triggers calls for stronger Japanese military Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . AFP. 29 May 2009.
  82. ↑ "North Korea Tests Lift Lid on Japan's Nuclear 'Taboo' (Update1)". Bloomberg. 29 May 2009. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  83. ↑ Alford, Simon (30 May 2009). "UK military aid Korean nuclear investigation". London: the Times Online. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
  84. ↑ "Nuclear N.Korea won't change Japan defense: minister". Reuters. 30 May 2009. Archived from the original on 2 June 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  85. ↑ 2nd Lt. Georganne Schultz (29 May 2009). "Airmen, F-22s support Pacific presence mission". U.S. Air Force. Archived from the original on 8 August 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  86. ↑ "F-22 deployed to Japan amid tensions". AsiaOne Singapore Press. 31 May 2009. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
  87. ↑ "U.S., allies prepare for tougher response to N.Korea". Reuters. 31 May 2009. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  88. ↑ "Japan plans missile early warning system". Reuters. 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 5 June 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  89. ↑ "S. Korean guided-missile ship deployed". United Press International. 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  90. ↑ "N.Korea starts assembling long-range missile: report". AFP. 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 7 June 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  91. ↑ "US to sell 'bunker-buster' bombs to SKorea: official". AFP. 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 8 June 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  92. ↑ UGOODSON (29 May 2009). "Republic of Korea – F-16 Block 32 Aircraft Upgrades" (PDF). Defense Security Cooperation Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  93. ↑ "Republic of Korea – SM-2 Standard Missiles" (PDF). Defense Security Cooperation Agency. 29 May 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  94. ↑ "S.Korea makes plans to counter North missile". Reuters. 7 June 2009. Archived from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  95. ↑ UN toughens North Korea sanctions Archived 1 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine , BBC News Online, 12 June 2009
  96. 1 2 Fackler, Martin (13 June 2009). "North Korea to 'Weaponize' Its Plutonium". NYT. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
  97. ↑ "North Korea in plutonium threat". BBC. 13 June 2009. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.