Vincent Racaniello

Last updated
Vincent R. Racaniello
Vracaniello-150x150.jpg
Born (1953-01-02) January 2, 1953 (age 70)
Paterson, New Jersey
Alma mater Cornell University (B.A.) (1974)
Mount Sinai Medical Center (Ph.D) (1980)
MIT (Post-doctoral)
Known for CD155 (poliovirus receptor, PVR)
Scientific career
Fields Microbiology
Immunology
Virology
Institutions Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons

Vincent R. Racaniello (born January 2, 1953) is a Higgins Professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons. [1] He is a co-author of a textbook on virology, Principles of Virology. [2] [3]

Contents

Racaniello has received the Irma T. Hirschl, Searle Scholars, Eli Lilly, Julius Youngner and NIH Merit awards. He has also been a Harvey Society Lecturer at Rockefeller University, the Hilleman Lecturer at the University of Chicago, and university lecturer at Columbia University. Spring of 2022, ETH Zurich awarded Racaniello the Richard R. Ernst award and lecture for his scientific communication work. [4] He was also the keynote speaker for the American Society for Virology, at its 2018 meeting. [5] Racaniello has served on the editorial boards of scientific journals, including the Journal of Virology , [6] and is a community editor for the open access journal PLOS Pathogens . [7] He also served as the 2015 president of the American Society for Virology.

Racaniello is the host of various podcasts, including This Week in Virology .

Early life and education

Racaniello was born in Paterson, New Jersey. He graduated from Cornell University in 1974 (BA, biological sciences) and completed his PhD in the laboratory of Peter Palese in 1980, [8] studying genetic reassortment of influenza virus. As a post-doctoral fellow in David Baltimore's laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1979–1982), Racaniello used recombinant DNA technology to clone and sequence the genome of the small RNA animal virus poliovirus. Using these tools, he generated the first infectious clone of an animal RNA virus. [9] Construction of the infectious clone revolutionized modern virology.

Research

Racaniello established his own research laboratory at Columbia University in the fall of 1982. [10] The aim of his laboratory is to understand replication and pathogenesis of small RNA animal viruses, picornaviruses. The reproductive cycle of a virus begins with its attachment to and entry into the cytoplasm of a cell. His laboratory identified CD155 (poliovirus receptor, PVR); a cell surface protein, and member of the immunoglobin superfamily as the protein that mediates this process. [11] [12] Understanding how the interaction between virus and cell alters the viral particle and how virus entry is facilitated by the interaction has helped understand the means by which poliovirus infection is initiated. [13] [14]

Humans are the only known natural host for poliovirus. The study of viral disease is therefore only feasible with the generation of a small animal model. Though not susceptible to poliovirus infection, murine cells do allow for efficient replication of poliovirus RNA introduced into the cytoplasm. Taking advantage of this observation, Racaniello's laboratory constructed the first small animal model of poliomyelitis. Mice producing the human CD155 protein were generated and infected with poliovirus. [15] These mice exhibited all symptoms and pathology of poliomyelitis observed in humans, including flaccid paralysis and spinal cord lesions. These mice today are used not only to continue to understand poliovirus pathogenesis but as a means to test the safety of stocks of the polio vaccine.

Poliomyelitis is a disease of the central nervous system; however, it is believed that CD155 is present on the surface of most if not all cells of the body. An element present within the virus RNA was hypothesized to govern viral tropism which tissues the virus infected. Newborn mice producing PVR were infected with wild-type poliovirus and a chimeric poliovirus in which this element was replaced with the same region from hepatitis C virus, a liver specific virus, or coxsackievirus B3, a virus that infects the heart or meninges. Mice infected with any of these viruses exhibited symptoms of poliomyelitis. Therefore, this region of poliovirus does not determine tissue tropism of the virus. [16]

Secretion of interferon is one means the body uses to ward off pathogens, including viral diseases. However, poliovirus is able to replicate when interferon is added to medium used to culture mammalian cells. Racaniello's laboratory believes that this resistance is dictated by the 2A protein of poliovirus. [17] [18] Racaniello's laboratory continues to investigate how poliovirus circumvents the immune response of the host, enhancing our understanding of its pathogenesis and why it is a disease of the central nervous system.

Research after poliovirus

Even though global eradication of poliovirus was initiated in 1988, and poliovirus infection continues throughout the world today, Racaniello's laboratory has begun to investigate the reproductive cycle and pathogenesis of other picornaviruses similar to poliovirus. These viruses include enteroviruses D68 (EV-D68) and 70 (EV70), human rhinovirus, coxsackievirus A21 and echovirus 1. Infectious clones of EV70 and several serotypes of rhinoviruses were generated. [19] [20] [21] These reagents have been used to understand how host range of a virus can be altered and to identify cellular proteins necessary for replication of the viral RNA. Racaniello has also begun to study how these viruses evade the host innate immune system, in particular interferon type I response. Infection of cultured cells with human rhinovirus 1A results in the cleavage of the integral component IPS-1 (MAVS, Cardif). [22] In addition a small animal model of virus echovirus 1 pathogenesis has been established. [23]

Racaniello is also interested in picornavirus evolution and movement. To this means, he intends to isolate and identify picornaviruses found in the wild throughout the Northeastern United States.

Racaniello's laboratory continues to pursue the fundamental principles of virus biology. [24] Together with a long-term collaborator, Racaniello's lab has determined that neurotropism of Zika virus and enterovirus D 68 are not a recently acquired phenotypes. Results from their studies examining Zika virus infection of the neonatal mouse brain revealed that cortical developmental pathologies associated with virus infection may result from architecture defects of the developing brain. Data from their research understanding the mechanism of enterovirus D68 associated acute flaccid myelitis suggests multiple means by which paralysis may result from virus infection. [25] [26]

In collaboration with members of the Center for Infection and Immunology at Columbia, Rosenfeld and Racaniello described a cross-reactive anti-enterovirus antibody response. [27] These results challenge the idea that enterovirus infections are modulated solely by a homotypic humoral immune response.

Science beyond the laboratory

Understanding that the World Wide Web is a primary scientific tool, Racaniello is one of the co-creators of BioCrowd, [28] a social network designed to bring together scientists of all disciplines. Racaniello's virology blog, [29] and podcasts This Week in Virology ; [30] This Week in Parasitism [31] with colleagues Dickson Despommier and Daniel O. Griffin; [32] This Week in Microbiology [33] with Michelle Swanson, Michael Schmidt, Petra Levin and Elio Schaechter; This Week in Evolution [34] with Nels Elde; [35] Immune with Stephanie Langel, Brianne Barker and Cynthia Leifer; [36] and This Week in Neuroscience also unify science with technology. His blog, podcasts, specialized pages on Influenza 101 [37] and Virology 101 [38] aim to bring microbiology to non-scientists. Continuing to bring virology to those outside of the field, Racaniello established a library containing podcasts of lectures he has recently given at Columbia University. [39] He has also begun teaching virology via livestream on YouTube. [40] Additionally, every Wednesday evening with Amy Rosenfeld, Racaniello conducts a livestream "Q&A with A&V: Answering your COVID-19 questions". [41] He also has a new weekly livestream show "Office Hours with Earth's Virology Professor". [42]

Patents

Racaniello is listed as inventor on at least 12 patents. [43]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhinovirus</span> Genus of viruses (Enterovirus)

The rhinovirus is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. Rhinovirus infection proliferates in temperatures of 33–35 °C (91–95 °F), the temperatures found in the nose. Rhinoviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronavirus</span> Subfamily of viruses in the family Coronaviridae

Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold, while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19, which is causing the ongoing pandemic. In cows and pigs they cause diarrhea, while in mice they cause hepatitis and encephalomyelitis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coxsackievirus</span> Virus that causes digestive upset and sometimes heart damage

Coxsackieviruses are a few related enteroviruses that belong to the Picornaviridae family of nonenveloped, linear, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, as well as its genus Enterovirus, which also includes poliovirus and echovirus. Enteroviruses are among the most common and important human pathogens, and ordinarily its members are transmitted by the fecal–oral route. Coxsackieviruses share many characteristics with poliovirus. With control of poliovirus infections in much of the world, more attention has been focused on understanding the nonpolio enteroviruses such as coxsackievirus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coxsackie B virus</span> Virus that causes digestive upset and sometimes heart damage

Coxsackie B is a group of six serotypes of coxsackievirus (CVB1-CVB6), a pathogenic enterovirus, that trigger illness ranging from gastrointestinal distress to full-fledged pericarditis and myocarditis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poliovirus</span> Enterovirus

A poliovirus, the causative agent of polio, is a serotype of the species Enterovirus C, in the family of Picornaviridae. There are three poliovirus serotypes: types 1, 2, and 3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Defective interfering particle</span>

Defective interfering particles (DIPs), also known as defective interfering viruses, are spontaneously generated virus mutants in which a critical portion of the particle's genome has been lost due to defective replication or non-homologous recombination. The mechanism of their formation is presumed to be as a result of template-switching during replication of the viral genome, although non-replicative mechanisms involving direct ligation of genomic RNA fragments have also been proposed. DIPs are derived from and associated with their parent virus, and particles are classed as DIPs if they are rendered non-infectious due to at least one essential gene of the virus being lost or severely damaged as a result of the defection. A DIP can usually still penetrate host cells, but requires another fully functional virus particle to co-infect a cell with it, in order to provide the lost factors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Picornavirus</span> Family of viruses

Picornaviruses are a group of related nonenveloped RNA viruses which infect vertebrates including fish, mammals, and birds. They are viruses that represent a large family of small, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with a 30 nm icosahedral capsid. The viruses in this family can cause a range of diseases including the common cold, poliomyelitis, meningitis, hepatitis, and paralysis.

Coinfection is the simultaneous infection of a host by multiple pathogen species. In virology, coinfection includes simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more virus particles. An example is the coinfection of liver cells with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus, which can arise incrementally by initial infection followed by superinfection.

<i>Measles morbillivirus</i> Species of virus

Measles morbillivirus(MeV), also called measles virus (MV), is a single-stranded, negative-sense, enveloped, non-segmented RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. It is the cause of measles. Humans are the natural hosts of the virus; no animal reservoirs are known to exist.

<i>Enterovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Enterovirus is a genus of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses associated with several human and mammalian diseases. Enteroviruses are named by their transmission-route through the intestine.

Viral pathogenesis is the study of the process and mechanisms by which viruses cause diseases in their target hosts, often at the cellular or molecular level. It is a specialized field of study in virology.

<i>Murine coronavirus</i> Species of virus

Murine coronavirus (M-CoV) is a virus in the genus Betacoronavirus that infects mice. Belonging to the subgenus Embecovirus, murine coronavirus strains are enterotropic or polytropic. Enterotropic strains include mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strains D, Y, RI, and DVIM, whereas polytropic strains, such as JHM and A59, primarily cause hepatitis, enteritis, and encephalitis. Murine coronavirus is an important pathogen in the laboratory mouse and the laboratory rat. It is the most studied coronavirus in animals other than humans, and has been used as an animal disease model for many virological and clinical studies.

A viral quasispecies is a population structure of viruses with a large number of variant genomes. Quasispecies result from high mutation rates as mutants arise continually and change in relative frequency as viral replication and selection proceeds.

Eckard Wimmer is a German American virologist, organic chemist and distinguished professor of molecular genetics and microbiology at Stony Brook University. He is best known for his seminal work on the molecular biology of poliovirus and the first chemical synthesis of a viral genome capable of infection and subsequent production of live viruses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Picornain 3C</span>

Picornain 3C is a protease found in picornaviruses, which cleaves peptide bonds of non-terminal sequences. Picornain 3C’s endopeptidase activity is primarily responsible for the catalytic process of selectively cleaving Gln-Gly bonds in the polyprotein of poliovirus and with substitution of Glu for Gln, and Ser or Thr for Gly in other picornaviruses. Picornain 3C are cysteine proteases related by amino acid sequence to trypsin-like serine proteases. Picornain 3C is encoded by enteroviruses, rhinoviruses, aphtoviruses and cardioviruses. These genera of picoviruses cause a wide range of infections in humans and mammals.

Eva Henriette Gottwein is a virologist and Associate Professor of Microbiology-Immunology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago, Illinois. The main focus of her research is the role of viral miRNAs involved in herpesviral oncogenesis. Gottwein is member of Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University. Her contributions as a member include the focus on how encoded miRNAs target and function in the human oncogenic herpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus known as KSHV.

Polioencephalitis is a viral infection of the brain, causing inflammation within the grey matter of the brain stem. The virus has an affinity for neuronal cell bodies and has been found to affect mostly the midbrain, pons, medulla and cerebellum of most infected patients. The infection can reach up through the thalamus and hypothalamus and possibly reach the cerebral hemispheres. The infection is caused by the poliomyelitis virus which is a single-stranded, positive sense RNA virus surrounded by a non-enveloped capsid. Humans are the only known natural hosts of this virus. The disease has been eliminated from the U.S. since the mid-twentieth century, but is still found in certain areas of the world such as Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Positive-strand RNA virus</span> Class of viruses in the Baltimore classification

Positive-strand RNA viruses are a group of related viruses that have positive-sense, single-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. The positive-sense genome can act as messenger RNA (mRNA) and can be directly translated into viral proteins by the host cell's ribosomes. Positive-strand RNA viruses encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is used during replication of the genome to synthesize a negative-sense antigenome that is then used as a template to create a new positive-sense viral genome.

Patricia Gail Spear is an American virologist. She is a professor emeritus of microbiology and immunology at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. She is best known for her pioneering work studying the herpes simplex virus. Spear is a past president of the American Society for Virology and an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences.

William Paul Duprex is a British scientist and advocate for vaccines and global health. He serves as Director of the University of Pittsburgh's Center for Vaccine Research and Regional Biocontainment Laboratory. Duprex holds the Jonas Salk Chair in Vaccine Research. He is also a professor of microbiology and molecular genetics at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and serves as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of General Virology, which is published by the Microbiology Society, and a senior editor of mSphere, published by the American Society for Microbiology. Duprex is an expert in measles and mumps viruses and studies viral spillover from animals to humans, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic. Duprex is a Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology.

References

  1. ↑ "Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons".
  2. ↑ S. J. Flint L.; V. R. Racaniello; G.F. Rall; A.M. Skalka (August 2015). Principles of Animal Virology - 4th Edition. ASM Press. ISBN   978-1-55581-443-4.
  3. ↑ "This Week in Virology". TWiV 662: Principals of Principles, Fifth Edition. 11 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  4. ↑ "Richard R Ernst".
  5. ↑ "Asv 2018".
  6. ↑ "Journal of Virology". American Society for Microbiology. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  7. ↑ "PLOS Pathogens". PLOS. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  8. ↑ "Palese Laboratory". Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  9. ↑ Racaniello, Vincent R.; David Baltimore (1981-11-20). "Cloned Poliovirus Complementary DNA is Infectious in Mammalian Cells". Science. New Series. 214 (4523): 916–919. Bibcode:1981Sci...214..916R. doi:10.1126/science.6272391. JSTOR   1686330. PMID   6272391.
  10. ↑ "Vincent Racaniello, Ph.D." Columbia Faculty Profile: Vincent Racaniello. Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  11. ↑ Mendelsohn, Cathy; Barbara Johnson; Kathryn Ann Lionetti; Peter Nobis; Eckard Wimmer; Vincent R. Racaniello (1986-10-15). "Transformation of a Human Poliovirus Receptor Gene into Mouse Cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 83 (20): 7845–7849. Bibcode:1986PNAS...83.7845M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.20.7845 . JSTOR   28192. PMC   386819 . PMID   3020560.
  12. ↑ Mendelsohn, Cathy L; Eckard Wimmer; Vincent R Racaniello (1989). "Cellular receptor for poliovirus: molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily". Cell. 56 (5): 855–865. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90690-9. PMID   2538245. S2CID   44296539.
  13. ↑ Tsang, S. K.; B. M. McDermott; V. R. Racaniello; J. M. Hogle (2001-06-01). "Kinetic Analysis of the Effect of Poliovirus Receptor on Viral Uncoating: the Receptor as a Catalyst". Journal of Virology. 75 (11): 4984–4989. doi:10.1128/JVI.75.11.4984-4989.2001. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   114901 . PMID   11333877.
  14. ↑ McDermott, B. M.; A. H. Rux; R. J. Eisenberg; G. H. Cohen; V. R. Racaniello (2000-07-28). "Two Distinct Binding Affinities of Poliovirus for Its Cellular Receptor". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (30): 23089–23096. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M002146200 . PMID   10770940.
  15. ↑ Ren, R. B.; F. Costantini; E. J. Gorgacz; J. J. Lee; V. R. Racaniello (1990-10-19). "Transgenic mice expressing a human poliovirus receptor: a new model for poliomyelitis". Cell. 63 (2): 353–362. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90168-E . ISSN   0092-8674. PMID   2170026. S2CID   11946113.
  16. ↑ Kauder, Steven E.; Vincent R. Racaniello (2004-06-15). "Poliovirus tropism and attenuation are determined after internal ribosome entry". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 113 (12): 1743–1753. doi:10.1172/JCI21323. ISSN   0021-9738. PMC   420511 . PMID   15199409.
  17. ↑ O'Neill, R. E.; V. R. Racaniello (December 1989). "Inhibition of translation in cells infected with a poliovirus 2Apro mutant correlates with phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eucaryotic initiation factor 2". Journal of Virology. 63 (12): 5069–5075. doi:10.1128/JVI.63.12.5069-5075.1989. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   251168 . PMID   2555543.
  18. ↑ Morrison, J. M.; V. R. Racaniello (2009-05-01). "Proteinase 2Apro Is Essential for Enterovirus Replication in Type I Interferon-Treated Cells". Journal of Virology. 83 (9): 4412–4422. doi:10.1128/JVI.02177-08. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   2668472 . PMID   19211759.
  19. ↑ Kim, M. S.; V. R. Racaniello (2007-08-15). "Enterovirus 70 Receptor Utilization Is Controlled by Capsid Residues That Also Regulate Host Range and Cytopathogenicity". Journal of Virology. 81 (16): 8648–8655. doi:10.1128/JVI.01569-06. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   1951352 . PMID   17537857.
  20. ↑ Harris, J. R.; V. R. Racaniello (2005-05-01). "Amino Acid Changes in Proteins 2B and 3A Mediate Rhinovirus Type 39 Growth in Mouse Cells". Journal of Virology. 79 (9): 5363–5373. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.9.5363-5373.2005. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   1082767 . PMID   15827151.
  21. ↑ Harris, J. R.; V. R. Racaniello (2003-04-15). "Changes in Rhinovirus Protein 2C Allow Efficient Replication in Mouse Cells". Journal of Virology. 77 (8): 4773–4780. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.8.4773-4780.2003. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   152148 . PMID   12663784.
  22. ↑ Drahos, J.; V. R. Racaniello (2009-11-15). "Cleavage of IPS-1 in Cells Infected with Human Rhinovirus". Journal of Virology. 83 (22): 11581–11587. doi:10.1128/JVI.01490-09. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   2772720 . PMID   19740998.
  23. ↑ Hughes, Scott A.; Harshwardhan M. Thaker; Vincent R. Racaniello (2003-12-23). "Transgenic Mouse Model for Echovirus Myocarditis and Paralysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (26): 15906–15911. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10015906H. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2535934100 . JSTOR   3149104. PMC   307666 . PMID   14673080.
  24. ↑ Racaniello, Vincent. "Research Interests of the Racaniello Lab". Columbia University. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  25. ↑ Rosenfeld, Amy B.; David J. Doobin; Audrey L. Warren; Vincent R. Racaniello; Richard B. Vallee (2017-11-14). "Replication of early and recent Zika virus isolates throughout mouse brain development". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (46): 12273–12278. Bibcode:2017PNAS..11412273R. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1714624114 . PMC   5699088 . PMID   29087938.
  26. ↑ Rosenfeld, Amy B.; Audrey L. Warren; Vincent R. Racaniello (2019-10-22). "Neurotropism of enterovirus D68 isolates is independent of sialic acid and is not a recently acquired phenotype". mBio. 10 (5): e02370-19. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02370-19 . PMC   6805996 . PMID   31641090.
  27. ↑ Rosenfeld, Amy B.; Edmund Qian Long Shen; Michaela Melendez; Nischay Mishra; W.Ian Lipkin; Vincent R. Racaniello (2022-01-18). "Cross-Reactive Antibody Responses against Nonpoliovirus Enteroviruses". mBio. 13 (1): e03660-21. doi: 10.1128/mbio.03660-21 . PMC   8764532 . PMID   5038922.
  28. ↑ "BioCrowd". BioCrowd. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  29. ↑ Racaniello, Vincent. "Virology blog about viruses and viral disease". Vincent Racaniello. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  30. ↑ Racaniello, Vincent. "TWIV this week in virology". Vincent Racaniello. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  31. ↑ "This Week in Parasitism". Microbe World. American Society for Microbiology. Archived from the original on 16 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  32. ↑ "Dr. Dickson Despommier". Columbia University. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  33. ↑ "This Week in Microbiology". Microbe World. American Society for Microbiology. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  34. ↑ "This Week in Evolution". Microbe World. American Society for Microbiology. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  35. ↑ "Nels Elde". University of Utah. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  36. ↑ "Immune". Microbe World. American Society for Microbiology. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  37. ↑ Racaniello, Vincent. "Influenza 101". Vincent Racaniello. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  38. ↑ Racaniello, Vincent. "Virology 101". Vincent Racaniello. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  39. ↑ Racaniello, Vincent. "Virology – Biology W3310/4310". V. Racaniello. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  40. ↑ Racaniello, Vincent. "Virology Live". YouTube .
  41. ↑ Racaniello, Vincent. "Q&A with A&V Livestream". YouTube .
  42. ↑ Racaniello, Vincent. "Office Hours with Earth's Virology Professor". YouTube .
  43. ↑ Patents
    • Almond, Jeffrey W.; Michael a Skinner; Vincent Racaniello; Philip D. Minor (1994-02-15), Attenuated polioviruses , retrieved 2014-08-24
    • Almond, Jeffrey William; Road London; Michael Anthony Skinner; Hills Road Biology; Vincent Racaniello; Surgeons of Columbia University 701; Philip David Minor; Blanche Lane South Mimms Control (1993-08-15), Attenuierte Viren. , retrieved 2014-08-24
    • Jeffrey, William Almond; a Skinner Michael; Racaniello Vincent; David Minor Philip (1989-09-27), Attenuated Viruses , retrieved 2014-08-24
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.