Ethnicity
The Vietnamese community is not a homogenous one, because one quarter of Vietnamese migrants in Berlin and Germany are Hoa (a Chinese minority in Vietnam). The rest mostly consist of Hmong and Kinh.[ citation needed ]
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Berlin Lichtenberg, Mitte, Marzahn-Hellersdorf, Wedding, Moabit, Neukölln | |
| Languages | |
| German · Vietnamese | |
| Religion | |
| predominantly Buddhism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Vietnamese people in Germany |
Vietnamese people are Berlin's largest South East Asian community, comprising 1.16% of the total population. Areas and localities with significant populations are mostly in the former East Berlin, for instance, Lichtenberg, where people of Vietnamese origin make up 11.8% of the population. [3] Other areas with large numbers of Vietnamese are Mitte, Marzahn-Hellersdorf, and Neukölln.
As of 2014 the German Federal Foreign Office estimated that Berlin had 20,000 Vietnamese people, the largest group of East Asians in Germany. Many Vietnamese operate Spätkauf (late night convenience stores in Berlin), flower shops, and restaurants in the city. [4]
In the 1980s, Vietnamese immigrants came to East Berlin as temporary contract workers (Vertragsarbeiter), [5] as part of a deal between the East German government and the Communist government of Vietnam. [4] South Vietnamese who fled the Vietnam War instead came to West Berlin. [6]
Many Vietnamese remained in Berlin even though they lost their legal residence statuses and jobs after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. [6] The residence permits of other Vietnamese only permitted them to live in East Germany, even after reunification. [5] In the 1990s many Vietnamese who lived in the now-unified Berlin began establishing small businesses. [4] Vietnamese who lived in other parts of former East Germany, such as Chemnitz, Leipzig, and Rostock, moved to Berlin after the fall of the Berlin Wall. [6]
As of 2014 many Vietnamese live in Lichtenberg, Marzahn, and other neighborhoods which had housing for Vietnamese contract workers during the East German era. [4]
The Vietnamese community is not a homogenous one, because one quarter of Vietnamese migrants in Berlin and Germany are Hoa (a Chinese minority in Vietnam). The rest mostly consist of Hmong and Kinh.[ citation needed ]
Dong Xuan Market in Lichtenberg is the centre of Vietnamese economic activity in the city. [4]
The first major Vietnamese restaurant to offer Pho in Berlin was Monsieur Vuong; after its opening more Germans began patronizing Vietnamese restaurants. Prior to Monsieur Vuong's opening, Berlin restaurants operated by Vietnamese had fusion cuisine with Thai influences. [4]
A casino is a facility for certain types of gambling. Casinos are often built near or combined with hotels, resorts, restaurants, retail shops, cruise ships, and other tourist attractions. Some casinos are also known for hosting live entertainment, such as stand-up comedy, concerts, and sports.
Ho Chi Minh City, commonly referred to by its former name Saigon, is the most populous city in Vietnam, with a population of around 10 million in 2023. The city's geography is defined by rivers and canals, of which the eponymously-named Saigon River is the largest. As a municipality, Ho Chi Minh City consists of 16 urban districts, five rural districts, and one municipal city (sub-city). As the largest financial centre in Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City has the highest gross regional domestic product out of all Vietnam provinces and municipalities, contributing around a quarter of the country's total GDP. Ho Chi Minh City's metropolitan area is ASEAN's 6th largest economy, also the biggest outside an ASEAN country capital.
Vietnamese Americans are Americans of Vietnamese ancestry. They comprise approximately half of all overseas Vietnamese and are the fourth-largest Asian American ethnic group following Chinese Americans, Indian Americans, and Filipino Americans. There are approximately 2.3 million people of Vietnamese descent residing in the U.S. as of 2023.
Marzahn-Hellersdorf is the tenth borough of Berlin, formed in 2001 by merging the former boroughs of Marzahn and Hellersdorf.
Lichtenberg is the eleventh borough of Berlin, Germany. In Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it absorbed the former borough of Hohenschönhausen.
Little Saigon is a name given to ethnic enclaves of expatriate Vietnamese mainly in English-speaking countries. Alternate names include Little Vietnam and Little Hanoi, depending on the enclave's political history. To avoid political undertones due to the renaming of Saigon to Ho Chi Minh City, it is occasionally called by the neutral name Vietnamtown. Saigon is the former name of the capital of the former South Vietnam, where a large number of first-generation Vietnamese immigrants emigrating to the United States originate from, whereas Hanoi is the current capital of Vietnam.
Phở or Pho is a Vietnamese soup dish consisting of broth, rice noodles, herbs, and meat, sometimes chicken. Phở is a popular food in Vietnam where it is served in households, street-stalls, and restaurants country-wide. Residents of the city of Nam Định were the first to create Vietnamese traditional phở. It is considered Vietnam's national dish, and is said to be influenced by Cantonese and French cultures.
Overseas Vietnamese are Vietnamese people who live outside Vietnam. There are approximately 5 million overseas Vietnamese, the largest community of whom live in the United States.
Gastarbeiter are foreign or migrant workers, particularly those who had moved to West Germany between 1955 and 1973, seeking work as part of a formal guest worker program. As a result, guestworkers are generally considered temporary migrants because their residency in the country of immigration is not yet determined to be permanent. Other countries had similar programs: in the Netherlands and Belgium it was called the gastarbeider program; in Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland it was called arbetskraftsinvandring (workforce-immigration); and in East Germany such workers were called Vertragsarbeiter. The term that was used during the Nazi era was Fremdarbeiter. However, the latter term had negative connotations, and was no longer used after World War II.
Marzahn is a locality within the borough of Marzahn-Hellersdorf in Berlin. Berlin's 2001 administrative reform led to the former boroughs of Marzahn and Hellersdorf fusing into a single new borough. In the north the Marzahn locality includes the neighbourhoods of Bürknersfelde and Ahrensfelde, an overbuilt strip of land which once had belonged to the Brandenburg municipality of Ahrensfelde and was incorporated into Berlin in 1990.
Berlin is both a city and one of Germany's federated states. Since the 2001 administrative reform, it has been made up of twelve districts, each with its own administrative body. However, unlike the municipalities and counties of other German states, the Berlin districts are not territorial corporations of public law with autonomous competencies and property, but simple administrative agencies of Berlin's state and city government, the City of Berlin forming a single municipality since the Greater Berlin Act of 1920. Thus they cannot be equated to US or UK boroughs in the traditional meaning of the term.
Vietnamese people in Germany form one of the country's largest groups of resident foreigners from Asia. Federal Statistical Office figures show 103,260 Vietnamese nationals residing in Germany at the end of 2020, which is the fourth largest community from Asia excluding transcontinental, Caucusus and Middle Eastern states. Not included in those figures are individuals of Vietnamese origin or descent who have been naturalised as German citizens. Other data from 2020 shows 183,000 people of Vietnamese descent, of which 117,000 have a migration background.
Lichtenberg is a quarter (Ortsteil) of Berlin in the homonymous borough (Bezirk) of Lichtenberg. Until 2001 it was an autonomous district with the localities of Fennpfuhl, Rummelsburg, Friedrichsfelde and Karlshorst.
Fennpfuhl is a German locality (Ortsteil) in the borough (Bezirk) of Lichtenberg, Berlin. With a population of 30,932 (2008) in an area of 2.12 km2 (0.82 sq mi), it is the second most densely populated locality in Berlin (14,591/km²) after Friedenau.
Biesdorf is a locality (Ortsteil) within the Berlin borough (Bezirk) of Marzahn-Hellersdorf. Until 2001 it was part of the former borough of Marzahn.
Friedrichsfelde is a German locality (Ortsteil) within the borough (Bezirk) of Lichtenberg, Berlin.
The Wriezen Railway is a line in the northeast of the German states of Berlin and Brandenburg. It runs from Berlin to Werneuchen and formerly extended via Wriezen to Jädickendorf. Its terminus in Berlin from 1903 to 1949 was the Wriezener Bahnhof. The predominantly single-track line has operated only between Berlin-Lichtenberg station and Werneuchen since December 2006.
Berlin is recognized as a world city of culture and creative industries. Numerous cultural institutions, many of which enjoy international reputation are representing the diverse heritage of the city. Many young people, cultural entrepreneurs and international artists continue to settle in the city. Berlin has established itself as a popular nightlife and entertainment center in Europe.
This is a timeline of Vietnamese history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Vietnam and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Vietnam.
Immigration to Vietnam is the process by which people migrate to become Vietnamese residents. After the declaration of independence in 1945, immigration laws were modified to give the central government some control over immigrant workers arriving from nearby South Asian countries such as China, Cambodia, Laos, the Philippines, and Thailand. The Vietnam Immigration Department recently relaxed the strict controls on immigrant workers under Decree 21/2001/ND-CP, 34/2008/NĐ-CP and 46/2011/NĐ-CP.
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