Vibrio coralliilyticus

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Vibrio coralliilyticus
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species:
V. coralliilyticus
Binomial name
Vibrio coralliilyticus
Pollock et al., 2010

Vibrio coralliilyticus is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. [1] It has a polar flagellum that is used for motility and has been shown to be critical for its virulence to corals. [2] It is a versatile pathogen, impacting several marine invertebrates including Pocillopora damicornis corals (hence its name), both the Pacific and Eastern Oyster’s larvae ( Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea virginica) [3] [4] and some vertebrates such as the rainbow trout. [5] It is a bacterium of considerable interest given its direct contribution to temperature dependent coral bleaching [6] as well as its impacts on aquaculture where it can contribute to significant mortalities in larval oyster hatcheries. [7] There are several known virulent strains, which appear on both the Pacific and Atlantic Coasts of the United States. [4] After its initial discovery some strains were incorrectly classified as Vibrio tubiashii including the RE22 and RE98 strains but were later reclassified as Vibrio coralliilyticus. [3] [7]

Contents

Pathogenicity and virulence factors

Vibrio coralliilyticus is a causative agent of both bacterially induced coral bleaching and larval oyster mortality. [4] In corals this bleaching is the result of the death of endosymbiont colonies which is mediated by V. coralliilyticus disabling Photosystem II and in some cases causing cell lysis. [4] This also seems to be exacerbated by increased virulence as a result of increasing ocean temperatures. [6] In oyster larvae an outbreak of V. coralliilyticus in a hatchery can result in mortality of up to 80%, greatly reducing hatchery production for that season leading to significant economic loss. [7] In oysters the pathogen can cause deformities of the cilia as well as disfigurements of the velum, and eventually death [4] .V. coralliilyticus also kills bacterial cells as well utilizing a Type VI secretion system to kill competitors, even out competing Vibrio cholerae cells in a bacterial killing assay. [8] V. coralliilyticus possesses a host of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenicity. It has been found to utilize several proteases, secretion systems, hemolysins, resistance factors, and quorum sensing. [4] [9] Some of the known proteases, zinc-metalloproteases, cause the previously mentioned inactivation of Photosystem II in coral photosynthetic endosymbionts ( Symbiodinium ) [10] leading to coral beaching. Known secretion systems include Type III, Type IV [4] [11] and Type VI. [8] Spinard et. al made note of several metalloprotease and hemolysin genes in the draft genome sequence published in 2015, several of which resembled proteins of known function found in a related pathogen, Vibrio anguillarum . [11]

Treatments

Vibrio coralliilyticus has been studied quite extensively since its discovery and as such, several potential treatments for infected organisms have been proposed. In a publication by Zhao et. al in 2018 use of a probiotic organism, Phaobacter inhibens strain S4, was proposed as a potential solution to V. coralliilyticus infection in larval oysters. The S4 strain was able to inhibit production of proteases by the Vibrios and slow their growth using antibiotic compounds as well. [3]  Another proposed solution, directed towards coral pathogenicity, is the use of phage therapy to prevent the spread of the bacteria to neighboring corals. [12]

Related Research Articles

<i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> Species of pathogenic bacterium found in water

Vibrio vulnificus is a species of Gram-negative, motile, curved rod-shaped (bacillus), pathogenic bacteria of the genus Vibrio. Present in marine environments such as estuaries, brackish ponds, or coastal areas, V. vulnificus is related to V. cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. At least one strain of V. vulnificus is bioluminescent.

Vibrionaceae Family of bacteria

The Vibrionaceae are a family of Pseudomonadota given their own order, Vibrionales. Inhabitants of fresh or salt water, several species are pathogenic, including the type species Vibrio cholerae, which is the agent responsible for cholera. Most bioluminescent bacteria belong to this family, and are typically found as symbionts of deep-sea animals.

Vibrio fluvialis is a water-borne bacterium first isolated from patients with severe diarrhoea in Bahrain in the 1970s by A. L. Furniss and his colleagues, and is considered to be an emerging pathogen with the potential to have a significant impact on public health. Upon discovery, this organism was considered to be similar to both Vibrio and Aeromonas species, but was ultimately determined to be more closely related to Vibrio. V. fluvialis can be found in salt waters globally and also has the potential to infect both humans and a variety of crustaceans.

Serratia symbiotica is a species of bacteria that lives as a symbiont of aphids. In the aphid Cinara cedri, it coexists with Buchnera aphidicola, given the latter cannot produce tryptophan. It is also known to habitate in Aphis fabae. Together with other endosymbionts, it provides aphids protection against parasitoids.

Regiella insecticola is a species of bacteria, that lives as a symbiont of aphids. It shows a relationship with Photorhabdus species, together with Hamiltonella defensa. Together with other endosymbionts, it provides aphids protection against parasitoids.

Rickettsia peacockii is a species of gram negative Alphaproteobacteria of the spotted fever group, identified from Rocky Mountain wood ticks. Its type strain is SkalkahoT. The organism is passed transstadially and transovarially, and infections are localized in ovarial tissues.

Leptospirillum ferriphilum is an iron-oxidising bacterium. It is one of the species responsible for the generation of acid mine drainage. It is of particular relevance in South African commercial biooxidation tanks operating at 40 °C.

Bradyrhizobium canariense is a species of legume-root nodulating, endosymbiont nitrogen-fixing bacterium. It is acid-tolerant and nodulates endemic genistoid legumes from the Canary Islands. The type strain is BTA-1T.

Pectobacterium betavasculorum is a plant pathogenic bacterium that infects beets. It can cause significant losses during sugar beet production and storage. Little is known about the epidemiology of this disease. Its type strain is CFBP 2122T.

Pectobacterium wasabiae is a plant pathogenic bacterium that was first reported to cause disease on wasabi plants. A closely related species, yet to be formally named, also causes disease on potato. Unlike most Pectobacterium, P. wasabiae strains lack a type III secretion system. Its type strain is CFBP 3304T(=LMG 8404T =NCPPB 3701T =ICMP 9121T).

Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense is a species of legume-root nodulating, endosymbiont nitrogen-fixing bacterium, associated with Lespedeza and Vigna species. Its type strain is CCBAU 10071(T).

Bradyrhizobium iriomotense is a species of legume-root nodulating, endosymbiont nitrogen-fixing bacterium, first isolated from Entada koshunensis. The type strain is EK05T.

Pelobacter carbinolicus is a species of bacteria that ferments 2,3-butanediol and acetoin. It is Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic and non-spore-forming. Gra Bd 1 is the type strain. Its genome has been sequenced.

Helicobacter canadensis is a bacterium in the Helicobacteraceae family, Campylobacterales order, first isolated from humans with diarrhea. Its genome has been sequenced.

Vibrio pectenicida is a pathogenic bacterium which attacks larvae of the scallop Pecten maximus. This bacterium does not use glucose or fructose as its carbon sources, but instead uses rhamnose and betaine. A365 is the type strain.

Sodalis is a genus of bacteria within the family Pectobacteriaceae. This genus contains several insect endosymbionts and also free-living group. It is studied due to its potential use in biological control of tsetse fly. Sodalis is important model for evolutionary biologists because of its nascent endosymbiosis with insect.

Chloroflexus aggregans is a thermophilic, filamentous, phototrophic bacterium that forms dense cell aggregates. Its type strain is strain MD-66.

Bioluminescent bacteria

Bioluminescent bacteria are light-producing bacteria that are predominantly present in sea water, marine sediments, the surface of decomposing fish and in the gut of marine animals. While not as common, bacterial bioluminescence is also found in terrestrial and freshwater bacteria. These bacteria may be free living or in symbiosis with animals such as the Hawaiian Bobtail squid or terrestrial nematodes. The host organisms provide these bacteria a safe home and sufficient nutrition. In exchange, the hosts use the light produced by the bacteria for camouflage, prey and/or mate attraction. Bioluminescent bacteria have evolved symbiotic relationships with other organisms in which both participants benefit close to equally. Another possible reason bacteria use luminescence reaction is for quorum sensing, an ability to regulate gene expression in response to bacterial cell density.

Proteobiotics are natural metabolites which are produced by fermentation process of specific probiotic strains. These small oligopeptides were originally discovered in and isolated from culture media used to grow probiotic bacteria and may account for some of the health benefits of probiotics.

Vibrio tubiashii is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped (0.5 um-1.5 um) marine bacterium that uses a single polar flagellum for motility. It has been implicated in several diseases of marine organisms.

References

  1. ↑ Pollock, F. Joseph; Wilson, Bryan; Johnson, Wesley R.; Morris, Pamela J.; Willis, Bette L.; Bourne, David G. (2010). "Phylogeny of the coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus". Environmental Microbiology Reports. 2 (1): 172–178. doi:10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00131.x. ISSN   1758-2229. PMID   23766013.
  2. ↑ Meron, Dalit; Efrony, Rotem; Johnson, Wesley R.; Schaefer, Amy L.; Morris, Pamela J.; Rosenberg, Eugene; Greenberg, E. Peter; Banin, Ehud (2009-09-01). "Role of Flagella in Virulence of the Coral Pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 75 (17): 5704–5707. doi:10.1128/AEM.00198-09. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   2737915 . PMID   19592536.
  3. 1 2 3 Zhao, Wenjing; Yuan, Tao; Piva, Christine; Spinard, Edward J.; Schuttert, Christian W.; Rowley, David C.; Nelson, David R. (2018-11-02). Stabb, Eric V. (ed.). "The Probiotic Bacterium Phaeobacter inhibens Downregulates Virulence Factor Transcription in the Shellfish Pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus by N -Acyl Homoserine Lactone Production". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 85 (2): e01545–18, /aem/85/2/AEM.01545–18.atom. doi:10.1128/AEM.01545-18. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   6328781 . PMID   30389771.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ushijima, Blake; Richards, Gary P.; Watson, Michael A.; Schubiger, Carla B.; Häse, Claudia C. (2018-06-19). Fernández Robledo, José A. (ed.). "Factors affecting infection of corals and larval oysters by Vibrio coralliilyticus". PLOS ONE. 13 (6): e0199475. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199475 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   6007914 . PMID   29920567.
  5. ↑ Austin, Brian; Austin, Dawn; Sutherland, Rowan; Thompson, Fabiano; Swings, Jean (2005). "Pathogenicity of vibrios to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) and Artemia nauplii". Environmental Microbiology. 7 (9): 1488–1495. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00847.x. ISSN   1462-2912. PMID   16104871.
  6. 1 2 Ben-Haim, Yael; Zicherman-Keren, Maya; Rosenberg, Eugene (2003). "Temperature-Regulated Bleaching and Lysis of the Coral Pocillopora damicornis by the Novel Pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69 (7): 4236–4242. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.7.4236-4242.2003. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   165124 . PMID   12839805.
  7. 1 2 3 Richards, Gary P.; Watson, Michael A.; Needleman, David S.; Church, Karlee M.; Häse, Claudia C. (2015-01-01). Griffiths, M. W. (ed.). "Mortalities of Eastern and Pacific Oyster Larvae Caused by the Pathogens Vibrio coralliilyticus and Vibrio tubiashii". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 81 (1): 292–297. doi:10.1128/AEM.02930-14. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   4272748 . PMID   25344234.
  8. 1 2 Guillemette, Ryan; Ushijima, Blake; Jalan, Mihika; Häse, Claudia C.; Azam, Farooq (2020-01-28). Das, Surajit (ed.). "Insight into the resilience and susceptibility of marine bacteria to T6SS attack by Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio coralliilyticus". PLOS ONE. 15 (1): e0227864. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227864 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   6986712 . PMID   31990915.
  9. ↑ de O Santos, Eidy; Alves, Nelson; Dias, Graciela M; Mazotto, Ana Maria; Vermelho, Alane; Vora, Gary J; Wilson, Bryan; Beltran, Victor H; Bourne, David G; Le Roux, Frédérique; Thompson, Fabiano L (2011). "Genomic and proteomic analyses of the coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus reveal a diverse virulence repertoire". The ISME Journal. 5 (9): 1471–1483. doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.19. ISSN   1751-7362. PMC   3160677 . PMID   21451583.
  10. ↑ Sussman, Meir; Mieog, Jos C.; Doyle, Jason; Victor, Steven; Willis, Bette L.; Bourne, David G. (2009-02-19). Bruno, John F. (ed.). "Vibrio Zinc-Metalloprotease Causes Photoinactivation of Coral Endosymbionts and Coral Tissue Lesions". PLOS ONE. 4 (2): e4511. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004511 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   2637982 . PMID   19225559.
  11. 1 2 Spinard, Edward; Kessner, Linda; Gomez-Chiarri, Marta; Rowley, David C.; Nelson, David R. (2015-12-31). "Draft Genome Sequence of the Marine Pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus RE22". Genome Announcements. 3 (6): e01432–15, /ga/3/6/e01432–15.atom. doi:10.1128/genomeA.01432-15. ISSN   2169-8287. PMC   4669407 . PMID   26634766.
  12. ↑ Cohen, Yossi; Joseph Pollock, F.; Rosenberg, Eugene; Bourne, David G. (2013). "Phage therapy treatment of the coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus". MicrobiologyOpen. 2 (1): 64–74. doi:10.1002/mbo3.52. PMC   3584214 . PMID   23239510.

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