United Nations Security Council Resolution 1425

UN Security Council ; Resolution 1425
	Botswanan soldier conducting arms raids in Somalia
Date	22 July 2002
Meeting no.	4,580
Code	S/RES/1425 (Document)
Subject	The situation in Somalia
Voting summary	15 voted for; None voted against; None abstained
Result	Adopted
Security Council composition
Permanent members	China ; France ; Russia ; United Kingdom ; United States ;
Non-permanent members	Bulgaria ; Cameroon ; Colombia ; Guinea ; Ireland ; Mauritius ; Mexico ; Norway ; Singapore ; Syria ;

Last updated April 01, 2019

United Nations Security Council resolution 1425, adopted unanimously on 22 July 2002, after recalling resolutions on the situation in Somalia, particularly resolutions 733 (1992) and 1407 (2002), the Council established a panel of experts to investigate violations of the arms embargo against the country.^[1]

A United Nations Security Council resolution is a UN resolution adopted by the fifteen members of the Security Council; the UN body charged with "primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security".

Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya; Arabic: جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية‎, translit. Jumhūrīyah aṣ-Ṣūmāl al-Fīdirālīyah, is a country with its territory located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti and Somaliland to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Guardafui Channel and Somali Sea to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. It is separated from Socotra by the Guardafui Channel in the northeast and from the Seychelles by the Somali Sea. Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland, and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. Climatically, hot conditions prevail year-round, with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall.

United Nations Security Council resolution 733, adopted unanimously on 23 January 1992, after expressing its alarm at the situation in Somalia regarding the heavy loss of life, destruction to property and threat to regional stability, the Council, acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, decided to place a "general and complete" arms embargo on the country for the purposes of establishing peace and stability. The situation was brought to the attention of the Security Council by the Somali government.

The Security Council President said that the adoption of the resolution was aimed at hindering arms flows into the country, particularly as a recent United Nations report found that weapons had entered Somalia from neighbouring countries and others including Iran, Latvia, Libya, Poland, the United Arab Emirates and United States.^[2]

The President of the United Nations Security Council is the presiding officer of that body. The President is the head of the delegation from the United Nations Security Council member state that holds the rotating presidency.

Iran, also called Persia and officially known as the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a country in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th most populous country. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km² (636,372 sq mi), it is the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center.

Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad to the south, Niger to the southwest, Algeria to the west, and Tunisia to the northwest. The sovereign state is made of three historical regions: Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica. With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometres (700,000 sq mi), Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, and is the 16th largest country in the world. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world. The largest city and capital, Tripoli, is located in western Libya and contains over one million of Libya's six million people. The second-largest city is Benghazi, which is located in eastern Libya.

Resolution

Observations

The Security Council expressed concern at continued trafficking of arms and ammunition to Somalia from other countries which undermined peace, security and political and national reconciliation efforts in the country. It reiterated its call on all states to comply with the arms embargo and to refrain from interfering in the internal affairs of Somalia. At the same time, the role of frontline states (Djibouti, Ethiopia and Kenya) in bringing a durable peace to the country was emphasised.

Arms trafficking, also known as gunrunning, is the trafficking of contraband weapons and ammunition. What constitutes legal trade in firearms varies widely, depending on local and national laws.

Ammunition is the material fired, scattered, dropped or detonated from any weapon. Ammunition is both expendable weapons and the component parts of other weapons that create the effect on a target. Nearly all mechanical weapons require some form of ammunition to operate.

Djibouti is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. The remainder of the border is formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at the east. Djibouti occupies a total area of 23,200 km² (8,958 sq mi).

Acts

Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council stressed that the arms embargo prohibited the financing or delivering of weapons and military advice to Somalia. The Secretary-General Kofi Annan was requested to establish a panel of three experts based in Nairobi for six months to investigate violations of the arms embargo by land, air and sea; detail information related to the violations and to enforcement of the embargo; carry out field research in Somalia and other countries; assess the capacity of states in the region to fully implement the arms embargo, including by review of national customs and border control; and to recommend steps to strengthen its enforcement.^[3] Furthermore, the panel was required to have access to expertise in areas of civil aviation, maritime transport, regional affairs and knowledge of the country.^[4]

Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter sets out the UN Security Council's powers to maintain peace. It allows the Council to "determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression" and to take military and nonmilitary action to "restore international peace and security".

Kofi Atta Annan was a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1997 to December 2006. Annan and the UN were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize. He was the founder and chairman of the Kofi Annan Foundation, as well as chairman of The Elders, an international organization founded by Nelson Mandela.

Nairobi is the capital and the largest city of Kenya. The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi, which translates to "cool water", a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city. The city proper had a population of 3,138,369 in the 2009 census, while the metropolitan area has a population of 6,547,547. The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun.

The resolution requested the full co-operation of neighbouring states, the Transitional National Government (TNG) in Somalia and other entities or individuals by providing unhindered access to information for the expert panel and for states to provide information on violations of the arms embargo; instances of non-compliance were to be reported to the Council. The panel was instructed to report to the Security Council by November 2002 and at the end of its mandated period.^[4] The report would be considered and further action taken if necessary to improve the effectiveness of the embargo. Meanwhile, the Secretary-General was requested to report on peace-building initiatives, technical assistance and co-operation and measures countries had taken to implement the arms embargo by 31 October 2002.

In international law, a mandate is a binding obligation issued from an inter-governmental organization to a country which is bound to follow the instructions of the organization.

Finally, the Council concluded by calling for contributions from the international community to the United Nations Trust Fund for Peace-Building in Somalia and United Nations activities.

The international community is a phrase used in geopolitics and international relations to refer to a broad group of people and governments of the world. It does not refer literally to all nations or states in the world. The term is typically used to imply the existence of a common point of view towards such matters as specific issues of human rights. Activists, politicians and commentators often use the term in calling for action to be taken; e.g., action against what is in their opinion political repression in a target country.

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References

↑ "Security Council recommends expert panel to study violations of Somalia arms embargo". United Nations. 22 July 2002.
↑ "Factional fighting erupts in Somalia". BBC News. 23 July 2002.
↑ Lamb, G. (2007). "Beyond 'Shadow-Boxing' and 'Lip Service': The enforcement of arms embargoes in Africa". Occasional Paper 135. Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria.
1 2 "Security Council proposes panel to look into violations of Somalia arms embargo". United Nations News Centre. 22 July 2002.

External links

Text of the Resolution at undocs.org

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[1] "Security Council recommends expert panel to study violations of Somalia arms embargo". United Nations. 22 July 2002.

[2] "Factional fighting erupts in Somalia". BBC News. 23 July 2002.

[3] Lamb, G. (2007). "Beyond 'Shadow-Boxing' and 'Lip Service': The enforcement of arms embargoes in Africa". Occasional Paper 135. Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria.

[unnc-4] 1 2 "Security Council proposes panel to look into violations of Somalia arms embargo". United Nations News Centre. 22 July 2002.