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Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom. The first yeast originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and at least 1,500 species are currently recognized. They are estimated to constitute 1% of all described fungal species.
Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The defining feature of this fungal group is the "ascus", a microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores, are formed. However, some species of the Ascomycota are asexual, meaning that they do not have a sexual cycle and thus do not form asci or ascospores. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, brewers' and bakers' yeast, dead man's fingers, and cup fungi. The fungal symbionts in the majority of lichens such as Cladonia belong to the Ascomycota.
Saccharomyces is a genus of fungi that includes many species of yeasts. Saccharomyces is from Greek σάκχαρον (sugar) and μύκης (fungus) and means sugar fungus. Many members of this genus are considered very important in food production. It is known as the brewer's yeast or baker's yeast. They are unicellular and saprotrophic fungi. One example is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is used in making bread, wine, and beer, and for human and animal health. Other members of this genus include the wild yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus that is the closest relative to S. cerevisiae, Saccharomyces bayanus, used in making wine, and Saccharomyces cerevisiaevar. boulardii, used in medicine.
Torulaspora delbrueckii is a ubiquitous yeast species with both wild and anthropic habitats. The type strain of T. delbrueckii is CBS 1146T, equivalent to CLIB 230 or ATCC 10662, etc.. The type strain of T. delbrueckii CBS 1146 T was sequenced in 2009, and is composed of 8 chromosomes in addition to a mitochondrial genome.
Saccharomycetales belongs to the kingdom of Fungi and the division Ascomycota. It is the only order in the class Saccharomycetes. There are currently 13 families recognized as belonging to Saccharomycetales. GBIF also includes; Alloascoideaceae, Eremotheciaceae (16) Trigonopsidaceae and Wickerhamomycetaceae.
Saccharomycotina is a subdivision (subphylum) of the division (phylum) Ascomycota in the kingdom Fungi. It comprises most of the ascomycete yeasts. The members of Saccharomycotina reproduce by budding and they do not produce ascocarps.
Pichia is a genus of yeasts in the family Pichiaceae with spherical, elliptical, or oblong acuminate cells. Pichia is a teleomorph, and forms hat-shaped, hemispherical, or round ascospores during sexual reproduction. The anamorphs of some Pichia species are Candida species. The asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding.
Nakazawaea is a genus of yeast in the order Saccharomycetales. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the order is not fully unknown.
Starmera is a genus of fungi within the Saccharomycetales order. It is placed within the Phaffomycetaceae family.
Starmerella is a genus of fungi within the Saccharomycetales order. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the order is unknown, and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any family. Although, the GBIF list the family as Phaffomycetaceae. Several members of the Starmerella clade are associated with flowers and flower-visiting insects like bees and bumblebees; these yeasts cope well with high sugar niches. Many strains (species) of the Starmerella clade, including Starmerella bombicola and Candida apicola are known to produce sophorolipids which are carbohydrate-based, amphiphilic biosurfactants.
Kriegeriales is an order of Fungi that are mostly yeasts and can be found from a variety of places, ranging from arctic waters to tropical ferns.
Paul Lindner was a German chemist and microbiologist, best known for discovering the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
Blastobotrys elegans is a species of fungus.
Ogataea is a genus of ascomycetous yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae. It was separated from the former genus Hansenula via an examination of their 18S and 26S rRNA partial base sequencings by Yamada et al. 1994.
The Phaffomycetaceae are a family of yeasts in the order Saccharomycetales that reproduce by budding. Species in the family have a widespread distribution.
Wickerhamomyces is a genus of fungi within the Saccharomycetales order. It is placed within the familyof Phaffomycetaceae.
Hanseniaspora clermontiae is a species of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae. It was first isolated from stem rot occurring in a lobelioid plant in Hawaii, and may be endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.
Hanseniaspora opuntiae is a species of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae. It has been isolated from locations worldwide, on grape berries and on prickly pear cacti.
Hanseniaspora occidentalis is a species of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae. In its anamorph form, it was called Kloeckera javanica. It has been isolated in the wild from soil samples and vineyards. Samples of a variant have been isolated from orange juice and rotten oranges. It has demonstrated potential as an organism to reduce malic acid in wine production.
Hanseniaspora osmophila is a species of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae. It is found in soil and among the bark, leaves, and fruits of plants, as well as fermented foods and beverages made from fruit.
References
- 1 2 3 Kurtzman, Cletus P. (2011). "Chapter 80 - Wickerhamomyces Kurtzman, Robnett & Basehoar-Powers (2008)". The Yeasts (5 ed.). pp. 899–917.
- ↑ Pascal Ribéreau-Gayon, Denis Dubourdieu, Bernard B. Donèche and Aline A. Lonvaud Handbook of Enology, Volume 1: The Microbiology of Wine and Vinifications (2021) , p. 28, at Google Books
- ↑ Nundaeng, Supakorn; Suwannarach, Nakarin; Limtong, Savitree; Khuna, Surapong; Kumla, Jaturong; Lumyong, Saisamorn (11 November 2021). "An Updated Global Species Diversity and Phylogeny in the Genus Wickerhamomyces with Addition of Two New Species from Thailand". Journal of Fungi. 7 (11): 957. doi: 10.3390/jof7110957 . PMC 8618796 . PMID 34829244.
- ↑ Limtong, Savitree; Kaewwichian, Rungluk (2015). "The diversity of culturable yeasts in the phylloplane of rice in Thailand". Annals of Microbiology. 65 (2): 667–675. doi: 10.1007/s13213-014-0905-0 . S2CID 17727552.
- 1 2 Pietro Buzzini, Marc-André Lachance and Andrey Yurkov (editor) Yeasts in Natural Ecosystems: Diversity (2017) , p. 314, at Google Books
- 1 2 "Wickerhamomycetaceae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
- ↑ "Genera and generic subdivisons of Wickerhamomycetaceae" . Retrieved 29 July 2022.