White-lined antbird

White-lined antbird
Male at Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil.
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Thamnophilidae
Genus:	Myrmoborus
Species:	M. lophotes
Binomial name
Myrmoborus lophotes (Hellmayr & Seilern, 1914)
Synonyms
Percnostola lophotes

The white-lined antbird (Myrmoborus lophotes) is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". ^[2] It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. ^[3]

Taxonomy and systematics

The white-lined antbird has a complicated taxonomic history. It was originally described in 1914 as Percnostola lophotes. ^[4] Some later authors placed it in genus Myrmeciza , a treatment that did not gain wide acceptance. ^[5] The specimen from which the original description was made is apparently a subadult male whose plumage is similar to an adult female's. A later specimen of an adult male bird was initially described as a new species, Percnostola macrolopha, but in 1982 it was confirmed to be the same species as the original Percnostola lophotes. ^{[5] [6]} Several early twentieth century studies determined that the white-lined antbird did not belong to genus Percnostola, and a genetic study published in 2013 found that it is embedded within Myrmoborus . ^{[5] [7]}

The white-lined antbird is monotypic. ^[2]

Description

The white-lined antbird is 14 to 14.5 cm (5.5 to 5.7 in) long and weighs 28 to 31 g (0.99 to 1.1 oz). Both sexes have a prominent crest. Adult males are mostly blackish gray, with their head and breast being the darkest and their flanks the lightest shades. They have a white patch between their scapulars. Their outermost primaries have a narrow white edge and their wing coverts have white tips. Adult females have a cinnamon-rufous crown. Their upperparts, wings, and tail are reddish yellow-brown with cinnamon-rufous edges on the wing coverts. Their face is grayish. Their throat and underparts are mostly white with a gray tinge across the breast and a cinnamon-olive tinge on their sides, flanks, and crissum. Subadult males resemble adult females. ^{[8] [9] [10]}

Distribution and habitat

The white-lined antbird is found in southeastern Peru from the Department of Ucayali south to the Department of Puno, in adjoining far western Acre state of Brazil, and in northwestern Bolivia's Pando and La Paz departments. It inhabits the floor and understorey of várzea and transitional forest along rivers. It almost entirely frequents dense stands of Guadua bamboo there and also somewhat above the floodplain. Away from bamboo it is found in dense stands of Heliconia and Costus . In elevation it mostly occurs below 750 m (2,500 ft) but locally is found as high as 1,450 m (4,800 ft) (to 1,350 m (4,400 ft) in Peru). ^{[8] [9] [10]}

Behavior

Movement

The white-lined antbird is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range. ^[8]

Feeding

The white-lined antbird's diet is not known in detail but includes insects and probably spiders. It typically forages singly, in pairs, or in small family groups in dense vegetation, mostly on the ground or within about 1 m (3 ft) of it though occasionally as high as about 8 m (25 ft). It hops between feeding stops, raising and lowering its crest and bobbing its tail. It captures prey by reaching to leaves, vines, and branches and by vigorously rooting through leaf litter. It has been observed attending an army ant swarm to capture prey fleeing the ants. It seldom joins mixed-species feeding flocks. ^{[8] [10]}

Breeding

Nothing is known about the white-lined antbird's breeding biology. ^[8]

Songs and calls Listen to the white-lined antbird on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The white-lined antbird's song is "a descending, accelerating series of hollow whistles, with a noticeably long space between the first note and the rest of the song: TEW tew-tew-tew'tew'tew'tu'tutu". Its call is "a hollow, musical chew note" that is often followed by "a growled reeh". ^[10]

Status

The IUCN originally in 2004 assessed the white-lined antbird as being of Least Concern, then in 2012 as Near Threatened, and in 2020 again as of Least Concern. It has a somewhat restricted range; its estimated population of at least 500,000 mature individuals is believed to be decreasing. "The principal threat to the species is forest loss...however, large tracts of forests within the range are protected in national parks and reserves." ^[1] "Continued protection of these existing parks and reserves should ensure the survival of viable populations of this antbird." ^[8]

References

1. BirdLife International (2020). "White-lined Antbird Myrmoborus lophotes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T22701776A181081240. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22701776A181081240.en . Retrieved 14 August 2024.
2. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2024). "Antbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 14.1. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
3. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 27 July 2024. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved 28 July 2024
4. Hellmayr, C.E. (1914). Verhandlungen der Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern (in German). Vol. XII. München: Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern. pp. 90–92.
5. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 27 July 2024. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 28, 2024
6. Parker, T.A., III. 1982. Observations of some unusual rainforest and marsh birds in southeastern Peru. Wilson Bulletin 94: 477-493.
7. Isler, M.L.; Bravo, G.A.; Brumfield, R.T. (2013). "Taxonomic revision of Myrmeciza (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) into 12 genera based on phylogenetic, morphological, behavioral, and ecological data" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3717 (4): 469–497. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3717.4.3. PMID   26176119.
8. Zimmer, K. and M.L. Isler (2020). White-lined Antbird (Myrmoborus lophotes), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.whlant1.01 retrieved August 14, 2024
9. van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 256–257. ISBN   978-0-19-530155-7.
10. Schulenberg, T.S., D.F. Stotz, D.F. Lane, J.P. O’Neill, and T.A. Parker III. 2010. Birds of Peru. Revised and updated edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Plate 158.