| East Sudanian savanna | |
|---|---|
 Giraffe in Zakouma National Park, Chad | |
 Map of the East Sudanian savanna ecoregion | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Afrotropical |
| Biome | tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands |
| Borders | |
| Geography | |
| Area | 917,630 km2 (354,300 sq mi) |
| Countries | |
| Conservation | |
| Conservation status | Critical/endangered |
| Protected | 24.68% [1] |
The East Sudanian savanna is a hot, dry, tropical savanna ecoregion of Central and East Africa.
The East Sudanian savanna is the eastern half of the Sudanian savanna belt which runs east and west across Africa. The eastern lies east of the Cameroon Highlands, and west of the Ethiopian Highlands. The Sahel belt of drier acacia savanna lies to the north, and beyond that is the Sahara Desert. More humid forest–savanna mosaic ecoregions lie to the south.
The Sudd flooded grasslands in South Sudan divide the ecoregion into eastern and western blocks. The land is mainly flat, although there are some hillier sections around Lake Albert and in western Ethiopia.
The climate is a tropical savanna climate and a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification Aw and BSh) with a dry season and a wet season and the temperature being warm and hot year-round.
| Climate data for Garoua, Cameroon | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 34.4 (93.9) | 37.3 (99.1) | 39.8 (103.6) | 39.5 (103.1) | 36.5 (97.7) | 33.2 (91.8) | 31.1 (88.0) | 30.7 (87.3) | 31.5 (88.7) | 34.2 (93.6) | 36.0 (96.8) | 34.8 (94.6) | 34.9 (94.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.0 (78.8) | 28.9 (84.0) | 32.2 (90.0) | 33.0 (91.4) | 30.7 (87.3) | 28.2 (82.8) | 26.6 (79.9) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.7 (80.1) | 28.1 (82.6) | 27.3 (81.1) | 26.0 (78.8) | 28.3 (82.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 17.5 (63.5) | 20.5 (68.9) | 24.7 (76.5) | 26.4 (79.5) | 24.9 (76.8) | 23.2 (73.8) | 22.2 (72.0) | 22.0 (71.6) | 21.9 (71.4) | 22.2 (72.0) | 19.2 (66.6) | 17.3 (63.1) | 21.8 (71.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 2.0 (0.08) | 44.1 (1.74) | 108.4 (4.27) | 134.8 (5.31) | 205.3 (8.08) | 247.9 (9.76) | 190.0 (7.48) | 63.3 (2.49) | 1.6 (0.06) | 0.0 (0.0) | 997.4 (39.27) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 17 | 24 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 88 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 275.0 | 252.6 | 260.1 | 245.4 | 256.7 | 224.4 | 194.0 | 187.2 | 204.5 | 261.5 | 279.2 | 286.5 | 2,927.1 |
| Source: NOAA [2] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Sarh, Chad (1961-1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 35.8 (96.4) | 38.0 (100.4) | 39.1 (102.4) | 38.5 (101.3) | 36.2 (97.2) | 33.2 (91.8) | 30.9 (87.6) | 30.6 (87.1) | 31.7 (89.1) | 33.6 (92.5) | 35.5 (95.9) | 35.4 (95.7) | 34.9 (94.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 16.5 (61.7) | 18.8 (65.8) | 22.6 (72.7) | 24.7 (76.5) | 24.1 (75.4) | 22.6 (72.7) | 21.6 (70.9) | 21.5 (70.7) | 21.5 (70.7) | 21.7 (71.1) | 18.8 (65.8) | 16.4 (61.5) | 20.9 (69.6) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.1 (0.00) | 1.6 (0.06) | 9.5 (0.37) | 37.4 (1.47) | 82.1 (3.23) | 135.9 (5.35) | 234.4 (9.23) | 243.7 (9.59) | 165.5 (6.52) | 55.8 (2.20) | 3.3 (0.13) | 0.0 (0.0) | 969.3 (38.16) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 16 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 86 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 33 | 29 | 37 | 50 | 61 | 72 | 79 | 82 | 80 | 73 | 57 | 42 | 58 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 266.6 | 243.6 | 244.9 | 237.0 | 241.8 | 207.0 | 173.6 | 176.7 | 186.0 | 232.5 | 261.0 | 266.6 | 2,737.3 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 8.6 | 8.7 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 6.9 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 6.2 | 7.5 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 7.5 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization (temperatures and rainy days) [3] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, humidity and precipitation) [4] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Moundou, Chad (1961-1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 34.1 (93.4) | 36.7 (98.1) | 38.6 (101.5) | 38.0 (100.4) | 35.7 (96.3) | 32.3 (90.1) | 30.2 (86.4) | 29.8 (85.6) | 30.7 (87.3) | 33.1 (91.6) | 35.1 (95.2) | 34.2 (93.6) | 34.0 (93.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.1 (59.2) | 18.3 (64.9) | 22.5 (72.5) | 24.2 (75.6) | 23.5 (74.3) | 22.1 (71.8) | 21.2 (70.2) | 21.0 (69.8) | 20.8 (69.4) | 21.0 (69.8) | 17.4 (63.3) | 14.6 (58.3) | 20.1 (68.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.2 (0.01) | 4.6 (0.18) | 39.2 (1.54) | 89.8 (3.54) | 147.7 (5.81) | 257.8 (10.15) | 284.8 (11.21) | 200.1 (7.88) | 57.1 (2.25) | 1.5 (0.06) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1,082.8 (42.63) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 19 | 13 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 85 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 36 | 28 | 31 | 50 | 63 | 73 | 80 | 81 | 78 | 73 | 56 | 45 | 58 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 279.0 | 249.2 | 248.0 | 234.0 | 241.8 | 210.0 | 182.9 | 170.5 | 186.0 | 235.6 | 282.0 | 291.4 | 2,810.4 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 9.0 | 8.9 | 8.0 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.0 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 6.2 | 7.6 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 7.7 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization [5] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun and humidity) [6] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Birao, Central African Republic | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 34.7 (94.5) | 37.3 (99.1) | 39.4 (102.9) | 39.7 (103.5) | 37.9 (100.2) | 35 (95) | 31.4 (88.5) | 30.8 (87.4) | 32.1 (89.8) | 34.5 (94.1) | 35 (95) | 33.6 (92.5) | 35.1 (95.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.7 (74.7) | 26 (79) | 28.8 (83.8) | 30.4 (86.7) | 30.2 (86.4) | 28.3 (82.9) | 25.7 (78.3) | 25.3 (77.5) | 25.9 (78.6) | 26.5 (79.7) | 23.9 (75.0) | 22.5 (72.5) | 26.4 (79.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.7 (54.9) | 14.8 (58.6) | 18.3 (64.9) | 21.1 (70.0) | 22.5 (72.5) | 21.6 (70.9) | 20.1 (68.2) | 19.8 (67.6) | 19.7 (67.5) | 18.6 (65.5) | 12.8 (55.0) | 11.4 (52.5) | 17.8 (64.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.0) | 20 (0.8) | 67 (2.6) | 107 (4.2) | 189 (7.4) | 193 (7.6) | 146 (5.7) | 38 (1.5) | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0) | 762 (29.8) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org [7] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Wau, South Sudan | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 41.1 (106.0) | 42.2 (108.0) | 43.5 (110.3) | 42.0 (107.6) | 41.5 (106.7) | 38.5 (101.3) | 36.5 (97.7) | 36.7 (98.1) | 40.0 (104.0) | 39.2 (102.6) | 38.5 (101.3) | 39.5 (103.1) | 43.5 (110.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 35.5 (95.9) | 37.1 (98.8) | 38.1 (100.6) | 37.4 (99.3) | 35.3 (95.5) | 32.9 (91.2) | 31.4 (88.5) | 31.4 (88.5) | 32.6 (90.7) | 33.8 (92.8) | 35.2 (95.4) | 35.2 (95.4) | 34.7 (94.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.8 (80.2) | 28.5 (83.3) | 30.4 (86.7) | 30.6 (87.1) | 29.3 (84.7) | 27.5 (81.5) | 26.3 (79.3) | 26.2 (79.2) | 26.8 (80.2) | 27.4 (81.3) | 27.4 (81.3) | 26.5 (79.7) | 27.8 (82.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 19.1 (66.4) | 19.9 (67.8) | 22.7 (72.9) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.2 (73.8) | 22.0 (71.6) | 21.2 (70.2) | 21.0 (69.8) | 21.0 (69.8) | 21.0 (69.8) | 19.6 (67.3) | 17.9 (64.2) | 20.9 (69.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 9.3 (48.7) | 12.5 (54.5) | 14.9 (58.8) | 16.5 (61.7) | 19.5 (67.1) | 17.7 (63.9) | 18.0 (64.4) | 18.6 (65.5) | 17.0 (62.6) | 16.4 (61.5) | 11.4 (52.5) | 10.3 (50.5) | 9.3 (48.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 1.3 (0.05) | 3.6 (0.14) | 18.6 (0.73) | 68.3 (2.69) | 118.8 (4.68) | 177.4 (6.98) | 176.0 (6.93) | 192.3 (7.57) | 179.4 (7.06) | 123.8 (4.87) | 14.9 (0.59) | 0.1 (0.00) | 1,074.5 (42.30) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.2 | 0.3 | 3.4 | 6.3 | 11.4 | 12.7 | 15.9 | 15.5 | 23.7 | 11.2 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 102.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 29 | 26 | 35 | 48 | 62 | 71 | 76 | 77 | 74 | 69 | 48 | 35 | 54 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 288.3 | 246.4 | 229.4 | 228.0 | 220.1 | 204.0 | 182.9 | 192.2 | 204.0 | 223.2 | 264.0 | 294.5 | 2,777 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 9.3 | 8.8 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 8.8 | 9.5 | 7.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 79 | 74 | 62 | 61 | 60 | 54 | 47 | 50 | 56 | 60 | 75 | 82 | 63 |
| Source: NOAA [8] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Juba, South Sudan (1971–2000, extremes 1931–1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 42.2 (108.0) | 43.0 (109.4) | 43.6 (110.5) | 42.4 (108.3) | 43.7 (110.7) | 38.5 (101.3) | 37.0 (98.6) | 38.5 (101.3) | 39.0 (102.2) | 39.6 (103.3) | 40.4 (104.7) | 42.8 (109.0) | 43.7 (110.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 36.8 (98.2) | 37.9 (100.2) | 37.7 (99.9) | 35.4 (95.7) | 33.5 (92.3) | 32.4 (90.3) | 31.1 (88.0) | 31.6 (88.9) | 33.1 (91.6) | 34.0 (93.2) | 34.7 (94.5) | 35.9 (96.6) | 34.5 (94.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 28.2 (82.8) | 29.3 (84.7) | 29.9 (85.8) | 28.7 (83.7) | 27.6 (81.7) | 26.5 (79.7) | 25.6 (78.1) | 25.5 (77.9) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.9 (80.4) | 27.4 (81.3) | 27.5 (81.5) | 27.5 (81.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.1 (68.2) | 21.7 (71.1) | 23.6 (74.5) | 23.4 (74.1) | 22.6 (72.7) | 21.9 (71.4) | 21.1 (70.0) | 21.0 (69.8) | 21.1 (70.0) | 21.3 (70.3) | 20.9 (69.6) | 20.0 (68.0) | 21.6 (70.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) | 12.2 (54.0) | 16.3 (61.3) | 16.5 (61.7) | 16.8 (62.2) | 14.0 (57.2) | 13.3 (55.9) | 16.0 (60.8) | 15.5 (59.9) | 14.0 (57.2) | 13.2 (55.8) | 13.9 (57.0) | 11.4 (52.5) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 5.1 (0.20) | 11.0 (0.43) | 36.7 (1.44) | 111.5 (4.39) | 129.9 (5.11) | 117.8 (4.64) | 144.7 (5.70) | 127.5 (5.02) | 103.7 (4.08) | 114.5 (4.51) | 43.1 (1.70) | 8.2 (0.32) | 953.7 (37.55) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.4 | 2.0 | 6.6 | 11.6 | 12.4 | 10.3 | 13.0 | 11.5 | 8.6 | 10.4 | 6.5 | 1.9 | 96.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 44 | 42 | 51 | 64 | 73 | 76 | 81 | 80 | 77 | 73 | 69 | 53 | 65 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 279.0 | 235.2 | 210.8 | 198.0 | 207.7 | 207.0 | 182.9 | 204.6 | 228.0 | 241.8 | 237.0 | 260.4 | 2,692.4 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 76 | 67 | 57 | 54 | 62 | 58 | 50 | 57 | 63 | 64 | 68 | 68 | 62 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization , [9] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun and humidity, 1961–1990), [10] Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes, mean temperatures) [11] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Ad-Damazin, Sudan (1961-1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 41.1 (106.0) | 44.3 (111.7) | 44.5 (112.1) | 45.5 (113.9) | 47.0 (116.6) | 42.0 (107.6) | 39.0 (102.2) | 37.0 (98.6) | 38.1 (100.6) | 40.0 (104.0) | 41.0 (105.8) | 41.5 (106.7) | 47.0 (116.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 35.2 (95.4) | 37.1 (98.8) | 39.5 (103.1) | 40.5 (104.9) | 38.5 (101.3) | 35.2 (95.4) | 31.8 (89.2) | 31.1 (88.0) | 32.5 (90.5) | 35.2 (95.4) | 36.9 (98.4) | 35.7 (96.3) | 35.8 (96.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.0 (78.8) | 27.7 (81.9) | 30.7 (87.3) | 32.2 (90.0) | 31.7 (89.1) | 29.1 (84.4) | 26.7 (80.1) | 26.1 (79.0) | 26.7 (80.1) | 28.2 (82.8) | 27.9 (82.2) | 26.3 (79.3) | 28.3 (82.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 16.8 (62.2) | 18.4 (65.1) | 21.9 (71.4) | 23.9 (75.0) | 24.8 (76.6) | 22.9 (73.2) | 21.5 (70.7) | 21.2 (70.2) | 21.0 (69.8) | 21.2 (70.2) | 19.0 (66.2) | 17.0 (62.6) | 20.8 (69.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 8.5 (47.3) | 10.4 (50.7) | 13.4 (56.1) | 16.3 (61.3) | 18.0 (64.4) | 17.5 (63.5) | 15.9 (60.6) | 17.5 (63.5) | 17.5 (63.5) | 14.3 (57.7) | 12.0 (53.6) | 8.7 (47.7) | 8.5 (47.3) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.00) | 2.8 (0.11) | 12.9 (0.51) | 40.2 (1.58) | 114.4 (4.50) | 189.2 (7.45) | 171.8 (6.76) | 133.6 (5.26) | 45.7 (1.80) | 2.1 (0.08) | 0.1 (0.00) | 712.9 (28.05) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 6.0 | 12.3 | 16.1 | 16.9 | 12.4 | 4.7 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 70.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 29 | 23 | 21 | 24 | 43 | 59 | 72 | 79 | 76 | 67 | 38 | 32 | 46.9 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 303.8 | 280.0 | 294.5 | 288.0 | 257.3 | 201.0 | 170.5 | 182.9 | 204.0 | 251.1 | 279.0 | 294.5 | 3,006.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 85 | 85 | 79 | 78 | 66 | 53 | 44 | 45 | 56 | 68 | 83 | 83 | 69 |
| Source: NOAA [12] | |||||||||||||
Typical species are deciduous Terminalia trees with an undergrowth of shrubs and grasses such as Combretum and tall elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum). There are more than 1,000 endemic plant species. [13]
Threatened species include the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) (in Chad and the CAE), East African wild dog (Lycaon pictus lupinus), Northeast African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii), African leopard (Panthera pardus paruds), lion (Panthera leo), and giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus). [13]
In Cameroon the region is more or less contiguous with the North Region, where Bénoué National Park and Bouba Njida National Park contain some of the endangered species mentioned above. In Chad East Sudanian savanna covers the south including the industrial city of Moundou, Chad's second largest city, the oil town of Doba and the cotton-growing towns of Sarh and Pala. In the Central African Republic the region covers the sparsely populated north of the country, the larger towns include Bossangoa. In Sudan west of the Sudd swamp east Sudanian savanna covers the Bahr el Ghazal area including the town of Wau. East of the Sudd the ecoregion runs north to south from northern Uganda, through south-eastern Sudan east of the White Nile (including the area around the southern cities of Juba and Eastern Equatoria around Torit), and up along the Ethiopia–Sudan border. Much of this area has seen combat in recent decades and is in various states of reconstruction.
Seasonal cultivation and herding are lifestyles which lead the population of the savanna to overgraze, overharvest the trees for firewood or charcoal and cause fires. This has reduced the woodland considerably. However large areas of unspoilt habitat remain even outside protected areas, especially compared with the more heavily populated West Sudanian savanna.
Poaching is another problem, indeed the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) and northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) were formerly native to the ecoregion but have been eliminated through over-hunting.
24.68% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. [1] Protected areas include Bouba Njida National Park in Cameroon, Bamingui-Bangoran National Park and Biosphere Reserve, Andre Felix National Park, and Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park in the Central African Republic, Zakouma National Park in Chad, Gambella National Park in Ethiopia, Dinder National Park and Radom National Park in Sudan, Boma National Park and Kidepo Game Reserve in South Sudan, and Kidepo Valley National Park in Uganda. [13] [1]
Most protected areas are severely under-resourced, and apart from hunting for sport in the Central African Republic there is little wildlife-based tourism.
Chad is one of the 47 landlocked countries in the world and is located in North Central Africa, measuring 1,284,000 square kilometers (495,755 sq mi), nearly twice the size of France and slightly more than three times the size of California. Most of its ethnically and linguistically diverse population lives in the south, with densities ranging from 54 persons per square kilometer in the Logone River basin to 0.1 persons in the northern B.E.T. (Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti) desert region, which itself is larger than France. The capital city of N'Djaména, situated at the confluence of the Chari and Logone Rivers, is cosmopolitan in nature, with a current population in excess of 700,000 people.
At 475,440 km2 (183,570 sq mi), Cameroon is the world's 53rd largest country. It is slightly larger than the nation of Sweden and the US state of California. It is comparable in size to Papua New Guinea. Cameroon's landmass is 472,710 km2 (182,510 sq mi), with 2,730 km2 (1,050 sq mi) of water.
Nigeria is a country in West Africa. It shares land borders with the Republic of Benin to the west, Chad and Cameroon to the east, and Niger to the north. Its coast lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the south and it borders Lake Chad to the northeast. Notable geographical features in Nigeria include the Adamawa Plateau, Mambilla Plateau, Jos Plateau, Obudu Plateau, the Niger River, Benue River, and Niger Delta.
The Global 200 is the list of ecoregions identified by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), the global conservation organization, as priorities for conservation. According to WWF, an ecoregion is defined as a "relatively large unit of land or water containing a characteristic set of natural communities that share a large majority of their species dynamics, and environmental conditions". For example, based on their levels of endemism, Madagascar gets multiple listings, ancient Lake Baikal gets one, and the North American Great Lakes get none.
The Afrotropical realm is one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Sub-Saharan Africa, the southern Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean. It was formerly known as the Ethiopian Zone or Ethiopian Region.
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands is a terrestrial biome defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. The biome is dominated by grass and/or shrubs located in semi-arid to semi-humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes. Tropical grasslands are mainly found between 5 degrees and 20 degrees in both North and south of the Equator.
Moundou is the second-largest city in Chad and is the capital of the region of Logone Occidental.
Sarh, formerly French colonial Fort Archambault, is the capital of the Moyen-Chari Region and of the Department of Barh Köh in Chad.
Forest–savanna mosaic is a transitory ecotone between the tropical moist broadleaf forests of Equatorial Africa and the drier savannas and open woodlands to the north and south of the forest belt. The forest–savanna mosaic consists of drier forests, often gallery forest, interspersed with savannas and open grasslands.
The Sudanian savanna or Sudan region is a broad belt of tropical savanna that runs east and west across the African continent, from the Ethiopian Highlands in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. It represents the central bioregion within the broader tropical savanna biome of the Afrotropical realm. The Sahel acacia savanna, a belt of drier grasslands, lies to the north, forming a transition zone between the Sudanian savanna and the Sahara Desert phytochorion. To the Sudan's south, the more humid forest-savanna mosaic forms a transition zone between the Sudanian savanna and the Guineo-Congolian forests that lie nearer the equator.
The Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic is a forest and savanna ecoregion of central Africa. It extends east and west across central Africa, covering parts of Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, and Uganda. It is part of the belt of transitional forest-savanna mosaic that lie between Africa's moist equatorial Guineo-Congolian forests and the tropical dry forests, savannas, and grasslands to the north and south.
The Mandara Plateau mosaic, also known as the Mandara Plateau woodlands, is a tropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregion located in the Mandara Mountains of northern Nigeria and Cameroon.
The West Sudanian savanna is a tropical savanna ecoregion that extends across West Africa.
The Northern Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets are a tropical grasslands, savannas and shrublands ecoregion in eastern Africa. The ecoregion is mostly located in Kenya, extending north into southeastern South Sudan, northeastern Uganda and southwestern Ethiopia and south into Tanzania along the Kenya-Tanzania border.
The Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets is a semi-arid tropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregion in the Horn of Africa. It is home to diverse communities of plants and animals, including several endemic species.
The Victoria Basin forest–grassland mosaic is an ecoregion that lies mostly in Uganda and extends into neighboring countries. The ecoregion is centered north and west of Lake Victoria, with an outlier on the border of Ethiopia and South Sudan.