Wendee M. Wechsberg (born May 21,1954) is an American biobehavioral social science researcher. She has utilized mixed methods research to develop and evaluate HIV prevention interventions for diverse populations, focusing on underserved women, adolescent girls, and couples who use substances since 1994. She is a pioneer in the scientific field of addressing gender inequalities in relation to the syndemic factors of substance use, HIV, and gender violence. [1] She is known for the creation of the evidence-based Women’s CoOp [2] [3] HIV prevention intervention for women who used crack-cocaine and subsequent age-, gender- and culturally-sensitive global adaptations across more than three decades of HIV research. [4]
Wechsberg was born in Miami, Florida on May 21,1954 to Drs. Florence and Henry Wechsberg. She had one older brother. Florence was in the first edition of Who's Who of American Women and was the first female president of the Dade County Psychological Association. [5] Henry came from Nazi Germany. Wechsberg went to Pinecrest Elementary School [6] in South Miami and Palmetto Middle School and High School and graduated in 1972. In 1975, Wechsberg received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Anthropology from the University of South Florida and earned her spot in Who’s Who in Colleges and Universities, [7] and other leadership honors including, the Omicron Delta Kappa National Leadership Honor Society [8] and Mortar Board. She also started the Free Vegetarian Kitchen on campus and served as chief justice on the Student Court. [9] She received her Master of Science degree in Human Developmental Counseling [10] from Peabody College at Vanderbilt University in 1979. Her academic journey culminated in a PhD in Community Psychology from North Carolina State University in 1993. For her doctoral work, Wechsberg worked in HIV and gender differences, and began a scientific career to develop gender-focused interventions.
Dr. Wechsberg started her earlier career in 1977 as a substance use addiction clinician and treatment director, being a woman with lived experience. Her first HIV-positive patient in the methadone program threatened to "infect every woman", a pivotal moment that profoundly impacted and redirected her career.
Since 1999, she has served as the Principal Researcher and Director of the Substance Use, Gender, and Applied Research (SUGAR) Program [11] at RTI International (formerly known as the Substance Abuse Treatment, Evaluations, and Interventions program), and the Founding Director of RTI International’s first RTI Global Gender Center since 2014. [12] [13] The global center connects gender-sensitive researchers and advocates both within RTI and globally, fostering collaboration among over 500 affiliates and experts to address gender inequalities and disparities through innovative research and science. [14] In addition to her pivotal roles at RTI, Wechsberg has held adjunct professor positions in Health, Policy and Administration at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) Gillings School of Global Public Health, [15] Psychology in the Public Interest at North Carolina State University (NCSU), [16] and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the Duke University School of Medicine. [17]
Wechsberg’s distinguished career has resulted in the successful execution of 15 National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded five-year studies and numerous supplemental and pilot trial studies, including a Centers for Disease Control (CDC) study focused on adolescent women. [18] Her work is deeply rooted in empowerment theory, [19] focusing on equipping women to take control of their lives and reducing their risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) by addressing a complex interconnected triad of behaviors and factors, including substance misuse, gender-based violence, sexual behaviors, and enhancing sexual negotiation and partner communication skills. [20] [21] [22] She is the creator of the Women's CoOp, [23] an HIV prevention program [24] tailored for women who use substances, conceived in 1998, with subsequent global adaptations including the Women’s Health CoOp, [25] the Young Women's CoOp, [26] and Couples Health CoOp [27] series focused on changing the gender norms. [28] [29] Funded by National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) and Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) for over two decades, the original Women's CoOp was recognized by the CDC in the compendium of Evidence-Based Interventions and Best practices for HIV Prevention as a Best-Evidence Risk Reduction intervention. [30] [31] [32] Its impact spans across the United States, where it has been rigorously adapted for adult and adolescent women and couples who use substances and in multiple regions in South Africa, Tanzania, the Republic of Georgia and in Russia. A South African adaptation, the Women’s Health CoOp, [33] is also listed in USAID’s Compendium of Programs in Africa [34] and has been packaged for implementation into substance use treatment programs in South Africa. [35] Wechsberg oversaw the development of an mHealth mobile app version of the Young Women's CoOp [36] in North Carolina, aiming to enhance accessibility of the intervention content for adolescent and young adult women who use substances. This innovation marks a significant milestone as the first evidence-based, women-centric HIV intervention addressing substance use and empowerment delivered through a mobile platform. [37]
She has been affiliated with the National Association for Addiction Professionals, [38] Addiction Professionals of North Carolina, [39] American Association of Community Psychology, American Psychological Association, American Public Health Association, College on Problems of Drug Dependence, and the International AIDS Society.
Wechsberg spearheaded the creation and execution of RTI International’s first gender science focused Ending Gender Inequalities conferences, serving as the chair for both events. The 2016 conference [40] in Chapel Hill at the UNC Friday Center [41] brought together over 240 attendees from 30 countries, focusing on collaboration and scaling up evidence-based programs addressing HIV, drug use, and violence. [42] Building on its success, she led the 2018 Johannesburg conference, which gathered nearly 200 participants from over 30 countries. [43] The event, centered on translating research into action, featured keynote speakers, panels, and collaborative sessions on critical issues like reproductive health, gender-based violence, and HIV prevention. South African journalist Redi Tlhabi emceed the conference, underscoring the importance of collaboration in ending gender inequalities. Renown keynote speakers included, Agnes Pareyio, a Kenyan women’s rights activist, Nabila El-Bassel, professor of social work at Columbia University, Glenda Gray, of the South African Medical Research Council, and Grizelda Grootboom, [44] a South African human trafficking survivor and activist.
Wechsberg has authored over 185 peer-reviewed publications on HIV, substance use, and gender, and has delivered more than 100 invited presentations. [45] Additionally, she has contributed to several commentaries and opinion editorials in various newspapers and served as a reviewer for prominent scientific journals such as the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome , the American Journal of Public Health , and AIDS and Behavior . In her book, HIV pioneers: Lives Lost, Careers Changed, and Survival, [46] Wechsberg chronicles the narratives of early HIV researchers during the epidemic's inception, garnering praise for its poignant portrayal of their contributions. [47] From the foreword by James Curran, MD, to endorsements by Paul A. Volberding, MD , Kenneth H. Mayer, MD, and Gerald Friedland, MD, [48] HIV Pioneers is hailed as an indispensable addition to the historical documentation of efforts against the epidemic. [49] In, Methadone maintenance treatment in the U.S.: a practical question and answer guide [50] , Wechsberg and co-authors provide a comprehensive, user-friendly reference on methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programs, covering their effectiveness, successful characteristics, and regulatory issues. The book is designed for clinicians, program administrators, researchers, and policymakers, offering insights based on a study of over 150 MMT programs across 15 states. In, Prevention Issues for Women's Health in the New Millennium [51] , Wechsberg recounts the need for and the gains that can be achieved by targeting prevention and health promotion programs toward minority and low-income women in the communities where they live.
Coining the word, “FEMtorship” the feminine version of mentorship, Wechsberg is passionate about guiding the next generation of women scientists. [52] In 2013, Wechsberg received an award for her exceptional mentorship in National Institute on Drug Abuse-supported research training programs. [53] She is recognized for her leadership in helping to build an international community of scientists collaborating on substance use, gender, and HIV research globally.
Previously serving as President of WomenNC [54] and current chair of their advisory board, Wechsberg has been instrumental in the WomenNC Scholars Program. [55] This competitive, application-based initiative offers a comprehensive leadership development opportunity for university students, empowering the next generation to advance gender equality in North Carolina. Wechsberg has overseen the matching of RTI Global Gender Center scientists with WomenNC scholars for a femtee-femtor process to conduct an original research project addressing inequalities in local communities.
Additionally, Wechsberg started the International Women's and Children's Health and Gender (InWomen's) Group [56] in 2007 with support from NIDA. [57] She served as Chair of the InWomen's Group for over 16 years. InWomen's is the only multidisciplinary forum addressing all aspects of substance use among women, children, and families with respect to gender differences. The InWomen’s Group began meeting virtually and in person in 2007 and consists of more than 1,000 members from over 44 countries worldwide, with an annual meeting. The InWomen's meeting was associated with the NIDA International Forum andthe College on Problems of Drug Dependence (CPDD). [58] InWomen's offered competitive travel scholarships to US-based and global attendees. InWomen's haDA International Forum andthe College on Problems of Drug Dependence. [59] [60]
Throughout her career, Wechsberg has femtored numerous students and early career scientists, and has served on a wide array of advisory boards and committees. Her contributions include serving on the Friends Committee NC, HIV Prevention Work Group, the Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) Internal Advisory Board at the University of North Carolina, [61] and the North Carolina Coalition Against Human Trafficking. [62] She has also been a board member of the North Carolina Community AIDS Fund and a member of the Comprehensive International Programme for Research on AIDS in South Africa’s Scientific Advisory Board in Cape Town.
In 2008, Wechsberg was ranked third among all researchers funded by the National Institutes of Health who received HIV/AIDS investigator-initiated grants with research in the United States and internationally in the scientific magazine, Science. [63] Dr. Wechsberg was nominated and selected to be on the 2022 Forbes Women 50 over 50 Impact list. [64] Selected in 2023 and 2024 for North Carolina’s Top Women Leaders in Women We Most Admire. [65] [66]
Wechsberg has been honored with several prestigious awards throughout her career. In 2018, she received the Margaret Elliot Knox Excellence Award for excellence in the area of substance use, gender, and HIV research from RTI International. [67] Her contributions were further recognized with the Pioneer Certificate from NIDA in 2015 for Two Decades of International Collaborations. [68] In 2014, she was awarded the Women in Business Mentoring Award by the Triangle Business Journal, [69] and in 2013, she received the NIDA International Mentoring Award. [70] Earlier, in 2007, the Triangle Business Journal named her one of the “10 People Working to Change the World". [71] Additionally, in 2002, she was honored with the RTI President’s Award for her innovative adaptation of a U.S.-developed research and intervention protocol for HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention programs in South Africa.
This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience.(June 2020) |
This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience.(June 2020) |
HIV/AIDS originated in the early 20th century and remains a significant public health challenge, particularly in Africa. Although the continent constitutes about 17% of the world's population, it bears a disproportionate burden of the epidemic. As of 2023, around 25.6 million people in sub-Saharan Africa were living with HIV, accounting for over two-thirds of the global total. The majority of new infections and AIDS-related deaths occur in Eastern and Southern Africa, which house approximately 55% of the global HIV-positive population.
The United States President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) is the global health funding by the United States to address the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and help save the lives of those suffering from the disease. The U.S. allocation of over $110 billion marks the largest investment by any country has ever made towards combating a single disease. As of 2023, PEPFAR has saved over 25 million lives, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa.
The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is a United States federal government research institute whose mission is to "advance science on the causes and consequences of drug use and addiction and to apply that knowledge to improve individual and public health."
The global pandemic of HIV/AIDS began in 1981, and is an ongoing worldwide public health issue. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by 2023, HIV/AIDS had killed approximately 40.4 million people, and approximately 39 million people were infected with HIV globally. Of these, 29.8 million people (75%) are receiving antiretroviral treatment. There were about 630,000 deaths from HIV/AIDS in 2022. The 2015 Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that the global incidence of HIV infection peaked in 1997 at 3.3 million per year. Global incidence fell rapidly from 1997 to 2005, to about 2.6 million per year. Incidence of HIV has continued to fall, decreasing by 23% from 2010 to 2020, with progress dominated by decreases in Eastern Africa and Southern Africa. As of 2023, there are about 1.3 million new infections of HIV per year globally.
Syndemics is the evaluation of how social and health conditions arise, in what ways they interact, and what upstream drivers may produce their interactions. The word is a blend of "synergy" and "epidemics". The idea of syndemics is that no disease exists in isolation and that often population health can be understood through a confluence of factors that produces multiple health conditions that afflict some populations and not others. Syndemics are not like pandemics ; instead, syndemics reflect population-level trends within certain states, regions, cities, or towns.
Substance abuse prevention, also known as drug abuse prevention, is a process that attempts to prevent the onset of substance use or limit the development of problems associated with using psychoactive substances. Prevention efforts may focus on the individual or their surroundings. A concept that is known as "environmental prevention" focuses on changing community conditions or policies so that the availability of substances is reduced as well as the demand. Individual Substance Abuse Prevention, also known as drug abuse prevention involves numerous different sessions depending on the individual to help cease or reduce the use of substances. The time period to help a specific individual can vary based upon many aspects of an individual. The type of Prevention efforts should be based upon the individual's necessities which can also vary. Substance use prevention efforts typically focus on minors and young adults — especially between 12–35 years of age. Substances typically targeted by preventive efforts include alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, inhalants, coke, methamphetamine, steroids, club drugs, and opioids. Community advocacy against substance use is imperative due to the significant increase in opioid overdoses in the United States alone. It has been estimated that about one hundred and thirty individuals continue to lose their lives daily due to opioid overdoses alone.
The affected community is composed of people who are living with HIV and AIDS, plus individuals whose lives are directly influenced by HIV infection. This originally was defined as young to middle aged adults who associate with being gay or bisexual men, and or injection drug users. HIV-affected community is a community that is affected directly or indirectly affected by HIV. These communities are usually influenced by HIV and undertake risky behaviours that lead to a higher chance of HIV infection. To date HIV infection is still one of the leading cause of deaths around the world with an estimate of 36.8 million people diagnosed with HIV by the end of 2017, but there can particular communities that are more vulnerable to HIV infection, these communities include certain races, gender, minorities, and disadvantaged communities. One of the most common communities at risk is the gay community as it is commonly transmitted through unsafe sex. The main factor that contributes to HIV infection within the gay/bisexual community is that gay men do not use protection when performing anal sex or other sexual activities which can lead to a higher risk of HIV infections. Another community will be people diagnosed with mental health issues, such as depression is one of the most common related mental illnesses associated with HIV infection. HIV testing is an essential role in reducing HIV infection within communities as it can lead to prevention and treatment of HIV infections but also helps with early diagnosis of HIV. Educating young people in a community with the knowledge of HIV prevention will be able to help decrease the prevalence within the community. As education is an important source for development in many areas. Research has shown that people more at risk for HIV are part of disenfranchised and inner city populations as drug use and sexually transmitted diseases(STDs) are more prevalent. People with mental illnesses that inhibit making decisions or overlook sexual tendencies are especially at risk for contracting HIV.
HIV prevention refers to practices that aim to prevent the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV prevention practices may be undertaken by individuals to protect their own health and the health of those in their community, or may be instituted by governments and community-based organizations as public health policies.
Jean J. Schensul is a medical anthropologist and senior scientist at The Institute for Community Research, in Hartford, Connecticut. Dr. Schensul is most notable for her research on HIV/AIDS prevention and other health-related research in the United States, as well as her extensive writing on ethnographic research methods. She has made notable contributions to the field of applied anthropology, with her work on structural interventions to health disparities leading to the development of new organizations, community research partnerships, and community/university associations. Schensul’s work has been dedicated to community-based research on topics such as senior health, education, and substance abuse, among others.
Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus is a licensed clinical psychologist and professor with the University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences. Rotheram is the professor-in-residence in the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior. She is the Director of the Global Center for Children and Families at UCLA and the former director of the Center for HIV Identification, Prevention, and Treatment Services.
David DuPuy Celentano is a noted epidemiologist and professor who has contributed significantly to the promotion of research on HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). He is the Charles Armstrong chair of the Department of Epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. He holds joint appointments with the school’s departments of Health Policy and Management, Health Behavior and Society, and International Health, and the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine’s Division of Infectious Diseases.
William W. Latimer is an infectious disease epidemiologist and academic administrator. He recently served as the 7th President of Chestnut Hill College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and previously served as the 14th President of the College of New Rochelle.
Risky sexual behavior is the description of the activity that will increase the probability that a person engaging in sexual activity with another person infected with a sexually transmitted infection will be infected, become unintentionally pregnant, or make a partner pregnant. It can mean two similar things: the behavior itself, and the description of the partner's behavior.
Kim M. Blankenship is an American sociologist and academic administrator whose research focuses on social determinants of health, including HIV/AIDS, race, class, and gender inequalities. She is a professor and the associate dean of research in the American University College of Arts and Sciences, where she directs the Center on Health, Risk, and Society to advance interdisciplinary research on health disparities.
Faye Z. Belgrave is a psychologist known for her research conducted for the benefit of the African American youth, specifically in the areas of substance abuse and HIV. She is currently a professor of Psychology and the founding director of the Center for Cultural Experiences in Prevention (CCEP) at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU).
Hendrée E. Jones is a researcher on women's substance abuse disorders and its impact on children. She is a professor in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, and adjunct professor in the University of North Carolina College of Arts & Sciences Department of Psychology and Neuroscience. Jones is the executive director of the UNC Horizons Program, which is a comprehensive drug treatment program for mothers and their drug-exposed children. She is a consultant for the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, the United Nations, and the World Health Organization.
Gail Elizabeth Wyatt is a clinical psychologist and board-certified sex therapist known for her research on consensual and abusive sexual relationships and their influence on psychological well-being. She is Professor of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center. Wyatt was the first African American woman in the state of California to receive a license to practice psychology and first African American woman to be named a Full Professor of the UCLA School of Medicine.
Pamela Jumper-Thurman is an American academic, epidemiologist, researcher, evaluator, and grantsmanship consultant. She is best known for her role in the development of the Community Readiness Model and as co-editor of the legacy book Cherokee National Treasures: In Their Own Words. She is a citizen of the Cherokee Nation and a jeweler.
Marguerita Lightfoot is a counseling psychologist known for her research in the field of preventive medicine, especially in regard to HIV prevention and advocacy for homeless youth. She is Professor of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine and the Chief of the Division of Prevention Science. She serves on the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on Fostering Healthy Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Development among Children and Youth.
Prasanna Nair is an Indian-born doctor working in the United States. She works in primary health care with a specialty in pediatric endocrinology.
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