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The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th century AD. According to European tradition, they were first reported living east of the Volga River, in an area that was part of Scythia at the time; the Huns' arrival to Europe is associated with the migration westward of an Iranian people, the Alans. By 370 AD, the Huns had arrived on the Volga, and by 430, they had established a vast, if short-lived, dominion in Europe, conquering the Goths and many other Germanic peoples living outside of Roman borders and causing many others to flee into Roman territory. The Huns, especially under their King Attila, made frequent and devastating raids into the Eastern Roman Empire. In 451, they invaded the Western Roman province of Gaul, where they fought a combined army of Romans and Visigoths at the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, and in 452, they invaded Italy. After the death of Attila in 453, the Huns ceased to be a major threat to Rome and lost much of their empire following the Battle of Nedao. Descendants of the Huns, or successors with similar names, are recorded by neighboring populations to the south, east, and west as having occupied parts of Eastern Europe and Central Asia from about the 4th to 6th centuries. Variants of the Hun name are recorded in the Caucasus until the early 8th century.
Charaton was one of the first kings of the Huns.
Uldin, also spelled Huldin is the first ruler of the Huns whose historicity is undisputed.
Otto John Maenchen-Helfen was an Austrian academic, sinologist, historian, author, and traveler.
By the name Edeko are considered three contemporaneous historical figures, whom many scholars identified as one:
Balamber was ostensibly a chieftain of the Huns, mentioned by Jordanes in his Getica. Jordanes simply called him "king of the Huns" and writes the story of Balamber crushing the tribes of the Ostrogoths in the 370s; somewhere between 370 and more probably 376 AD.
Laudaricus was a prominent Hunnic chieftain and general active in the first half of the 5th century.
The origin of the Huns and their relationship to other peoples identified in ancient sources as Iranian Huns such as the Xionites, the Alchon Huns, the Kidarites, the Hephthalites, the Nezaks, and the Huna, has been the subject of long-term scholarly controversy. In 1757, Joseph de Guignes first proposed that the Huns were identical to the Xiongnu. The thesis was then popularized by Edward Gibbon. Since that time scholars have debated the proposal on its linguistic, historical, and archaeological merits. In the mid-twentieth century, the connection was attacked by the Sinologist Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen and largely fell out of favor. Some recent scholarship has argued in favor of some form of link, and the theory returned to the mainstream, but remains disputed.
Basich or Basikh was a Hun military commander who co-led an invasion of Persia in 395 AD together with Kursich.
Kursich was a Hun general and royal family member. He led a Hunnish army in the Hunnic invasion of Persia in 395 AD.
Mamas was a Hun royal family member who was impaled by Attila in Thrace.
Chelchal was a Hun commander serving as lieutenant general under the Byzantine Empire.
Sigizan was a Hun general in the Byzantine army.
Zolban or Zolbon was a Hun general fighting for the Byzantine Empire. He fought alongside fellow Hun commander Sigizan against the Isaurians in 493 AD.
Tarrach was a Hun military officer for the East Roman Empire. He was the assassin of the officer Cyril. Tarrach was credited as the "fiercest of the Huns".
Turgun was a military officer of Hunnish descent of the Byzantine Empire.
Ultzindur was a Hun nobleman and a blood relative of Attila.
Gordas was a prince of the Crimean Huns.
Elmingir also Elminegeir, Elmingeir was a Hun general fighting for the Byzantine Empire.
Apsich or Aspik was a Hun military leader in the Byzantine Empire.
References
- ↑ Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. "The World of the Huns. Chapter IX. Language". www.kroraina.com. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
- ↑ Agathias (2011). Frendo, Joseph D. C. (ed.). The Histories. De Gruyter. p. 34. ISBN 9783110826944 . Retrieved 27 October 2022.
- ↑ Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (2022). The World of the Huns Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press. p. 405. ISBN 9780520302617 . Retrieved 27 October 2022.