Paecilomyces variotii

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Paecilomyces variotii
Paecilomyces variotii culture.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Eurotiomycetes
Order: Eurotiales
Family: Thermoascaceae
Genus: Paecilomyces
Species:
P. variotii
Binomial name
Paecilomyces variotii
Bainier (1907)
Synonyms
  • Byssochlamys spectabilis(Udagawa & Shoji Suzuki) Houbraken & Samson (2008) [1]
  • Paecilomyces aureocinnamomeum(Biourge) Thom (1930) [1]
  • Paecilomyces varioti [1]
  • Penicillium aureocinnamomeumBiourge (1923) [1]
  • Penicillium variotii(Bainier) Sacc. (1913) [1]
  • Talaromyces spectabilisUdagawa & Shoji Suzuki (1994) [1]

Paecilomyces variotii, also known by the name Byssochlamys spectabilis for the sexual state, is a common environmental mold from the Phylum Ascomycota (Family Thermoascaceae). [1] It is widespread in the environment and can be found in composts, soils and wood, [2] [3] [4] as well es a common environmental contaminant in indoor air and carpet dust. [5] Ascospores of the sexual state of P. variotii (B. spectabilis) are strongly heat-resistant. As such the fungus is a common contaminant of heat-treated foods and juices. Paecilomyces variotii has been associated with a number of infective diseases of humans and animals. [6]

Contents

Taxonomy

Paecilomyces variotii was first described by Georges Bainier in 1907, while its teleomorph was described in 1994 and ranked in Byssochlamys . P. variotii is closely related to P. brunneolus , P. formosus , P. divaricatus and P. dactylethromorphus . [7]

Morphology

Paecilomyces variotii is fast growing, producing powdery to suede-like colonies that are yellow-brown or sand-colored. [8] It is distinguishable from microscopically similar microfungi, such as the biverticillate members of the genus Penicillium (affiliated with the genus Talaromyces) by its broadly ellipsoidal to lemon-shaped conidia, loosely branched conidiophores and phialides with pointed tips.

The colonies are usually flat, powdery to suede-like and funiculose or tufted. [9] The color is initially white, and becomes yellow, yellow-brown, or sand-colored as they mature. A sweet aromatic odor may be associated with older cultures. [10] Colonies of P. variotii are fast growing and mature within 3 days. Colonies grown on Sabouraud's dextrose agar reach about 7–8 mm after one week. Colonies on CYA are flat, floccose in texture, produce brown or olive brown from conidia, and range in diameter from 30 to 79 mmn in one week. [11] Colonies on malt extract agar reach 70 mm diameter or more, otherwise very similar in appearance to those on CYA. Colonies on G25N media reach 8–16 mm diameter, similar to on CYA but with predominantly white mycelium. Microscopically, the spore-bearing structures of P. variotii consist of a loosely branched, [12] irregularly brush-like conidiophores with phialides at the tips. [7] [9] The phialides are swollen at the base, and gradually taper to a sharp point at the tip. [12] Conidia are single-celled, hyaline, and are borne in chains with the youngest at the base. [7] Chlamydospores (thick-walled vegetative resting structures) are occasionally produced singly or in short chains. [13]

The teleomorph of Paecilomyces variotii has also been described by the name Byssochlamys spectabilis. [7] However, the Byssochlamys state is rarely observed in culture due to the heterothallic nature of this species (i.e., it requires culturing of positive and negative strains in co-culture to produce the teleomorph).

Genetics

This fungus is heterothallic, and mating experiments have shown that P. variotii can form ascomata and ascospores in culture when compatible mating types are present. [2] [7]

The teleomorph of P. variotii, Byssochlamys spectabilis, is rarely observed in cultures from environmental or clinical specimens, which tend to be colonized by a single mating type. [7] The genome sequences of two isolates of P. variotii of opposite mating type have been generated. [14]

Ecology

This species is thermophilic, able to grow at high temperatures as high as 50–60 °C. [7] [10] It can withstand brief exposures of up to 15 min at 80–100 °C. [15] Accordingly, it typically causes spoilage of food products following pasteurization or other heat-treatments (e.g., curry sauces, fruit juices). [15] [16] It also has been reported as a contaminant in salami and margarine. [5] The fungus is known from a number of non-food items including compost, rubber, glue, urea-formaldehyde foam insulation and creosote-treated wooden poles. [5] [16] The combination of its ability to survive significant heat stress and its ability to break-down aromatic hydrocarbons has led to interest in P. variotii as a potential candidate organism to assist in bioremediation.

It is also known from decaying wood and creosote-treated wood utility poles. [7] [8]

Health significance

Although frequently encountered as a contaminant in clinical specimens, P. variotii is an uncommon causative agent of human and animal infections, but is considered to be an emerging agent of opportunistic disease, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. It has been suggested that the extremotolerant nature of the fungus contributes to its pathogenic potential. P. variotii is one of the most commonly encountered species in cases of cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis. [7] [17] [18] [19] Pneumonia due to P. variotii has been reported, albeit rarely, in the medical literature. [20] [21] Most cases are known from diabetics or individuals subject to long-term corticosteroid treatment for other diseases. [22] [23] P. variotii has also been reported as a causative agent of sinusitis, [24] [25] [26] endophthalmitis, [27] [28] [29] wound infection following tissue transplant, [30] onychomycosis, [31] osteomyelitis, [32] otitis media [33] and dialysis-related peritonitis. [6] [34] It has also been reported from mastitis in a goat, and as an agent of mycotic infections of dogs and horses. [ citation needed ] Besides clinical samples, the fungus is a common contaminant of moisture-damaged materials in the indoor environment including carpet, plaster and wood. [5] It is commonly found in indoor air samples and may contribute to indoor allergy. [5] This species produces the mycotoxin viriditoxin, [5] via the action of six enzymes encoded within a cluster of genes within the genome. [35]

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<i>Rhodotorula</i> Genus of fungi

Rhodotorula is a genus of fungi in the class Microbotryomycetes. Most species are known in their yeast states which produce orange to red colonies when grown on Sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA). The colour is the result of pigments that the yeast creates to block out certain wavelengths of light (620–750 nm) that would otherwise be damaging to the cell. Hyphal states, formerly placed in the genus Rhodosporidium, give rise to teliospores from which laterally septate basidia emerge, producing sessile basidiospores. Species occur worldwide and can be isolated from air, water, soil, and other substrates.

Hyphomycetes are a form classification of fungi, part of what has often been referred to as fungi imperfecti, Deuteromycota, or anamorphic fungi. Hyphomycetes lack closed fruit bodies, and are often referred to as moulds. Most hyphomycetes are now assigned to the Ascomycota, on the basis of genetic connections made by life-cycle studies or by phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences; many remain unassigned phylogenetically.

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Acremonium is a genus of fungi in the family Hypocreaceae. It used to be known as Cephalosporium.

<i>Acrophialophora fusispora</i> Species of ascomycete fungus

Acrophialophora fusispora is a poorly studied ascomycete fungus found in soil, air and various plants. A. fusispora is morphologically similar to the genera Paecilomyces and Masonia, but differ in the presence of pigmented conidiophores, verticillate phialides, and frequent sympodial proliferation. Moreover, A. fusispora is distinguished by its pigmented spindle-shaped conidia, covered with spiral bands. The fungus is naturally found in soils of tropical to temperate regions. The fungus has been identified as a plant and animal pathogen, and has recently been recognized as an emerging opportunistic human pathogen. A. fusispora infection in human is rare and has few documented clinical cases, but due to the rarity of the fungus and potential misidentification, the infections may be underdiagnosed. Clinical cases of A. fusispora include cases of keratitis, pulmonary colonization and infection, and cerebral infections. The fungus also has two documented cases of infection in dogs.

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Coniochaeta hoffmannii, also known as Lecythophora hoffmannii, is an ascomycete fungus that grows commonly in soil. It has also been categorized as a soft-rot fungus capable of bringing the surface layer of timber into a state of decay, even when safeguarded with preservatives. Additionally, it has pathogenic properties, although it causes serious infection only in rare cases. A plant pathogen lacking a known sexual state, C. hoffmannii has been classified as a "dematiaceous fungus" despite its contradictory lack of pigmentation; both in vivo and in vitro, there is no correlation between its appearance and its classification.

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<i>Sporobolomyces salmonicolor</i> Species of fungus

Sporobolomyces salmonicolor is a species of fungus in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. It occurs in both a yeast state and a hyphal state, the latter formerly known as Sporidiobolus salmonicolor. It is generally considered a Biosafety Risk Group 1 fungus; however isolates of S. salmonicolor have been recovered from cerebrospinal fluid, infected skin, a nasal polyp, lymphadenitis and a case of endophthalmitis. It has also been reported in AIDS-related infections. The fungus exists predominantly in the anamorphic (asexual) state as a unicellular, haploid yeast yet this species can sometimes produce a teleomorphic (sexual) state when conjugation of compatible yeast cells occurs. The asexual form consists of a characteristic, pink, ballistosporic yeast. Ballistoconidia are borne from slender extensions of the cell known as sterigmata and are forcibly ejected into the air upon maturity. Levels of airborne yeast cells peak during the night and are abundant in areas of decaying leaves and grains. Three varieties of Sporobolomyces salmonicolor have been described; S. salmonicolor var. albus, S. salmonicolor var. fischerii, and S. salmonicolor var. salmoneus.

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Sarocladium kiliense is a saprobic fungus that is occasionally encountered as a opportunistic pathogen of humans, particularly immunocompromised and individuals. The fungus is frequently found in soil and has been linked with skin and systemic infections. This species is also known to cause disease in the green alga, Cladophora glomerata as well as various fruit and vegetable crops grown in warmer climates.

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References

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  18. ↑ Naidu J, Singh SM (October 1992). "Hyalohyphomycosis caused by Paecilomyces variotii: a case report, animal pathogenicity and 'in vitro' sensitivity". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 62 (3): 225–30. doi:10.1007/bf00582583. PMID   1416918. S2CID   7611095.
  19. ↑ Vasudevan B, Hazra N, Verma R, Srinivas V, Vijendran P, Badad A (June 2013). "First reported case of subcutaneous hyalohyphomycosis caused by Paecilomyces variotii". International Journal of Dermatology. 52 (6): 711–3. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05761.x . PMID   23679876. S2CID   32544478.
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  28. ↑ Tarkkanen A, Raivio V, Anttila VJ, Tommila P, Ralli R, Merenmies L, Immonen I (April 2004). "Fungal endophthalmitis caused by Paecilomyces variotii following cataract surgery: a presumed operating room air-conditioning system contamination". Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 82 (2): 232–5. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2004.00235.x . PMID   15043549.
  29. ↑ Anita KB, Fernandez V, Rao R (2010). "Fungal endophthalmitis caused by Paecilomyces variotii, in an immunocompetent patient, following intraocular lens implantation". Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 28 (3): 253–4. doi: 10.4103/0255-0857.66491 . PMID   20644318.
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  34. ↑ Marzec A, Heron LG, Pritchard RC, Butcher RH, Powell HR, Disney AP, Tosolini FA (September 1993). "Paecilomyces variotii in peritoneal dialysate". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 31 (9): 2392–5. doi:10.1128/jcm.31.9.2392-2395.1993. PMC   265767 . PMID   8408561.
  35. ↑ Urquhart, AS; Hu, J; Chooi, YH; Idnurm, A (2019). "The fungal gene cluster for biosynthesis of the antibacterial agent viriditoxin". Fungal Biology and Biotechnology. 6: 2. doi: 10.1186/s40694-019-0072-y . ISSN   2054-3085. PMC   6600887 . PMID   31304040.
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