Universal basic income in Germany (German : Grundeinkommen) has been discussed since the 1970s, with emphasis placed on its unconditional dimension by 2003. [1] The universal basic income concept has many definitions, such as Philippe Van Parijs', which described it as the income paid by the government, at a uniform level and regular intervals to each adult citizen and permanent residents of the country. [2] The Basic Income Earth Network's criteria constitute one of the most popular proposals and they include: 1) income must be paid to individuals instead of households; 2) income should be paid irrespective of income from other sources; and, 3) it must be paid without requiring performance of any work. [1]
The debate about basic income in West Germany began gathering steam in the 1980s, when groups of unemployed people became interested and took a stance for the reform. [3] When Basic Income European Network was founded (today Basic Income Earth Network) in 1986, there was a German sociologist among the founders, Claus Offe, who since then has been active in the academic debate.
In 2004 the Netzwerk Grundeinkommen is founded. The Hartz-reforms introduced by the Cabinet of Gerhard Shröder in 2003–2005 triggers the basic income debate quite a lot, even though the reforms themselves are widely seen as very anti-basic income. [4] A few years later, 2009, Susanne Wiest, a home wife, made a presentation in the German Parliament about the basic income petition she had initiated and which got support from 52.973 people. The next year there were several basic income-demonstrations, the biggest in Berlin. By 2011, the Pirate Party proposed basic income on the state parliament and after a two-hour-long debate it was decided that they shall work for basic income along with minimum wages. [5] In 2012 there was a meeting between Susanne Wiest and Angela Merkel to discuss basic income. The meeting took place under the democracy project "Dialog über Deutschland". In Germany on Sunday, 25 September, a new political party was founded, Bündnis Grundeinkommen ("Basic Income League", called "BGE Partei" for short). [6] The league was admitted for state elections for the first time in federal state Saarland in January 2017 and in April 2017 for the state elections in federal state Nordrhein-Westfalen. Bündnis Grundeinkommen was admitted for the German federal election 2017. [7] [8]
Presently, there is a two-tier unemployment compensation system in Germany, which consists of a form of UBI and basic income ALG II with strict behavioral requirements for the unemployed. [9] For instance, active cooperation is a major condition for access. While the system does not satisfy the criteria of Basic Income Earth Network and other reform proponents, the generosity of basic income transfers in the country is considered high by international standards, especially for claimants who have children. [9]
In July 2022, representative polling of over 1,000 adults in Germany conducted by YouGov was published that suggested that 55% of adults in Germany would support a universal basic income in the country. [10]
In August 2023, Mein Grundeinkommen calculated that a tax-financed universal basic income of €1,200 per month could be financed for every adult in Germany that would make 80% of adults better off. [11]
Well-known parties calling for the introduction of a basic income across Germany are the Pirate Party Germany, [12] [13] Die PARTEI, [14] and the Basic Income Alliance. [15] Some of the most well-known (individual) proponents of basic income in recent decades include the following:
Alliance 90/The Greens, often simply referred to as the Greens, is a green political party in Germany. It was formed in 1993 by the merger of The Greens and Alliance 90. The Greens had itself merged with the East German Green Party after German reunification in 1990.
The Human Environment Animal Protection Party is a political party in Germany, founded in 1993. In 2014, one of the party's candidates was elected to the European Parliament, and one candidate was elected again in 2019. The party's only EU representative resigned from the party in February 2020 and since this date the party has had no members in the European Parliament. The party has never had any members in any of the German state parliaments, nor has it ever had any members of the Bundestag.
Philippe Van Parijs is a Belgian political philosopher and political economist, best known as a proponent and main defender of the concept of an unconditional basic income and for the first systematic treatment of linguistic justice.
Die Partei für Arbeit, Rechtsstaat, Tierschutz, Elitenförderung und basisdemokratische Initiative, or Die PARTEI, is a German political party. It was founded in 2004 by the editors of the German satirical magazine Titanic. It is led by Martin Sonneborn. In the 2014 European Parliament election, the party won a seat, marking the first time that a satirical party has won a seat to the European Parliament. With the 2019 European Parliament election, the party gained a second seat, held by Nico Semsrott.
Claus Offe is a political sociologist of Marxist orientation. He received his PhD from the University of Frankfurt and his Habilitation at the University of Konstanz. In Germany, he has held chairs for Political Science and Political Sociology at the Universities of Bielefeld (1975–1989) and Bremen (1989–1995), as well as at the Humboldt-University of Berlin (1995–2005). He has worked as fellow and visiting professor at the Institutes for Advanced Study in Stanford, Princeton, and the Australian National University as well as Harvard University, the University of California at Berkeley and The New School University, New York. Once a student of Jürgen Habermas, the left-leaning German academic is counted among the second generation Frankfurt School. He currently teaches political sociology at a private university in Berlin, the Hertie School of Governance.
The Socialist Equality Party is a minor Trotskyist political party in Germany.
The Pirate Party Germany, commonly known as Pirates, is a political party in Germany founded in September 2006 at c-base. It states general agreement with the Swedish Piratpartiet as a party of the information society; it is part of the international movement of pirate parties and a member of the Pirate Parties International.
Universal basic income (UBI) is a social welfare proposal in which all citizens of a given population regularly receive a minimum income in the form of an unconditional transfer payment, i.e., without a means test or need to work. In contrast a guaranteed minimum income is paid only to those who do not already receive an income that is enough to live on. A UBI would be received independently of any other income. If the level is sufficient to meet a person's basic needs, it is sometimes called a full basic income; if it is less than that amount, it may be called a partial basic income. As of 2024, no country has implemented a full UBI system, but two countries—Mongolia and Iran—have had a partial UBI in the past. There have been numerous pilot projects, and the idea is discussed in many countries. Some have labelled UBI as utopian due to its historical origin.
Universal basic income is a subject of much interest in the United Kingdom. There is a long history of discussion yet it has not been implemented to date. Interest in and support for universal basic income has increased substantially amongst the public and politicians in recent years.
Bergpartei, die ÜberPartei, stylized as bergpartei, die überpartei and shortened as B*, is an anarchist, dadaist party in Germany.
Susanne Wiest is a German activist for the unconditional basic income.
Universal basic income refers to a social welfare system where all citizens or residents of a country receive an unconditional lump sum income, meaning an income that is not based on need. The proposal has been debated in a number of countries in recent years, including Japan.
Universal basic income has been debated in the Nordic countries since the 1970s. It has mostly been seen as a radical and utopian proposal and not taken seriously by the big political parties. However, 1 January 2017 to 1 January 2019 Finland conducted a basic income pilot which got international attention. There are also some political parties and some politicians and journalists in all Nordic countries who are pushing for the idea of a guaranteed income. The Green parties for example, are generally interested in universal basic income, as well as the Pirate parties.
Universal basic income (UBI) is discussed in many countries. This article summarizes the national and regional debates, where it takes place, and is a complement to the main article on the subject: universal basic income.
V-Partei3, known officially as V-Partei³ – Party for Change, Vegetarians and Vegans, is a German political party that was founded in April 2016 in Munich, Bavaria. The principal focus of the party is animal rights and environmentalism. It is the sole political party in Germany devoted to encouraging the adoption of a plant-based diet. The party took part in the North Rhine-Westphalia state elections in 2017, and received 10,013 votes or 0.12% of the vote, far below the 5% threshold required to enter the State Landtag. Notable members of the party were actress Barbara Rütting and Axel Ritt, guitarist of the band Grave Digger, who joined in May 2017.
The Party of Humanists is a minor political party in Germany that first participated in the 2017 federal election.
Die Urbane. Eine HipHop Partei is a German political party founded in Berlin in February 2017 which locate themselves within the hip hop culture. The main goals of the party include first and foremost social justice; their self-proclaimed goal is to achieve equality among all citizens. In this context, the party supports the introduction of a universal basic income.
The Basic Income Alliance is a German single-issue political party that advocates for an unconditional basic income. It was founded in September 2016 in Munich. The Basic Income Alliance gained 97,539 votes at the German federal election 2017 and reached 0.2%.
Mein Grundeinkommen is a German non-profit registered association that is committed to spreading the idea of unconditional basic income in Germany and researching it.