| West Sudanian savanna | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Map of the West Sudanian savanna ecoregion | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Afrotropical |
| Biome | tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands |
| Borders | |
| Geography | |
| Area | 1,632,821 km2 (630,436 sq mi) |
| Countries | |
| Conservation | |
| Conservation status | Critical/endangered |
| Protected | 233,942 km2 (14%) [1] |
The West Sudanian savanna is a tropical savanna ecoregion that extends across West Africa.
The ecoregion stretches east and west across West Africa, from the Atlantic coast of Senegal to the Mandara Mountains on Nigeria's eastern border.
The drier Sahelian Acacia savanna lies to the north, and the more humid Guinean forest-savanna mosaic lies to the south.
The climate is a tropical savanna climate and a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification Aw and BSh) with a dry season and a wet season and the temperature being warm and hot year-round. Annual rainfall ranges from 1000 mm in the south to 600 mm in the north on the edge of the Sahel. Rainfall and temperature vary seasonally, with a hot rainy season from May to September, and a cooler dry season from October to April. Temperatures range from 30 °C to 33 °C during the hottest month, and 18 °C to 21 °C during the coolest month. [2]
| Climate data for Dakar, Senegal (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 39.6 (103.3) | 38.7 (101.7) | 40.4 (104.7) | 38.4 (101.1) | 36.2 (97.2) | 36.6 (97.9) | 36.9 (98.4) | 35.0 (95.0) | 36.2 (97.2) | 39.3 (102.7) | 40.3 (104.5) | 39.5 (103.1) | 40.4 (104.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.3 (77.5) | 25.2 (77.4) | 25.4 (77.7) | 25.0 (77.0) | 26.0 (78.8) | 28.6 (83.5) | 30.0 (86.0) | 30.3 (86.5) | 30.7 (87.3) | 31.0 (87.8) | 29.8 (85.6) | 27.4 (81.3) | 27.9 (82.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 18.3 (64.9) | 18.0 (64.4) | 18.5 (65.3) | 19.2 (66.6) | 20.7 (69.3) | 23.5 (74.3) | 25.1 (77.2) | 25.3 (77.5) | 25.2 (77.4) | 25.3 (77.5) | 23.3 (73.9) | 21.0 (69.8) | 22.0 (71.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 11.0 (51.8) | 10.7 (51.3) | 10.9 (51.6) | 14.0 (57.2) | 15.4 (59.7) | 17.0 (62.6) | 17.2 (63.0) | 20.0 (68.0) | 20.0 (68.0) | 17.2 (63.0) | 17.0 (62.6) | 12.4 (54.3) | 10.7 (51.3) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 1.0 (0.04) | 2.0 (0.08) | 0.3 (0.01) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.00) | 14.0 (0.55) | 51.0 (2.01) | 154.0 (6.06) | 133.0 (5.24) | 26.0 (1.02) | 9.2 (0.36) | 1.0 (0.04) | 391.6 (15.41) |
| Average rainy days | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 3.0 | 8.0 | 15.0 | 12.0 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 47.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 68 | 74 | 77 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 78 | 81 | 83 | 80 | 72 | 68 | 77 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 244.9 | 245.8 | 276.0 | 288.0 | 291.4 | 252.0 | 232.5 | 223.2 | 219.0 | 257.3 | 249.0 | 238.7 | 3,017.8 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 70 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 65 | 58 | 57 | 60 | 70 | 73 | 69 | 68 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net [3] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Spiegel Online Wetter [4] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Bamako (1950–2000, extremes 1949–2015) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 38.9 (102.0) | 42.8 (109.0) | 43.9 (111.0) | 43.5 (110.3) | 45.0 (113.0) | 42.0 (107.6) | 40.0 (104.0) | 37.8 (100.0) | 38.4 (101.1) | 38.9 (102.0) | 42.0 (107.6) | 40.0 (104.0) | 45.0 (113.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 33.4 (92.1) | 36.4 (97.5) | 38.5 (101.3) | 39.6 (103.3) | 38.5 (101.3) | 35.3 (95.5) | 32.1 (89.8) | 31.1 (88.0) | 32.2 (90.0) | 34.6 (94.3) | 35.3 (95.5) | 33.4 (92.1) | 35.0 (95.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 17.0 (62.6) | 19.9 (67.8) | 22.9 (73.2) | 25.2 (77.4) | 25.4 (77.7) | 23.6 (74.5) | 22.2 (72.0) | 21.8 (71.2) | 21.6 (70.9) | 21.3 (70.3) | 18.4 (65.1) | 16.8 (62.2) | 21.3 (70.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) | 9.0 (48.2) | 12.0 (53.6) | 15.8 (60.4) | 17.8 (64.0) | 16.1 (61.0) | 17.5 (63.5) | 17.2 (63.0) | 18.0 (64.4) | 14.7 (58.5) | 10.8 (51.4) | 6.0 (42.8) | 6.0 (42.8) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.6 (0.02) | 0.7 (0.03) | 2.1 (0.08) | 19.7 (0.78) | 54.1 (2.13) | 132.1 (5.20) | 224.1 (8.82) | 290.2 (11.43) | 195.9 (7.71) | 66.1 (2.60) | 5.2 (0.20) | 0.5 (0.02) | 991.3 (39.03) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 3.3 | 6.3 | 7.7 | 16.7 | 17.9 | 14.7 | 5.7 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 73.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 24 | 20 | 22 | 33 | 50 | 67 | 77 | 81 | 78 | 65 | 38 | 27 | 49 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 277.4 | 253.0 | 268.1 | 230.4 | 242.6 | 233.6 | 216.6 | 218.3 | 221.7 | 253.7 | 270.7 | 268.6 | 2,954.7 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization [5] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990), [6] Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes and humidity) [7] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Ouagadougou (1971-2000, extremes 1902-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 39.8 (103.6) | 42.3 (108.1) | 43.8 (110.8) | 46.1 (115.0) | 44.5 (112.1) | 41.3 (106.3) | 38.8 (101.8) | 36.6 (97.9) | 38.6 (101.5) | 41.0 (105.8) | 40.5 (104.9) | 40.1 (104.2) | 46.1 (115.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 32.9 (91.2) | 35.8 (96.4) | 38.3 (100.9) | 39.3 (102.7) | 37.7 (99.9) | 34.7 (94.5) | 32.1 (89.8) | 31.1 (88.0) | 32.5 (90.5) | 35.6 (96.1) | 35.9 (96.6) | 33.4 (92.1) | 34.9 (94.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 16.5 (61.7) | 19.1 (66.4) | 23.5 (74.3) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.1 (79.0) | 24.1 (75.4) | 22.8 (73.0) | 22.2 (72.0) | 22.4 (72.3) | 23.0 (73.4) | 19.6 (67.3) | 16.9 (62.4) | 21.9 (71.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 8.5 (47.3) | 10.4 (50.7) | 14.8 (58.6) | 16.2 (61.2) | 17.0 (62.6) | 17.0 (62.6) | 15.0 (59.0) | 17.9 (64.2) | 17.6 (63.7) | 17.6 (63.7) | 13.0 (55.4) | 9.5 (49.1) | 8.5 (47.3) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.1 (0.00) | 0.5 (0.02) | 5.9 (0.23) | 26.5 (1.04) | 66.8 (2.63) | 97.5 (3.84) | 176.2 (6.94) | 214.2 (8.43) | 121.2 (4.77) | 33.5 (1.32) | 1.2 (0.05) | 0.2 (0.01) | 743.8 (29.28) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 10 | 14 | 16 | 11 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 68 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 24 | 21 | 22 | 36 | 50 | 64 | 72 | 80 | 77 | 60 | 38 | 29 | 48 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 287 | 263 | 264 | 256 | 277 | 264 | 240 | 223 | 217 | 273 | 288 | 284 | 3,136 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization, [8] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows) [9] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1961–1967, and sun, 1961–1990) [10] [11] [lower-alpha 1] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Niamey, Niger (1961–1990, extremes: 1961–2015) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 38.2 (100.8) | 44.0 (111.2) | 45.0 (113.0) | 45.6 (114.1) | 45.1 (113.2) | 43.5 (110.3) | 41.0 (105.8) | 39.6 (103.3) | 41.8 (107.2) | 41.2 (106.2) | 40.7 (105.3) | 40.0 (104.0) | 45.6 (114.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 32.5 (90.5) | 35.7 (96.3) | 39.1 (102.4) | 40.9 (105.6) | 40.2 (104.4) | 37.2 (99.0) | 34.0 (93.2) | 33.0 (91.4) | 34.4 (93.9) | 37.8 (100.0) | 36.2 (97.2) | 33.3 (91.9) | 36.2 (97.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.3 (75.7) | 27.3 (81.1) | 30.9 (87.6) | 33.8 (92.8) | 34.0 (93.2) | 31.5 (88.7) | 29.0 (84.2) | 27.9 (82.2) | 29.0 (84.2) | 30.8 (87.4) | 27.9 (82.2) | 25.0 (77.0) | 29.3 (84.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 16.1 (61.0) | 19.0 (66.2) | 22.9 (73.2) | 26.5 (79.7) | 27.7 (81.9) | 25.7 (78.3) | 24.1 (75.4) | 23.2 (73.8) | 23.6 (74.5) | 24.2 (75.6) | 19.5 (67.1) | 16.7 (62.1) | 22.4 (72.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 12.6 (54.7) | 14.3 (57.7) | 18.0 (64.4) | 21.6 (70.9) | 22.6 (72.7) | 20.5 (68.9) | 20.0 (68.0) | 20.2 (68.4) | 20.3 (68.5) | 15.8 (60.4) | 13.0 (55.4) | 12.6 (54.7) | 12.6 (54.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 3.9 (0.15) | 5.7 (0.22) | 34.7 (1.37) | 68.8 (2.71) | 154.3 (6.07) | 170.8 (6.72) | 92.2 (3.63) | 9.7 (0.38) | 0.7 (0.03) | 0.0 (0.0) | 540.8 (21.28) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 2.9 | 5.9 | 9.9 | 12.2 | 7.4 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 41 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 22 | 17 | 18 | 27 | 42 | 55 | 67 | 74 | 73 | 53 | 34 | 27 | 42 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 280 | 264 | 264 | 251 | 257 | 251 | 238 | 203 | 228 | 285 | 285 | 276 | 3,082 |
| Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst [12] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute [13] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Maiduguri | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 40 (104) | 42 (108) | 44 (111) | 46 (115) | 47 (117) | 42 (108) | 43 (109) | 36 (97) | 38 (100) | 39 (102) | 39 (102) | 38 (100) | 47 (117) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.9 (89.4) | 34.6 (94.3) | 37.8 (100.0) | 40.1 (104.2) | 39.4 (102.9) | 36.4 (97.5) | 33.2 (91.8) | 32.0 (89.6) | 33.7 (92.7) | 36.4 (97.5) | 34.2 (93.6) | 32.3 (90.1) | 35.2 (95.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.8 (71.2) | 24.8 (76.6) | 29.3 (84.7) | 32.6 (90.7) | 32.5 (90.5) | 30.2 (86.4) | 27.5 (81.5) | 26.6 (79.9) | 27.2 (81.0) | 27.9 (82.2) | 24.9 (76.8) | 23.2 (73.8) | 27.4 (81.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.6 (54.7) | 15.3 (59.5) | 19.7 (67.5) | 21.9 (71.4) | 25.5 (77.9) | 24.5 (76.1) | 22.9 (73.2) | 22.3 (72.1) | 22.4 (72.3) | 20.7 (69.3) | 16.0 (60.8) | 13.1 (55.6) | 19.9 (67.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 8 (46) | 10 (50) | 15 (59) | 12 (54) | 18 (64) | 19 (66) | 20 (68) | 19 (66) | 20 (68) | 15 (59) | 10 (50) | 5 (41) | 5 (41) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.01) | 13.0 (0.51) | 30.5 (1.20) | 73.8 (2.91) | 147.1 (5.79) | 193.2 (7.61) | 83.0 (3.27) | 11.1 (0.44) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.00) | 552.1 (21.74) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 6.8 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 42.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 15:00 LST) | 15.4 | 11.2 | 12.0 | 17.5 | 28.4 | 38.4 | 55.5 | 63.4 | 54.8 | 30.2 | 19.0 | 19.6 | 30.2 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 266.6 | 249.2 | 257.3 | 237.0 | 263.5 | 249.0 | 217.0 | 204.6 | 225.0 | 285.2 | 282.0 | 275.9 | 3,012.3 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 8.6 | 8.9 | 8.3 | 7.9 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 7.5 | 9.2 | 9.4 | 8.9 | 8.3 |
| Source 1: NOAA, [14] Climate Charts (latitude: 11°51'N; longitude: 013°05'E; elevation: 354m, 1161') [15] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Voodoo Skies for record temperatures [16] | |||||||||||||
Savanna and open woodland are the characteristic vegetation types. Species of Combretum and Terminalia are the typical savanna trees, and the ground is covered with long grasses, herbs, and shrubs. Species of Hyparrhenia , or elephant grass, is the predominant grass, and often grows 1 meter or more in height. Trees in the drier woodlands generally less than 10 meters high, and include Anogeissus spp. with Acacia spp., Balanites aegyptiaca, Combretum glutinosum, Commiphora africana, Prosopis africana, Tamarindus indica , and Ziziphus mucronata . Many trees lose their leaves during the height of the dry season, and the grasses often dry out. [2]
Acacia is less common in the wetter woodlands in higher-rainfall areas and along watercourses, where Afzelia africana, Burkea africana, Combretum spp. and Terminalia spp. are predominant. Smaller areas of Isoberlinia woodland occur in more humid portions of the southern ecoregion. [2]
The ecoregion is home to many large mammals, including African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), West African giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta), giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus derbianus), roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer brachyceros), lion (Panthera leo), leopard (Panthera pardus) cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), and African wild dog (Lycaon pictus). Most large mammals are now very limited in range and numbers. [2]
A 2017 assessment found that 233,942 km2, or 14%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. [1]
Media related to West Sudanian savanna at Wikimedia Commons
Burkina Faso is a landlocked Sahel country that shares borders with six nations. It lies between the Sahara desert and the Gulf of Guinea, south of the loop of the Niger River, mostly between latitudes 9° and 15°N, and longitudes 6°W and 3°E. The land is green in the south, with forests and fruit trees, and semi-arid in the north. Most of central Burkina Faso lies on a savanna plateau, 198–305 metres (650–1,001 ft) above sea level, with fields, brush, and scattered trees. Burkina Faso's game preserves – the most important of which are Arly, Nazinga, and W National Park—contain lions, elephants, hippopotamus, monkeys, common warthogs, and antelopes. Previously the endangered painted hunting dog, Lycaon pictus occurred in Burkina Faso, but, although the last sightings were made in Arli National Park, the species is considered extirpated from Burkina Faso.
Nigeria is a country in West Africa. It shares land borders with the Republic of Benin to the west, Chad and Cameroon to the east, and Niger to the north. Its coast lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the south and it borders Lake Chad to the northeast. Notable geographical features in Nigeria include the Adamawa Plateau, Mambilla Plateau, Jos Plateau, Obudu Plateau, the Niger River, Benue River, and Niger Delta.
Togo is a small Sub-Saharan state, comprising a long strip of land in West Africa. Togo's geographic coordinates are a latitude of 8° north and a longitude of 1°10′ east. It is bordered by three countries: Benin to the east, with 644 km (400 mi) of border; Burkina Faso to the north, with 126 km (78 mi) of border; and Ghana, with 877 km (545 mi) of border. To the south Togo has 56 km (35 mi) of coastline along the Bight of Benin of the Gulf of Guinea in the North Atlantic Ocean. Togo stretches 579 km (360 mi) north from the Gulf and is only 160 km (99 mi) wide at the broadest point. In total, Togo has an area of 56,785 km2 (21,925 sq mi), of which 54,385 km2 (20,998 sq mi) is land and 2,400 km2 (927 sq mi) is water.
Mali is a landlocked nation in West Africa, located southwest of Algeria, extending south-west from the southern Sahara Desert through the Sahel to the Sudanian savanna zone. Mali's size is 1,240,192 square kilometers.
Somalia is a country located in the Horn of Africa which officially consists of the intra-46th meridian east territory, the seven federal member states, namely Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Jubaland, South West, Puntland, and the municipality of Benadir. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Somali Sea and Guardafui Channel to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. With a land area of 637,657 square kilometers, Somalia's terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. Its coastline is more than 3,333 kilometers in length, the longest of mainland Africa. It has been described as being roughly shaped "like a tilted number seven".
Benin, a narrow, key-shaped, north–south strip of land in West Africa, lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer. Its latitude ranges from 6°30′ N to 12°30′ N and its longitude from 1° E to 3°40′ E. It is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south.
A savanna or savannah is a mixed woodland-grassland biome and ecosystem characterised by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken herbaceous layer consisting primarily of grasses. Four savanna forms exist; savanna woodland where trees and shrubs form a light canopy, tree savanna with scattered trees and shrubs, shrub savanna with distributed shrubs, and grass savanna where trees and shrubs are mostly nonexistent.
Miombo woodland is a tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome located in central and southern tropical Africa. It includes three woodland savanna ecoregions characterized by the dominant presence of Brachystegia and Julbernardia species of trees, and has a range of climates ranging from humid to semi-arid, and tropical to subtropical or even temperate. The trees characteristically shed their leaves for a short period in the dry season to reduce water loss and produce a flush of new leaves just before the onset of the wet season with rich gold and red colours masking the underlying chlorophyll, reminiscent of autumn colours in the temperate zone.
The Llanos is a vast tropical grassland plain situated to the east of the Andes in Colombia and Venezuela, in northwestern South America. It is an ecoregion of the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome.
The Sudanian savanna or Sudan region is a broad belt of tropical savanna that runs east and west across the African continent, from the Ethiopian Highlands in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. It represents the central bioregion within the broader tropical savanna biome of the Afrotropical realm. The Sahel acacia savanna, a belt of drier grasslands, lies to the north, forming a transition zone between the Sudanian savanna and the Sahara Desert phytochorion. To the Sudan's south, the more humid forest-savanna mosaic forms a transition zone between the Sudanian savanna and the Guineo-Congolian forests that lie nearer the equator.
The East Sudanian savanna is a hot, seasonally dry tropical savanna ecoregion of Central and East Africa.
The Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic is a forest and savanna ecoregion of central Africa. It extends east and west across central Africa, covering parts of Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, and Uganda. It is part of the belt of transitional forest-savanna mosaic that lie between Africa's moist equatorial Guineo-Congolian forests and the tropical dry forests, savannas, and grasslands to the north and south.
Angola is located on the western Atlantic Coast of Southern Africa between Namibia and the Republic of the Congo. It also is bordered by the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia to the east. The country consists of a sparsely watered and somewhat sterile coastal plain extending inland for a distance varying from 50 to 160 km. Slightly inland and parallel to the coast is a belt of hills and mountains and behind those a large plateau. The total land size is 1,246,700 km2 (481,400 sq mi). It has an Exclusive Economic Zone of 518,433 km2 (200,168 sq mi).
The Lake Chad flooded savanna is a flooded grasslands and savannas ecoregion in Africa. It includes the seasonally- and permanently-flooded grasslands and savannas in the basin of Lake Chad in Central Africa, and covers portions of Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria.
The Carpentaria tropical savanna is a tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregion in northern Australia.
Kandi is a town, arrondissement and commune in the Alibori Department of eastern Benin. Originally a market town, Kandi is now primarily a farming centre. It lies on the nation's main north-south highway, 650 km (400 mi) from Cotonou and 523 km (325 mi) north of Porto-Novo. The town is the capital of the department of Alibori. The commune covers an area of 3,421 km2 (1,321 sq mi) and as of 2013 had a population of 177,683 people. The town itself had a population of 27,227 in 2002.
The Northern Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets are a tropical grasslands, savannas and shrublands ecoregion in eastern Africa. The ecoregion is mostly located in Kenya, extending north into southeastern South Sudan, northeastern Uganda and southwestern Ethiopia and south into Tanzania along the Kenya-Tanzania border.
The Victoria Basin forest–grassland mosaic is an ecoregion that lies mostly in Uganda and extends into neighboring countries. The ecoregion is centered north and west of Lake Victoria, with an outlier on the border of Ethiopia and South Sudan.
The Mitchell Grass Downs is a tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregion in northeastern Australia. It is a mostly treeless grassland, characterised by Mitchell grasses .
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)