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Probiotics are live microorganisms promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut flora. Probiotics are considered generally safe to consume, but may cause bacteria-host interactions and unwanted side effects in rare cases. There is little evidence that probiotics bring the health benefits claimed for them.
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is a widespread member of the genus Lactiplantibacillus and commonly found in many fermented food products as well as anaerobic plant matter. L. plantarum was first isolated from saliva, based on its ability to temporarily persist in plants, the insect intestine and in the intestinal tract of vertebrate animals, it was designated as nomadic organism. L. plantarum is Gram positive, bacilli shaped bacterium. L. plantarum cells are rods with rounded ends, straight, generally 0.9–1.2 μm wide and 3–8 μm long, occurring singly, in pairs or in short chains. L. plantarum has one of the largest genomes known among the lactic acid bacteria and is a very flexible and versatile species. It is estimated to grow between pH 3.4 and 8.8. Lactobacillus plantarum can grow in the temperature range 12 °C to 40 °C.
Viili (Finnish) is a mesophilic fermented milk product found in Finland. This cultured milk snack resembles yoghurt and is the result of microbial action of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and a surface-growing yeast-like fungus Geotrichum candidum present in milk, which forms a velvet-like surface on viili. In addition, most traditional viili cultures also contain yeast strains such as Kluveromyces marxianus and Pichia fermentans. The lactic acid bacteria identified in viili include the acid‐producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and L. l. cremoris as well as the aroma producers L. lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Among those mesophilic LAB strains, the slime-forming Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris produce a phosphate-containing heteropolysaccharide, named viilian. Viilian is similar to kefiran produced by kefir grains. The production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) by the strain forms the consistency character of viili and it has been claimed to have various functional benefits toward the rheological properties of milk products and the health improving potential.
Leuconostoc mesenteroides is a species of lactic acid bacteria associated with fermentation, under conditions of salinity and low temperatures. In some cases of vegetable and food storage, it was associated with pathogenicity. L. mesenteroides is approximately 0.5-0.7 µm in diameter and has a length of 0.7-1.2 µm, producing small grayish colonies that are typically less than 1.0 mm in diameter. It is facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive, non-motile, non-sporogenous, and spherical. It often forms lenticular coccoid cells in pairs and chains, however, it can occasionally forms short rods with rounded ends in long chains, as its shape can differ depending on what media the species is grown on. L. mesenteroides grows best at 30°C, but can survive in temperatures ranging from 10°C to 30°C. Its optimum pH is 5.5, but can still show growth in pH of 4.5-7.0.
Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that inhibit, create, or contaminate food. This includes the study of microorganisms causing food spoilage; pathogens that may cause disease ; microbes used to produce fermented foods such as cheese, yogurt, bread, beer, and wine; and microbes with other useful roles, such as producing probiotics.
Weissella is a genus of gram-positive bacteria, placed within the family Leuconostocaceae, and formerly considered species of the Leuconostoc paramesenteroides group. The morphology of Weissella species varies from spherical or lenticular cells to irregular rods. Several strains of Weissella cibaria and Weissella confusa have shown the probiotic potential. In particular, the cell-free culture supernatant of Weissella confusa shows various beneficial characteristics such as antibacterial potential and anti-inflammatory efficiency. However, there are few strains of W. confusa was also found as an opportunistic bacteria. On the other, several studies have also done the safety assessment of the bacterial species, indicating it's probiotic potential. In addition, the Senate Commission on Food Safety has also validated the usage of W. confusa in the food.
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Lactobacillus mucosae is a rod shaped species of lactic acid bacteria first isolated from pig intestines. It has mucus-binding activity. The species is an obligate anaerobe, catalase-negative, doesn't form spores and is non-motile. Its type strain is S32T, and has been found to be most closely related to Lactobacillus reuteri.
Weissella cibaria is a species of Gram-positive bacteria, placed within the family of Leuconostocaceae. W.cibaria CMGDEX3 was reported from Pakistan to produce high molecular weight, linear dextran with predominant (1→6) linkages.
Vagococcus fluvialis is a species of bacteria. The type strain of V. fluvialis is NCDO 2497. It rarely causes human infection. The only genetically proven case of V. fluvialis endocarditis was detected in the Cochin, India.
Leuconostoc gelidum is a Gram-positive lactic acid bacterium; its type strain is NCFB 2775. Its genome has been sequenced. Its name derives from the fact that it was first isolated from chill-stored meats.
Leuconostoc carnosum is a lactic acid bacterium; its type strain is NCFB 2776. Its genome has been sequenced. Its name derives from the fact that it was first isolated from chill-stored meats. Its significance is that it thrives in anaerobic environments with a temperature around 2 °C, thus has been known to spoil vacuum-packed meat, yet it is not pathogenic and certain strains of L. carnosum are known to produce bactericides known to inhibit or kill Listeria monocytogenes.
Weissella kimchii is a gram-positive, catalase-negative, non-sporulating, facultatively anaerobic, short rod-shaped bacterium first isolated from partly fermented kimchi in 2002. A strain of Weissella kimchii PL9023 was identified by researchers as a potential probiotic for vaginal health in women.
Rhodococcus baikonurensis is a bacterium species in the genus Rhodococcus. It is Gram-positive, with type strain A1-22(T). The strain was isolated from the air of the Russian Space Laboratory Mir along with a large number of other microorganisms that steadily accumulated during the lifespan of the station. Rhodococcus bacterium are known to degrade organic compounds contained in the rubber used aboard the space station with specialized enzymes. This can lead to degradation of critical components and necessitates replacement of the parts or preventive measures dealing with microbial contamination.
Cereins are a group of bacteriocins produced by various strains of the bacterium Bacillus cereus. Although all cereins are by definition produced by B. cereus, it is possible that they are chemically quite different from one another. Cereins have been found to be active against other strains of B. cereus, as well as a broad range of other gram-positive bacteria. Like other bacteriocins, cereins are generally named after the strain in which their production was first discovered. Named cereins include cerein 7, cerein 7B, cerein 8A, and cerein MRX1.
Tenacibaculum is a Gram-negative and motile bacterial genus from the family of Flavobacteriaceae.
References
- ↑ Collins, M.D.; Samelis, J.; Metaxopoulos, J.; Wallbanks, S. (1993). "Taxonomic studies on some leuconostoc-like organisms from fermented sausages: description of a new genus Weissella for the Leuconostoc paramesenteroides group of species". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 75 (6): 595–603. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb01600.x. ISSN 1364-5072. PMID 8294308.
- ↑ Panthee, Suresh; Paudel, Atmika; Blom, Jochen; Hamamoto, Hiroshi; Sekimizu, Kazuhisa (2019). "Complete genome sequence of Weissella hellenica 0916-4-2 and its comparative genomic analysis". Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: 1619. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01619 . PMC 6667553 . PMID 31396169.
- ↑ Cai Y, Benno Y, Nakase T, Oh TK (October 1998). "Specific probiotic characterization of Weissella hellenica DS-12 isolated from flounder intestine". The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology . 44 (5): 311–316. doi: 10.2323/jgam.44.311 . PMID 12501410 . Retrieved 2012-12-04.
- ↑ Masuda, Y.; Zendo, T.; Sawa, N.; Perez, R.H.; Nakayama, J.; Sonomoto, K. (2012). "Characterization and identification of weissellicin Y and weissellicin M, novel bacteriocins produced by Weissella hellenica QU 13". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 112 (1): 99–108. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05180.x. ISSN 1364-5072. PMID 22008177. S2CID 22211196.
