Ulmus minor 'Viminalis'

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Ulmus minor 'Viminalis'
BH00071 Ulmus. Longhill School, Rottingdean (1).jpg
'Viminalis', The Vale, Rottingdean, Brighton
Species Ulmus minor
Cultivar 'Viminalis'
OriginEngland

The field elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Viminalis' [1] (:'willow-like'), occasionally referred to as the twiggy field elm, [2] [3] was raised by Masters in 1817, and listed in 1831 as U. campestris viminalis, without description. [4] Loudon added a general description in 1838, [2] and the Cambridge University Herbarium acquired a leaf specimen of the tree in 1866. Moss, writing in 1912, said that the Ulmus campestris viminalis from Cambridge University Herbarium was the only elm he thought agreed with the original Plot's elm (not U. minor 'Plotii') as illustrated by Dr. Plot in 1677 from specimens growing in an avenue and coppice at Hanwell near Banbury. [5] [6] Elwes and Henry (1913) also considered Loudon's Ulmus campestris viminalis to be Dr Plot's elm. [7] Its 19th-century name, U. campestris var. viminalis, led the cultivar to be classified for a time as a variety of English Elm. [7] On the Continent, 'Viminalis' was the Ulmus antarcticaHort., 'zierliche Ulme' [:'dainty elm'] of Kirchner's Arboretum Muscaviense (1864). [8]

Contents

Melville considered 'Viminalis' one form, the 'type' cultivar, [9] of the natural, variable hybrid, U. minor × U. minor 'Plotii', which occurs in England where the two trees overlap, and which he called, believing U. plotiiDruce a species, U. × viminalis. [10] He questioned, however, Henry's claim that 'Viminalis' was Dr Plot's elm. Writing in 1940 and referring to a pencil rubbing in Herb. Druce, vol. 113 of the Sloane Collection, he wrote "I can see no reason to doubt that this is Plot's plant," but "it is [not] U. × viminalisLodd". [11] Boom (1959) [12] and Bean (1988) [9] listed 'Viminalis' as a cultivar and the 'type' clone of Melville's U. × viminalis.

Description

Wood (1851) described 'Viminalis' as "a neat-growing compact tree, with small foliage", [13] Henry (1913) as a "tree with ascending branches, pendulous branchlets, and sparse foliage", [7] and Bean (1981) as a "narrow-headed, rather slender tree". [9] 'Viminalis' is slow-growing; it can ultimately reach 20 m in height. [7] [14] Leaves vary from obovate-elliptic to narrowly elliptic; they are deeply serrated, < 5.0 cm long, tapering to a nearly symmetrical base and long-acuminate at the tip, with prominent white axil tufts on the undersides. [9] [7] [15] In his description of Ulmus antarcticaHort. (1864), Kirchner added that the leaves are more or less downward-curving, with longish petioles, and that the leaf-margins have numerous deep, double, hook-shaped teeth, "so that the leaves appear almost slit". [8]

Loudon's sketch (below) suggests that a narrow leaf was fairly uniform on his tree. The Cambridge University Herbarium specimen of Loudon's Ulmus campestris viminalis [16] shows leaves resembling both Henry's 'Viminalis' drawing [17] and Schneider's 'Antarctica' drawing, [18] confirming the synonymy. 'Viminalis' has been likened to Zelkova × verschaffeltii . [19] Bean wrote in 1936, "I have never seen it bearing fruit, although it flowers." [20] The old specimen in Lydiard Street, Ballarat, Victoria, however (see 'Notable trees'), produces abundant fruit, the seed being close to the marginal notch in somewhat broad samarae.

Pests and diseases

'Viminalis' is very susceptible to Dutch elm disease, as are the natural hybrids between field elm and plot elm (Melville's U. × viminalis), of which the type cultivar is usually considered an example.

Cultivation

'Viminalis' was valued for its ornamental qualities, Wood (1851) considering it "well adapted for the back part of shrubberies". [13] Bean (1936) called it "a charming small tree for gardens, very elegant and not growing fast", [20] while the catalogue of Hillier & Sons, Winchester, Hampshire, (1958) described it as "an extremely graceful, slender tree of slow growth, easily distinguished from all other elms by its narrow, fimbriated leaves". [21] Kirchner noted that the tree is not sensitive to frost. [8] Specimens were present in many of the major UK collections, including Cambridge University Botanic Garden (see 'Notable trees' below), Kew Gardens (35 ft., 1913), [7] Westonbirt Arboretum (49 ft., 1927), [22] Royal Victoria Park, Bath (1857, 1905), [23] [3] and Ryston Hall arboretum, Norfolk (planted as U. antarctica, 1914). [24] [25] 'Viminalis' remained in the catalogues of the Hillier nursery, Winchester, till the 1960s. [26]

Introduced to North America, Ulmus viminalis, 'slender-twigged elm', was marketed by Hovey's nursery of Boston, Massachusetts, from the 1850s, [27] and by the Mount Hope Nursery (also known as Ellwanger and Barry) of Rochester, New York, from c.1860. [28] In continental Europe, North America and Australasia a few specimens survive in arboreta and avenues. One tree 40 feet (12 m) in height, determined as U. × viminalisLoud. by Melville, stood by the lake at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, in 1953. [29] It may have been the Ulmus viminalis specimen present in the Gardens in 1877. [30] In the UK three mature trees survive in the Brighton and Hove area (2017). [note 1] The tree remains (2017) in cultivation in Australia. [31] [32]

Notable trees

Elwes and Henry list notable specimens "of this variety" (the type tree described and illustrated) in the Cambridge University Botanic Garden (70 ft) and in Gisselfeld Park, Denmark (60 ft). Three trees labelled U. 'Viminalis', pollarded in 1984, [34] stand in Benalla Botanic Gardens, Australia. [35] [36] A specimen of the same cultivar, apparently unpollarded, stands in Lydiard Street, Ballarat, Victoria. [31] [32]

Cultivars

Cultivars include both sports of the type tree and elms similar enough to have been conjectured as related to it:

Synonymy

Accessions

North America

Europe

Australasia

Pseudo-'Viminalis' and 'Viminalis'-like elms

Not all clones named 'Viminalis' match the named cultivars above. Three specimens supplied by the Späth nursery to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh in 1902 [55] as Ulmus campestris viminalis [56] were determined by Melville in 1958 as U. viminalisLodd but "not the usual nothomorph". [57] [58] One stood in the Garden itself till the late 20th century; [58] the other two may survive in Edinburgh, as it was the practice of the Garden to distribute trees about the city. An old cultivar with leaves that appear to match herbarium specimens of Späth's U. campestris viminalis [59] stands (2018) in the middle of North Walk, The Meadows, Edinburgh (see gallery); a second, possibly the same clone and age, in the grounds of Holyrood Palace (both trees lost their crowns in a 2016 gale and are regenerating). [60] The Ulmus campestris viminalis supplied by Späth and planted in 1897 at the Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, Canada, is likely to have been this clone (not to be confused with Späth's U. × hollandica 'Viminalis'). [61]

A number of old non-ornamental trees believed to belong to Melville's U. × viminalis group survive (2015) in a wood in Mepal, Cambridgeshire. [62]

Notes

  1. ↑ In Withdean Park; in Longhill School, Rottingdean; and in Brighton University, Moulsecoomb.

Related Research Articles

<i>Ulmus minor</i> Stricta Elm cultivar

The field elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Stricta', known as Cornish elm, was commonly found in South West England, Brittany, and south-west Ireland, until the arrival of Dutch elm disease in the late 1960s. The origin of Cornish elm in England remains a matter of contention. It is commonly assumed to have been introduced from Brittany. It is also considered possible that the tree may have survived the ice ages on lands to the south of Cornwall long since lost to the sea. Henry thought it "probably native in the south of Ireland". Dr Max Coleman of Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, arguing in his 2002 paper on British elms that there was no clear distinction between species and subspecies, suggested that known or suspected clones of Ulmus minor, once cultivated and named, should be treated as cultivars, preferred the designation U. minor 'Stricta' to Ulmus minor var. stricta. The DNA of 'Stricta' has been investigated and the cultivar is now known to be a clone.

<i>Ulmus</i> × <i>hollandica</i> Dampieri Elm cultivar

The hybrid elm cultivar Ulmus × hollandica 'Dampieri', one of a number of cultivars arising from the crossing of the Wych Elm U. glabra with a variety of Field Elm U. minor, is believed to have originated in continental Europe. It was marketed in Wetteren, Belgium, in 1851 as 'Orme de Dampier', then in the Low Countries in 1853, and later identified as Ulmus campestris var. nuda subvar. fastigiata DampieriHort., Vilv. by Wesmael (1862).

The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Viminalis Marginata', a variegated form of Ulmus minor 'Viminalis', was first listed as Ulmus campestris var. viminalis marginataHort. by Kirchner in 1864. Both Van Houtte and Späth marketed an U. campestris viminalis marginata in the late 19th century.

The elm cultivar Ulmus 'Atropurpurea' [:dark purple] was raised from seed at the Späth nursery in Berlin, Germany, circa 1881, as Ulmus montana atropurpurea, and was marketed there till the 1930s, being later classed as a cultivar by Boom. Henry (1913) included it under Ulmus montana cultivars but noted that it was "very similar to and perhaps identical with" Ulmus purpureaHort. At Kew it was renamed U. glabraHuds. 'Atropurpurea', but Späth used U. montana both for wych elm and for some U. × hollandica hybrids, so his name does not necessarily imply a wych elm cultivar. The Hesse Nursery of Weener, Germany, however, which marketed 'Atropurpurea' in the 1950s, listed it in later years as a form of U. glabraHuds..

<i>Ulmus glabra</i> Cornuta Elm cultivar

The Wych Elm cultivar Ulmus glabra 'Cornuta', in cultivation before 1845 – Fontaine (1968) gives its provenance as France, 1835 – is a little-known tree, finally identified as a cultivar of U. glabra by Boom in Nederlandse Dendrologie 1: 157, 1959.

<i>Ulmus</i> Crispa Elm cultivar

The elm cultivar Ulmus 'Crispa' [:'curled', the leaf margin], sometimes known as the Fernleaf Elm, arose before 1800 and was first listed by Willdenow as U. crispa (1809). Audibert listed an U. campestrisLinn. 'Crispa', orme à feuilles crépues [:'frizzy-leaved elm'], in 1817, and an Ulmus urticaefolia [:'nettle-leaved elm'] in 1832; the latter is usually taken to be a synonym. Loudon considered the tree a variety of U. montana (1838). In the 19th century, Ulmus × hollandica cultivars, as well as those of Wych Elm, were often grouped under Ulmus montana. Elwes and Henry (1913) listed 'Crispa' as a form of wych elm, but made no mention of the non-wych samara.

<i>Ulmus</i> × <i>hollandica</i> Serpentina Elm cultivar

The putative hybrid cultivar Ulmus × hollandica 'Serpentina' is an elm of unknown provenance and doubtful status. Henry identified it as intermediate between U. glabra and U. minor, a view accepted by Bean and by Melville, who believed that the specimens at Kew bearing the name 'Serpentina' were U. glabra "introgressed by U. carpinifolia" [: U. minor] and were similar to but "distinct from 'Camperdownii'".

<i>Ulmus minor</i> Propendens Elm cultivar

The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Propendens', described by Schneider in 1904 as U. glabra (:minor) var. suberosa propendens, Weeping Cork-barked elm, was said by Krüssmann (1976) to be synonymous with the U. suberosa pendula listed by Lavallée without description in 1877. Earlier still, Loudon's Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum had included an illustration of a pendulous "cork-barked field elm", U. campestris suberosa. An U. campestris suberosa pendula was in nurseries by the 1870s.

<i>Ulmus</i> Berardii Elm cultivar

The elm cultivar Ulmus 'Berardii', Berard's Elm, was raised in 1865, as Ulmus Berardi, from seeds collected from large specimens of "common elm" growing on the ramparts at Metz, by an employee of the Simon-Louis nursery named Bérard. Carrière (1887), the Späth nursery of Berlin and the Van Houtte nursery of Gentbrugge regarded it as form of a Field Elm, listing it as U. campestris Berardii, the name used by Henry. Cheal's nursery of Crawley distributed it as Ulmus nitens [:Ulmus minor] 'Berardii'. Smith's of Worcester preferred the original, non-specific name, Ulmus 'Berardii'.

The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Cucullata', the Hooded elm, was listed by Loddiges of Hackney, London, in their catalogue of 1823 as Ulmus campestris cucullata, and later by Loudon in Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum (1838), as U. campestris var. cucullata.

<i>Ulmus minor</i> Viminalis Pulverulenta Elm cultivar

The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Viminalis Pulverulenta' (:'powdery'), also known as 'Viminalis Variegata', a variegated form of U. minor 'Viminalis', was first mentioned by Dieck, in 1885 as U. scabra viminalis pulverulentaHort., but without description. Nursery, arboretum, and herbarium specimens confirm that this cultivar was sometimes regarded as synonymous with U. minor 'Viminalis Marginata', first listed in 1864, which is variegated mostly on the leaf margin. It is likely, however, that 'Pulverulenta' was the U. 'Viminalis Variegata', Variegated Twiggy-branched elm, that was listed and described by John Frederick Wood, F.H.S., in The Midland Florist and Suburban Horticulturist 1847 and 1851, pre-dating both Kirchner and Dieck. Wood did not specify the nature of the variegation.

<i>Ulmus minor</i> Umbraculifera Gracilis Elm cultivar

The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Umbraculifera Gracilis' was obtained as a sport of 'Umbraculifera' by the Späth nursery of Berlin c.1897. It was marketed by the Späth nursery in the early 20th century, and by the Hesse Nursery of Weener, Germany, in the 1930s.

<i>Ulmus pumila</i> Pinnato-ramosa Elm cultivar

The Siberian elm cultivar Ulmus pumila 'Pinnato-ramosa' was raised by Georg Dieck, as Ulmus pinnato-ramosa, at the National Arboretum, Zöschen, Germany, from seed collected for him circa 1890 in the Ili valley, Turkestan by the lawyer and amateur naturalist Vladislav E. Niedzwiecki while in exile there. Litvinov (1908) treated it as a variety of Siberian elm, U. pumilavar.arborea but this taxon was ultimately rejected by Green, who sank the tree as a cultivar: "in modern terms, it does not warrant recognition at this rank but is a variant of U. pumila maintained and known only in cultivation, and therefore best treated as a cultivar". Herbarium specimens confirm that trees in cultivation in the 20th century as U. pumilaL. var. arboreaLitv. were no different from 'Pinnato-ramosa'.

<i>Ulmus</i> × <i>hollandica</i> Wentworthii Pendula Elm cultivar

Ulmus × hollandica 'Wentworthii Pendula', commonly known as the Wentworth Elm or Wentworth Weeping Elm, is a cultivar with a distinctive weeping habit that appears to have been introduced to cultivation towards the end of the 19th century. The tree is not mentioned in either Elwes and Henry's or Bean's classic works on British trees. The earliest known references are Dutch and German, the first by de Vos in Handboek tot de praktische kennis der voornaamste boomen (1890). At about the same time, the tree was offered for sale by the Späth nursery of Berlin as Ulmus Wentworthi pendulaHort.. The 'Hort.' in Späth's 1890 catalogue, without his customary label "new", confirms that the tree was by then in nurseries as a horticultural elm. De Vos, writing in 1889, states that the Supplement to Volume 1 includes entries announced since the main volume in 1887, putting the date of introduction between 1887 and 1889.

<i>Ulmus minor</i> Suberosa Elm cultivar

The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Suberosa', commonly known as the Cork-barked elm, is a slow-growing or dwarf form of conspicuously suberose Field Elm. Of disputed status, it is considered a distinct variety by some botanists, among them Henry (1913), Krüssmann (1984), and Bean (1988), and is sometimes cloned and planted as a cultivar. Henry said the tree "appears to be a common variety in the forests of central Europe", Bean noting that it "occurs in dry habitats". By the proposed rule that known or suspected clones of U. minor, once cultivated and named, should be treated as cultivars, the tree would be designated U. minor 'Suberosa'. The Späth nursery of Berlin distributed an U. campestris suberosa alataKirchn. [:'corky-winged'] from the 1890s to the 1930s.

The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Viminalis Betulaefolia' (:'birch-leaved') is an elm tree of uncertain origin. An U. betulaefolia was listed by Loddiges of Hackney, London, in the catalogue of 1836, an U. campestris var. betulaefolia by Loudon in Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum (1838), and an U. betulifoliaBooth by the Lawson nursery of Edinburgh. Henry described an U. campestris var. betulaefolia at Kew in 1913, obtained from Fulham nurseryman Osborne in 1879, as "scarcely different from var. viminalis ". Melville considered the tree so named at Kew a form of his U. × viminalis, while Bean (1988), describing U. 'Betulaefolia', likewise placed it under U. 'Viminalis' as an apparently allied tree. Loudon and Browne had noted that some forms of 'Viminalis' can be mistaken for a variety of birch. An U. campestris betulaefolia was distributed by Hesse's Nurseries, Weener, Germany, in the 1930s.

The elm cultivar Ulmus 'Turkestanica' was first described by Regel as U. turkestanica in Dieck, Hauptcat. Baumschul. Zöschen (1883) and in Gartenflora (1884). Regel himself stressed that "U. turkestanica was only a preliminary name given by me; I regard this as a form of U. suberosa" [:U. minor ]. Litvinov considered U. turkestanicaRegel a variety of his U. densa, adding that its fruits were "like those of U. foliaceaGilibert" [:U. minor].

<i>Ulmus minor</i> Monumentalis Elm cultivar

The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Monumentalis', the tomb elm (Grabmal-Rüster), was raised as a sucker of U. suberosa by Sebastian Rinz, the city gardener of Frankfurt, before 1855 and listed by the Jacob-Makoy nursery of Liège in their 1861 catalogue as Ulmus monumentalisRinz, "a new variety". Kirchner (1864) described it, confirming that it had only recently been propagated by Rinz and established in the nursery. It was distributed from the 1880s by the Baudriller nursery, Angers, and by the Späth nursery, Berlin, as U. campestris monumentalisRinz., appearing separately in their catalogues from U. minor 'Sarniensis', the Guernsey or Wheatley Elm, with which, according to Henry, it was confused on the continent. Krüssmann, for example, gives 'Monumentalis' as a synonym of 'Sarniensis'. 'Sarniensis' is known as monumentaaliep [:monumental elm] in The Netherlands. Springer noted that the Dutch monumentaaliep was "not the actual monumentaaliep but U. glabraMill.var. Wheatleyi Sim. Louis", and that it "should be renamed U. glabraMill. var. monumentalisHort.(non Rinz)". In England, Smith's of Worcester listed Ulmus monumentalis separately from Ulmus 'Wheatley' in the 1880s.

The Wych Elm cultivar Ulmus glabra 'Gigantea' was listed as U. montana var. giganteaHort. by Kirchner (1864). An U. montana gigantea was distributed by the Späth nursery, Berlin, in the 1890s and early 1900s. It did not appear in Späth's 1903 catalogue. A specimen at Kew was judged by Henry to be "not distinct enough to deserve a special name". Both Späth and the Hesse Nursery of Weener, Germany, supplied it in the 1930s.

<i>Ulmus glabra</i> Concavaefolia Elm cultivar

The Wych Elm cultivar Ulmus glabra 'Concavaefolia', a form with up-curling leaves, was listed in Beissner's Handbuch der Laubholz-Benennung (1903) as Ulmus montana cucullataHort. [:'hooded', the leaf], a synonym of the Ulmus scabraMill. [:glabraHuds.] var. concavaefolia of herbarium specimens. An Ulmus campestris cucullata, of uncertain species, had appeared in Loddiges' 1823 list, but Loudon's brief description (1838) of concave- and hooded-leaved elms was insufficient for later botanists to distinguish them. The earliest unambiguous description appears to be that of Petzold and Kirchner in Arboretum Muscaviense (1864).

References

  1. ↑ The name U. minor 'Viminalis' occurs in Hillier, J., and Coombes, A., The Hillier Manual of Trees and Shrubs (Newton Abbot, 2002), p.371
  2. 1 2 3 Loudon, John Claudius (1838). Arboretum et fruticetum Britannicum. Vol. 3. p. 1376.
  3. 1 2 Inman, T. Frederic (1905). "The Elm". Proceedings of the Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. 10: 37. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  4. 1 2 Masters, W. (1831). Hortus Duroverni: Or, A Tabular and Descriptive Catalogue of Perennial Flower Roots, &c. Sold by W. Masters. p. 66. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
  5. 1 2 3 Moss, Charles Edward (1912). "British elms". The Gardeners' Chronicle. 51: 236.
  6. 1 2 Plot, Robert (1677). The natural history of Oxford-shire. pp. 158, 212 (facing).
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Elwes, Henry John; Henry, Augustine (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. 7. p. 1906.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Petzold; Kirchner (1864). Arboretum Muscaviense. p. 551.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Bean, William Jackson (1988). Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain (8 ed.). London: Murray. p. 659.
  10. ↑ Green, Peter Shaw (1964). "Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus". Arnoldia. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. 24 (6–8): 41–80. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  11. ↑ Melville, Ronald (1940). "Contributions to the study of British Elms:- III. The Plot Elm, Ulmus plotii Druce" (PDF). The Journal of Botany. 78: 181–191. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  12. ↑ Boom, B.K. (1959). Nederlandse dendrologie. Vol. 1. p. 158.
  13. 1 2 Wood, John Frederick (1852). "Coppiceana". The Midland Florist and Suburban Horticulturist. London. 6: 365.
  14. ↑ Browne, D. J. (1846). The Trees of America. Harper & Brothers, New York.
  15. ↑ "Herbarium specimen - WAG.1853015". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Sheet described U. campestris var. viminalis(Loud.) (Amsterdam specimen); "Herbarium specimen - WAG.1853012". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Sheet described as U. proceraSalisb. var. viminalis(Loud.) Rehd. (Hortus Leiden specimen); "Herbarium specimen - WAG.1846174". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Sheet described as U. procera 'Viminalis' (Wageningen Arboretum specimen, 1962); "Herbarium specimen - L.1581944". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Formerly Ulmus antarctica (Späth), 1925; "Herbarium specimen - E00405689". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Planted cultivar, Ibrahim Pasha Gardens, Beykoz, Istanbul (1961)
  16. ↑ U. campestris viminalis leaves, Cambridge University Herbarium, labelled 'Herb. J. Lindley, Ph.D., Purchased in 1866'
  17. ↑ [File:Leaf of U. 'Viminalis' from Elwes & Henry.jpg Leaf-drawing of Elwes & Henry's 'type' tree (1913)]
  18. ↑ [File:Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde, page 215.jpg Schneider, Camillo Karl (1906), Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde, p.215, Fig. "o": f. antarctica]
  19. ↑ Hilliers' Manual of Trees & Shrubs. (1977). David & Charles, Newton Abbot, UK.
  20. 1 2 Bean, W. J. (1936) Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 7th edition, Murray, London, vol. 2, p.621
  21. ↑ Trees and Shrubs Catalogue, Hillier & Sons, 1958–1959, p.99
  22. ↑ Jackson, A. Bruce (1927). Catalogue of the Trees & Shrubs [at Westonbirt] in the Collection of the Late Lieut-Col. Sir George Lindsay Holford. London. p. 195.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  23. ↑ Hanham, F. (1857). A Manual for the Park (Royal Victoria Park, Bath). Longman, London.
  24. ↑ rystonhall.co.uk/
  25. ↑ Ryston Hall Arboretum catalogue. c. 1920. pp. 13–14.
  26. ↑ Catalogue of trees & shrubs. T & S 100. Winchester, England: Hillier and sons. 1964. pp. 158–159.
  27. ↑ Hovey & Co., Boston, Mass., Catalogue of ornamental trees & shrubs, evergreens and climbing plants, 1855, p.5
  28. ↑ Ellwanger & Barry, Descriptive Catalogue of Hardy Ornamental Trees ... at the Mount Hope Nurseries (Rochester, N.Y., 1868), p.9
  29. ↑ Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris (France). Collection: Vascular plants (P). Specimen P06882554
  30. ↑ Guilfoyle, W. R. (William Robert), Annual report on the Melbourne Botanic Gardens, Government House grounds and Domain, Melbourne, 1877; p.39
  31. 1 2 Shaw, Phil. "Significant Elms of South-Eastern Australia". advancedtrees.com.au. Retrieved 2017-06-19.
  32. 1 2 "1123 Lydiard Street North, Ballarat". Google Maps. Retrieved 2017-06-19.
  33. ↑ Herbarium specimen of Withdean Park 'Viminalis', Brighton
  34. ↑ "Victorian Heritage Database". vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au. 2008-06-16. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
  35. ↑ benalla.vic.gov.au/Files/BRC_Gardens_DL.pdf
  36. ↑ 'Viminalis' in Benalla Botanic Gardens, trusttrees.org.au
  37. ↑ Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm (2 ed.). 1899. p. 74.
  38. ↑ Dieck, Georg (1887). Haupt-catalog der Obst- und gehölzbaumschulen des ritterguts Zöschen bei Merseburg. Zöschen.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  39. ↑ Loddiges, Conrad (1836). Catalogue. Hackney.
  40. ↑ Botanic Garden Meise, Herbarium specimen BR0000010841105
  41. ↑ Hartwig, Julius; Rümpler, Theodor (1875). Illustrirtes Gehölzbuch. p. 580. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  42. ↑ Wesmael, Alfred (1862). "Bulletin de la Fédération des sociétés d'horticulture de Belgique". p. 389. hdl:2027/hvd.32044103102810 . Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  43. ↑ Audibert, Urbain (1817). Catalogue des végétaux de tous genres cultivés dans les jardins et pépinières du Sieur Audibert. p. 23. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  44. ↑ Lavallée, Alphonse (1877). Arboretum Segrezianum. p. 235.
  45. ↑ Boulger, George (1879). "British elms". The Gardener's Chronicle. 12: 298.
  46. ↑ Beissner, L; Schelle, E; Zabel, H (1903). Handbuch der Laubholz-Benennung. p. 85.
  47. 1 2 Dieck, Georg (1885). Haupt-catalog der Obst- und gehölzbaumschulen des ritterguts Zöschen bei Merseburg. Zöschen. p. 82.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  48. ↑ Dippel (1892). Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde. Vol. 2. p. 30.
  49. ↑ Petzold; Kirchner (1864). Arboretum Muscaviense. p. 553.
  50. ↑ Krüssman, Gerd, Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs (1984 vol. 3)
  51. ↑ Masters, William (1891). "Trees and shrubs for large towns". Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society of London. 13: 90.
  52. ↑ "List of plants in the {elm} collection". Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  53. ↑ Johnson, Owen (ed.) (2003). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland. Whittet Press, ISBN   978-1-873580-61-5.
  54. ↑ "National Trust - Hybrid Elm (Ulmus viminalis)". trusttrees.org.au. Retrieved 2017-06-19.
  55. ↑ Accessions book. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 1902. pp. 45, 47.
  56. ↑ Späth's erroneous clone, data.rbge.org.uk E00824785, E00824787, E00824880
  57. ↑ "Herbarium specimen - E00824880". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Späth's U. campestris viminalis ("not the usual nothomorph"; RBGE tree C2706; 1958); "Herbarium specimen - E00824787". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Späth's U. campestris viminalis ("not the usual nothomorph"; 1902); "Herbarium specimen - E00824785". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Späth's U. campestris viminalis ("not the usual nothomorph"; 1902)
  58. 1 2 Melville's 1958 annotations to the RBGE cultivated herbarium accessions book, tree C2706
  59. ↑ data.rbge.org.uk, specimen E00824785
  60. ↑ "Field elm in Holyrood Palace gardens". Google Maps. June 2015. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
  61. ↑ Saunders, William; Macoun, William Tyrrell (1899). Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm (2 ed.). pp. 74–75.
  62. ↑ Wilkinson, Gerald, After the Elm (London 1978)
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