Viriditoxin

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Contents

Viriditoxin
Viriditoxin.svg
Names
Other names
(-)-Viriditoxin
(M)-Viriditoxin
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C34H30O14/c1-43-21-11-19(35)27-17(7-13-5-15(9-23(37)45-3)47-33(41)25(13)31(27)39)29(21)30-18-8-14-6-16(10-24(38)46-4)48-34(42)26(14)32(40)28(18)20(36)12-22(30)44-2/h7-8,11-12,15-16,35-36,39-40H,5-6,9-10H2,1-4H3/t15-,16-/m0/s1 Yes check.svgY
    Key: GMCZVCXZGZGZPX-HOTGVXAUSA-N Yes check.svgY
  • COc1cc(c2c(c1c3c4cc5c(c(c4c(cc3OC)O)O)C(=O)O[C@@H](C5)CC(=O)OC)cc6c(c2O)C(=O)O[C@@H](C6)CC(=O)OC)O
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Viriditoxin (VDT [1] [2] ) is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi. [3] Viriditoxin is a type of mycotoxin. [1] The biosynthesis of the compound has been investigated. [3]

Occurrence

It is produced by several Aspergillus species including A. aureoluteus , [4] A. brevipes , [5] and A. viridinutans in which it was first identified in 1971. [6] It has been isolated from Paecilomyces variotii , which was obtained from Nomura's jellyfish. [2] It is also produced by Cladosporium cladosporioides . [1]

Structure

Natural viriditoxin exists as a single atropisomer owing to restricted rotation about the C-C bond which joins the two naphthol rings. It has been confirmed by total synthesis to be twisted into the so-called M isomer. [6]

Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis of viriditoxin from polyketide intermediate. Viriditoxin biosynthesis.svg
Biosynthesis of viriditoxin from polyketide intermediate.

Viriditoxin is a secondary metabolite, a polyketide produced from multiple acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA units which are combined by a polyketide synthase (PKS) enzyme complex. A chain of eight acetate units are cyclised to give the three-ring system which forms half of the carbon framework of the final product. After selective methylation of one of the phenol groups and reduction of the pyrone ring, the resulting intermediate (semiviriditoxin) is dimerised by a laccase enzyme, generating specifically the minus M atropisomer. [7]

Uses

In nature, viriditoxin likely is used against microbial competition. On mangroves, P. variotii's production of viriditoxin was linked to antagonism against bacteria. [3]

References

  1. 1 2 3 [ non-primary source needed ]Stuhldreier, Fabian; Schmitt, Laura; Lenz, Thomas; Hinxlage, Ilka; Zimmermann, Marcel; Wollnitzke, Philipp; Schliehe-Diecks, Julian; Liu, Yang; Jäger, Paul; Geyh, Stefanie; Teusch, Nicole; Peter, Christoph; Bhatia, Sanil; Haas, Rainer; Levkau, Bodo (November 8, 2022). "The mycotoxin viriditoxin induces leukemia- and lymphoma-specific apoptosis by targeting mitochondrial metabolism". Cell Death & Disease. 13 (11): 938. doi:10.1038/s41419-022-05356-w. PMC   9643474 . PMID   36347842. S2CID   253387328. Definition of Free Cultural Works logo notext.svg  This article incorporates text from this free content work.Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 .
  2. 1 2 Kundu, Soma; Kim, Tae Hyung; Yoon, Jung Hyun; Shin, Han-Seung; Lee, Jaewon; Jung, Jee H.; Kim, Hyung Sik (December 1, 2014). "Viriditoxin regulates apoptosis and autophagy via mitotic catastrophe and microtubule formation in human prostate cancer cells". International Journal of Oncology. 45 (6): 2331–2340. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2659 . PMID   25231051.
  3. 1 2 3 Urquhart, Andrew S.; Hu, Jinyu; Chooi, Yit-Heng; Idnurm, Alexander (2019). "The fungal gene cluster for biosynthesis of the antibacterial agent viriditoxin". Fungal Biology and Biotechnology. 6: 2. doi: 10.1186/s40694-019-0072-y . PMC   6600887 . PMID   31304040. Definition of Free Cultural Works logo notext.svg  This article incorporates text from this free content work.Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 .
  4. ↑ Samson, R.A.; Hong, S.; Peterson, S.W.; Frisvad, J.C.; Varga, J. (2007). "Polyphasic taxonomy of Aspergillus section Fumigati and its teleomorph Neosartorya". Studies in Mycology. 59: 147–203. doi:10.3114/sim.2007.59.14. PMC   2275200 . PMID   18490953.
  5. ↑ Frederic, Lamoth; William J., Steinbach (2016). Advances in Aspergillus fumigatus pathobiology. Frontiers Media SA. ISBN   978-2-889-19789-7.
  6. 1 2 Smyth, Jamie E.; Butler, Nicholas M.; Keller, Paul A. (2015). "A twist of nature – the significance of atropisomers in biological systems". Natural Product Reports. 32 (11): 1562–1583. doi:10.1039/c4np00121d. PMID   26282828. Archived from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
  7. ↑ Hüttel, Wolfgang; Müller, Michael (2021). "Regio- and stereoselective intermolecular phenol coupling enzymes in secondary metabolite biosynthesis". Natural Product Reports. 38 (5): 1017–1020. doi:10.1039/d0np00010h. PMID   33196733. S2CID   226987404.
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