World War II memorials and cemeteries in the Netherlands

Last updated May 19, 2024

During World War II, the Netherlands was the scene of five years of continuous air warfare between the Allied and the Nazis as the Netherlands lies en route from England to Germany and was designated and built up as the foremost line of Nazi air defence of Germany. Also, in 1944 there was heavy land fighting during the largest Allied airborne attack of the WWII in the south and east of the country in 1944–45. Thousands of airmen, soldiers and others of many nations were killed, and their war graves in some 4,000 locations are in the care of the Dutch War Cemetery Organisation (Dutch : Oorlogsgravenstichting).

List of World War II memorials and cemeteries in the Netherlands
Dutch war graves
Australian, British and Canadian war graves
U.S. war graves
Belgian war graves
French war graves
Soviet war graves
Polish war graves
German war graves
Cemeteries with Commonwealth War Graves
Memorial carillons
Other memorials
References
External links

The Netherlands has over 3,900 cemeteries and memorials, the highest in absolute numbers and in density in the whole of Europe, according to the official national government committee for remembrance.^[1] Many of the memorials are dedicated many of the over 3,000 crashed Allied warplanes and their crews.^[2] The largest memorial and cemetery is the Netherlands American Cemetery with over 8,000 graves.

The largest WW-II-related cemetery in Europe and also the most controversial, is the Nazi cemetery of Ysselsteyn, that describes itself as "German military war cemetery", with almost 32,000 graves, only about 70% of them military, the rest SS and also Dutch traitors. The designation "German" is incorrect because about 20 other nationalities are buried there, among others Dutch members of the Waffen-SS , Dutch torturers and executioners, and also Austrians, Georgians, Poles, Czechs.

In addition to cemeteries, the Netherlands has constructed eight carillons (musical instruments of bells) to memorialize the destruction of bells during the war and ring out world peace.

List of World War II memorials and cemeteries in the Netherlands

Dutch war graves

In the Netherlands, about 9,000 war graves are located.^[3]

Field of Honour Loenen (Loenen) – 4,000 soldiers and civilians
Military War Cemetery Grebbeberg (Rhenen) – 800 soldiers^[4]
Mierlo War Cemetery (Mierlo) – 1 soldier
Erebegraafplaats Bloemendaal (Bloemendaal) – 373 people of the resistance^[5]
Rusthof Cemetery (Amersfoort) – 150 victims of Kamp Amersfoort

Field of Honour Loenen
Field of Honour Grebbeberg
Rusthof Amersfoort

Australian, British and Canadian war graves

Arnhem Oosterbeek Airborne War Cemetery – 1,678 soldiers
Beilen General Cemetery – 7 soldier (of whom one is French)
Bergen op Zoom Canadian War Cemetery [ nl ] – 1,118 soldiers (of whom 971 are Canadian)
Brunssum War Cemetery – 328
Driel cemetery of the protestant church – 1 soldier
Eindhoven (Woensel) General Cemetery – 700 soldiers
Enschede 50 soldiers WWII, 11 soldiers WWI
Groesbeek Canadian War Cemetery – 2,610 soldiers (of whom 2,339 are Canadian)
Holten Canadian War Cemetery – 1,393 soldiers (of whom 1,355 are Canadian)
Losser 2 soldiers
de Lutte 5 soldiers
Lonneker 1 soldier
Mierlo War Cemetery – 665 soldiers (of whom one is Dutch)
Milsbeek War Cemetery – 210 soldiers
Mook War Cemetery – 322 soldiers
Nederweert War Cemetery – 363 soldiers
Nijmegen Jonkerbos War Cemetery – 1,629 soldiers
Overdinkel 1 soldier
Overloon War Cemetery – 279 soldiers
Rusthof Cemetery – 234 soldiers
Sint Oedenrode
Sittard War Cemetery [ nl ] – 239 soldiers
Swartbroek Churchyard – 52 soldiers (of whom one is French)
Uden War Cemetery – 703 soldiers (of whom two are Polish)
Valkenswaard War Cemetery – 220 soldiers
Venray War Cemetery – 693 soldiers (of whom one is Polish)
Vredenhof Schiermonnikoog – 65 soldiers
Wageningen general cemetery – 8 soldiers
Werkendam War Cemetery – 23 soldiers (of whom one is Australian)
Warnsveld (Wichmond) General Cemetery – 5 Canadian & 8 UK airmen in this civilian cemetery : https://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2062275/warnsveld-(wichmond)-general-cemetery/
Zundert - 13 soldiers

Arnhem Oosterbeek Airborne War Cemetery
Beilen cemetery
Holten Canadian War Cemetery
Groesbeek Canadian War Cemetery
Mierlo War Cemetery
Mook War Cemetery
Nederweert War Cemetery
Swartbroek Churchyard
Rusthof Leusden
Vredenhof Schiermonnikoog
Uden War Cemetery
Jonkerbos War Cemetery

U.S. war graves

With few exceptions, all American war graves are located at the U.S. Military Cemetery Margraten.

U.S. Military Cemetery Margraten (Margraten) – 8,302 soldiers
Grave yard of the Old Church in Zoetermeer – 1 airman

U.S. Military Cemetery Margraten

Belgian war graves

Belgian Field of Honour 1940 (Maastricht) – 43 soldiers
Belgian Military Field of Honour 1940 (Willemstad) – 153 soldiers
Bergen op Zoom War Cemetery – 2 Belgian graves
Dokkum Roman Catholic Cemetery – 1 Belgian grave
Groesbeek Canadian War Cemetery – 3 Belgian graves
Harlingen General Cemetery – 3 Belgian graves
Holten Canadian War Cemetery – 1 Belgian grave
Nijmegen Jonkerbos War Cemetery – 4 Belgian graves
Vlissingen Noorder begraafplaats – 1 Belgian grave

French war graves

France Military Field of Honour (Kapelle) – 229 soldiers
Beilen General Cemetery – 1 soldier
Schiermonnikoog Drenkelingenkerkhof Vredenhof – 9 soldiers ^[6]
Soesterberg – 15 soldiers of World War One^[7]
Swartbroek (gem. Weert) Churchyard – 1 soldier
Vlissingen Noorder Cemetery – 2 soldiers

Beilen General Cemetery
Vredenhof Schiermonnikoog
Swartbroek Cemetery

Soviet war graves

Russian Field of Honour Leusden (Leusden) – 865 soldiers
Groesbeek Canadian War Cemetery (Groesbeek) – 1 soldier

Georgian war graves

Field of Honour of the Georgians under Loladse (Texel) – 476 soldiers

Georgian Field of Honour Leusden
Field of Honour Georgiërs Loladse

Polish war graves

About 500 Polish war graves are located in the Netherlands.^[8]

Polish Military Field of Honour (Breda) – 156 soldiers
Polish Field of Honour Oosterhof (Oosterhout) – 30 soldiers
Polish Field of Honour Ginneken (Breda) – 80 soldiers
Polish Field of Honour Alphen (Alphen) – 18 soldiers^[9]
Polish Field of Honour Axel – 22 soldiers
Mook War Cemetery – 11 soldiers
Arnhem Oosterbeek Airborne War Cemetery – 73 soldiers
Schiermonnikoog drenkelingenkerkhof Vredenhof – 3 soldiers
Uden War Cemetery – 2 soldiers
Werkendam War Cemetery – 1 soldier

Pools Militair Field of Honour Breda
Vredenhof Schiermonnikoog
Mook war cemetery

German war graves

Ysselsteyn German war cemetery – 31,585 combatants from Germany, Austria and the SU; Dutch and other SS members (such as Julius Dettmann, who had Anne Frank arrested), Dutch traitors and collaborators^[10]
Vorden (gem. Lochem) General Cemetery – 10 soldiers

Ysselsteyn, German War Cemetery
Monument at Ysselsteyn, German War Cemetery

Cemeteries with Commonwealth War Graves

If Allied war graves are present at a cemetery, a green identification plate is placed at the entrance carrying the text: Oorlogsgraven van het Gemenebest (Commonwealth War Graves)

Memorial carillons

After launching Operation Barbarossa, the supply chain of metal from the Soviet Union to Nazi Germany collapsed. The German regime orchestrated the systematic confiscation of bells across Europe, starting with Germany itself. Bells were categorized by historical value and confiscated from youngest to oldest until the country ran out. It then looked to seize bells from the occupied Netherlands, which fought to preserve as many of its swinging bells and its carillons (musical instruments of bells) as possible.^[11] Between 1938 and 1945, 175,000 European bells were stolen and stored in "bell cemeteries" (German : Glockenfriedhöfe). Some 150,000 were sent to foundries and melted down for their copper. British investigators claimed every single bell was taken out of the Netherlands, with only 300 surviving their stay in the bell cemeteries.^[12] As a result of the destruction of this cultural heritage, many chose to memorialize the war with a carillon, often as a replacement for the one lost. The musical instrument became associated with world peace following World War I. The Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons tracks carillons that where built in the name of peace and as a memorial for World Wars I and II.^[13] In the Netherlands, it identifies 8 installations as World War II memorials:

The tower of Meppel in 2011
The tower of St Willibord Church in 2013
Amsterdam's Freedom Carillon in 1961
St Eusebius' Church, Arnhem in 2005
The tower of the Doesburg Martinikerk in 2013
The tower of the Ruïnekerk [ nl ] in 2017
The Oosterbeek carillon in 2008
The carillon of the Curaçao Museum in 2010

In 1949, a committee of residents was created to memorialize the suffering of the people of Meppel during the war and to celebrate its liberation on 13 April 1945. The committee fundraised donations for a "resistance monument" in Wilhelmina Park and carillon in the Tower of Meppel; the city funded the rest. Both monuments were dedicated on 13 April 1949. The carillon consisted of 40 bells that were cast by the Van Bergen bellfoundry, several of which had the names of the donors inscribed onto them. Due to their suboptimal quality, the instrument underwent several renovations and replacements over the next 30 years.^[14]
Shortly before the end of the war, a North Brabant historical society began working to convert part of St. Willibrord Church in Waalre and its tower into a memorial for Brabant soldiers and resistance fighters. A fundraising campaign for a memorial carillon began in 1949, and a 35-bell instrument was dedicated in 1950. It is played every year during memorial services in May and September. In 2007, the carillon was enlarged with two additional bells.^[15]
While not in the country of the Netherlands but rather within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the city of Willemstad in Curaçao installed a 47-bell memorial carillon on the roof of the Curaçao Museum in 1951. Several bells were dedicated to Curaçaoans: Charles Debrot, who was killed by German paratroopers; Boy Ecury, a member of the Dutch resistance who was captured by the Gestapo; Jan Haayen, who died at the Java Sea during actions against Japan; George Maduro, who died in a Nazi concentration camp. Three bells were named after Dutch ships that sank: Dutch ships Leticia, Lucrecia and Rosalia.^[16]
In 1949, Dutch journalist and politician Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart put forward the idea to create a "Freedom Carillon" through the National Remembrance Committee of which he was a part. Donations were solicited from all Dutch people and a 23-bell carillon was constructed by Van Bergen bellfoundry in 1952. The city of Amsterdam was selected as its home, and it was inaugurated by Queen Juliana in 1961. It was enlarged to 31 bells in 1995. The carillon was initially intended to play music of the Dutch resistance on a daily basis, but this was not carried out.^[17]
St Eusebius' Church in Arnhem had a 32-bell Hemony carillon hanging in its tower since 1652. It and the church were largely destroyed in 1944 during the Battle of Arnhem. Petit & Fritsen constructed a new, 49-bell carillon for the reconstructed church between 1958 and 1964. Since then, the carillon became associated with the yearly war memorial services held each May. In 1994, 50 years after the Battle of Arnhem, four bass bells were added to the instrument, with the largest funded by several English organizations. One of the 1994 bells features a quote from the book and film A Bridge Too Far.^[18]
The Martinikerk in Doesburg had a small, two-octave Hemony carillon hanging in its tower since 1655. On 15 April 1945, German forces blew up the tower, destroying the carillon. Only 8 of the 23 bells survived the blast, and were later included in a new carillon of 49 bells, which was constructed in 1965. The lowest four bass bells, all new, each were cast with the name of a person who contributed to world peace after the war – Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, Pope John XXIII, U.S. president John F. Kennedy, and European statesman Robert Schuman –and one of their significant quotes on peace. It was dedicated on May 5, 1965 (Dutch Liberation Day). In 2015, the carillon was expanded with another bass bell, this time dedicated to South African activist and political leader Nelson Mandela.^[19]
In 1967, a committee formed to explore the possibilities of installing a carillon in Bergen, and it chose to have Petit & Fritsen construct a new, 26-bell instrument in the village's Ruïnekerk [ nl ]. The bells were dedicated to 250 soldiers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and those of unknown origin, who were buried at Bergen General Cemetery. They also purchased a 27th bell, which does not ring and instead functions as a time capsule. The carillon was inaugurated on May 5, 1970, the 25th anniversary of Dutch Liberation Day.^[20]
In 1965, the village of Oosterbeek established a committee to raise funds for a memorial carillon. Donations were raised locally from British military units who fought in and around Oosterbeek during the Battle of Arnhem. By 1966, the village dedicated a small, automatic carillon of 23 bells decorated with the insignia of the British Airborne Forces. Fundraising continued for several years to upgrade the carillon to 37 bells and include a manual keyboard. It was inaugurated on September 21, 1974, the 30th anniversary of the Battle of Arnhem. Since 2017, the bell tower is frequently lit up with the colors of the British Airborne Forces.^[21]

Other memorials

Fusilladeplaats Rozenoord, Amsterdam

Related Research Articles

Arnhem is a city and municipality situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands, near the German border. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland, located on both banks of the rivers Nederrijn and Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development.

Operation Market Garden was an Allied military operation during the Second World War fought in the German-occupied Netherlands from 17 to 25 September 1944. Its objective was to create a 64 mi (103 km) salient into German territory with a bridgehead over the Nederrijn, creating an Allied invasion route into northern Germany. This was to be achieved by two sub-operations: seizing nine bridges with combined US and British airborne forces ("Market") followed by British land forces swiftly following over the bridges ("Garden").

Gelderland, also known as Guelders in English, is a province of the Netherlands, occupying the centre-east of the country. With a total area of 5,136 km² (1,983 sq mi) of which 176 km² (68 sq mi) is water, it is the largest province of the Netherlands by land area, and second by total area. Gelderland shares borders with six other provinces and the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

The Battle of Arnhem was a battle of the Second World War at the vanguard of the Allied Operation Market Garden. It was fought in and around the Dutch city of Arnhem, the town of Oosterbeek, the villages Wolfheze and Driel and the vicinity from 17 to 26 September 1944. The Allies were poised to enter the Netherlands after sweeping through France and Belgium in the summer of 1944, after the Battle of Normandy. Operation Market Garden was proposed by Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery, who favoured a single push northwards over the branches of the Lower Rhine River, allowing the British Second Army to bypass the Siegfried Line and attack the Ruhr. US Airborne troops were dropped in the Netherlands to secure bridges and towns along the line of the Allied advance. Farthest north, the British 1st Airborne Division landed at Arnhem to capture bridges across the Nederrijn, supported by men of the Glider Pilot Regiment and the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade. The British XXX Corps were expected to reach the British airborne forces in two to three days.

The Netherlands Carillon is a 127-foot (39-m) tall campanile housing a 53-bell carillon located in Arlington County, Virginia. The instrument and tower were given in the 1950s "From the People of the Netherlands to the People of the United States of America" to thank the United States for its contributions to the liberation of the Netherlands in 1945 and for its economic aid in the years after. The Netherlands Carillon is a historic property listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of Arlington Ridge Park, which is part of the George Washington Memorial Parkway. It is owned and operated by the National Park Service.

John Daniel Baskeyfield was a British Army soldier and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to members of the British and Commonwealth armed forces.

Groesbeek Canadian War Cemetery and Memorial is a Second World War Commonwealth War Graves Commission military war grave cemetery, located in the village of Groesbeek, 8 km (5.0 mi) southeast of Nijmegen in the Netherlands. Of the total 2,619 burials, the cemetery contains 2,338 Canadian soldiers. It was built to a design by Commission architect Philip Hepworth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grebbe Line</span>

The Grebbe Line was a forward defence line of the Dutch Water Line, based on inundation. The Grebbe Line ran from the Grebbeberg in Rhenen northwards until the IJsselmeer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Netherlands American Cemetery</span> ABMC World War II cemetery in the Netherlands

Netherlands American Cemetery and Memorial is a Second World War military war grave cemetery, located in the village of Margraten, 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Maastricht, in the most southern part of the Netherlands. The cemetery, the only American one in the Netherlands and dedicated in 1960, contains a constantly varying number above 8,000 American war dead and covers 65.5 acres (26.5 ha). It is administered by the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ysselsteyn German war cemetery</span> Cemetery in Venray, Netherlands

Ysselsteyn German War Cemetery is a military cemetery interring casualties of the First and Second World Wars. It contains over 31,000 dead from around 25 countries, including Wehrmacht and SS-men and Dutch war criminals. This cemetery is located in the village of Ysselsteyn in the municipality of Venray in Limburg, Netherlands, and is 32 km (20 mi) east of Eindhoven. Ysselsteyn is the largest Second World War German cemetery and is the only Nazi-German cemetery in the Netherlands. Following the war, the Nazi soldiers were reburied in the cemetery. The deceased include Germans, Austrians, Dutch, Poles, Russians and many who fought on the side of Nazi Germany or supported them in non-military roles.

The Airborne Museum ‘Hartenstein’ in Oosterbeek, The Netherlands is dedicated to the Battle of Arnhem in which the Allied Forces attempted to form a bridgehead on the northern banks of the Rhine river in September 1944. Hartenstein served as the headquarters of the British 1st Airborne Division. In the museum an extensive and diverse collection is displayed consisting of original weaponry, genuine uniforms and equipment used in the battle. The numerous photos and films on display provide a realistic picture which is enhanced by interviews with Allied soldiers. In addition the museum has an award-winning Airborne Experience exhibition, that depicts the area around Arnhem and Oosterbeek during the battle. The museum also provides German and civilian perspectives.

John Frost Bridge is the road bridge over the Lower Rhine at Arnhem, in the Netherlands. The bridge was inaugurated after the end of World War II, and is named after Major-General John Dutton Frost (1912–1993), who commanded the British forces that reached and temporarily defended the pre-existing Rijnbrug at the same location during the Battle of Arnhem in September 1944. This was the bridge referenced in the 1977 Anglo-American film A Bridge Too Far, although the IJssel bridge in Deventer was used for the actual shooting of the film.

The Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery, more commonly known as the Airborne Cemetery, is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery in Oosterbeek, near Arnhem, the Netherlands. It was established in 1945 and is home to 1,764 graves from the Second World War besides four later non-war graves and there are special memorials of two personnel buried elsewhere. Most of the men buried in the cemetery were Allied servicemen killed in the Battle of Arnhem, an Allied attempt to cross the Rhine in 1944, or in the liberation of the city the following year. Men killed in these battles are still discovered in the surrounding area even in the 21st century, and so the number of people interred in the cemetery continues to grow.

Grebbeberg War Cemetery is a Second World War military war grave cemetery, located on the Grebbeberg, a hill 2 km (1.2 mi) east of Rhenen the Netherlands. The cemetery contains 799 military personnel and one civilian who died during the invasion of the Netherlands by the Germans in May 1940. More than 400 of those interred in the cemetery fell during the Battle of the Grebbeberg.

Mook War Cemetery is the final resting place of 322 soldiers killed in the Second World War, situated in the Dutch municipality of Mook en Middelaar. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission is responsible for the cemetery.

Ysselsteyn is a village in the municipality of Venray in Limburg, Netherlands. It was established in 1921 and named after its designer, Hendrik Albert van IJsselsteyn, then Minister of Agriculture. Ysselsteyn has an extensive hog raising industry.

Liberation Route Europe is an international remembrance trail that connects the main regions along the advance of the Western Allied Forces toward the liberation of Europe and final stage of the Second World War. The route started in 2008 as a Dutch regional initiative in the Arnhem-Nijmegen area and then developed into a transnational route that was officially inaugurated in Arromanches on June 6, 2014, during the Normandy D-day commemorations. The route goes from Southern England through France, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands to Berlin in Germany, then extends to the Czech Republic and Poland. The southern route starts in Italy. As a form of remembrance tourism, LRE aims to unfold these Allied offensives of 1944 and 1945 in one narrative combining the different perspectives and points of view. By combining locations with personal stories of people who fought and suffered there, it gives visitors the opportunity to follow the Allied march and visit significant sites from war cemeteries to museums and monuments but also events and commemorations. In April 2019, Liberation Route Europe became a certified Cultural Route of the Council of Europe.

The Jonkerbos War Cemetery and Memorial is located in the town of Nijmegen, Netherlands. The cemetery contains 1,643 British Commonwealth and foreign service personnel of World War II. It was built to a design by Commission architect Philip Hepworth.

References

↑ "Oorlogsmonumenten".
↑ "Lossregister 19391945 – Studiegroep Luchtoorlog 1939–1945".
↑ "Oorlogsgravenstichting". Oorlogsgravenstichting.
↑ www.grebbeberg.nl, Stichting De Greb. "Het Militair Ereveld Grebbeberg – De Slag om de Grebbeberg en Betuwestelling in mei 1940". www.grebbeberg.nl.
↑ "Dutch Honorary Cemetery Bloemendaal".
↑ "Vredenhof Schiermonnikoog". www.vredenhof.org.
↑ "Diepgeroerd door vondst graf opa in Soesterberg". www.ad.nl.
↑ "Polish War Graves". www.polishwargraves.nl.
↑ "Alphen". www.polishwargraves.nl. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
↑ "German War Cemetery Ysselsteyn – Ysselsteyn – TracesOfWar.com". www.tracesofwar.com.
↑ Rombouts, Luc (2014). Singing Bronze: A History of Carillon Music. Translated by Communicationwise. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-9058679567.
↑ Thorne, Stephen J. (21 November 2018). "The Seizing of Europe's Bells". Legion. OCLC 1120054332. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
↑ "Carillons and Peace". Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons. Archived from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
↑ "Meppel, Meppeler Carillon (The Netherlands)". Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
↑ "Waalre, Provincial Memorial Monument (the Netherlands)". Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
↑ "Willemstad, Carillon 'The Four Royal Children' (Curaçao, The Netherlands)". Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
↑ "Amsterdam Slotermeer, Freedom Carillon (The Netherlands)". Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
↑ "Arnhem, Carillon of the Eusebius Tower (the Netherlands)". Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
↑ "Doesburg, Carillon St. Martin's Church (the Netherlands)". Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
↑ "Bergen, Carillon of the Ruïne Kerk (The Netherlands)". Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
↑ "Oosterbeek, Carillon in the Town Hall (The Netherlands)". Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.

External links

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[1] "Oorlogsmonumenten".

[2] "Lossregister 19391945 – Studiegroep Luchtoorlog 1939–1945".

[3] "Oorlogsgravenstichting". Oorlogsgravenstichting.

[4] www.grebbeberg.nl, Stichting De Greb. "Het Militair Ereveld Grebbeberg – De Slag om de Grebbeberg en Betuwestelling in mei 1940". www.grebbeberg.nl.

[5] "Dutch Honorary Cemetery Bloemendaal".

[6] "Vredenhof Schiermonnikoog". www.vredenhof.org.

[7] "Diepgeroerd door vondst graf opa in Soesterberg". www.ad.nl.

[8] "Polish War Graves". www.polishwargraves.nl.

[9] "Alphen". www.polishwargraves.nl. Retrieved 9 March 2018.

[10] "German War Cemetery Ysselsteyn – Ysselsteyn – TracesOfWar.com". www.tracesofwar.com.

[11] Rombouts, Luc (2014). Singing Bronze: A History of Carillon Music. Translated by Communicationwise. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-9058679567.

[12] Thorne, Stephen J. (21 November 2018). "The Seizing of Europe's Bells". Legion. OCLC 1120054332. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.

[13] "Carillons and Peace". Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons. Archived from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2022.

[14] "Meppel, Meppeler Carillon (The Netherlands)". Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.

[15] "Waalre, Provincial Memorial Monument (the Netherlands)". Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2022.

[16] "Willemstad, Carillon 'The Four Royal Children' (Curaçao, The Netherlands)". Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.

[17] "Amsterdam Slotermeer, Freedom Carillon (The Netherlands)". Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2022.

[18] "Arnhem, Carillon of the Eusebius Tower (the Netherlands)". Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.

[19] "Doesburg, Carillon St. Martin's Church (the Netherlands)". Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2022.

[20] "Bergen, Carillon of the Ruïne Kerk (The Netherlands)". Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2022.

[21] "Oosterbeek, Carillon in the Town Hall (The Netherlands)". Network of War Memorial and Peace Carillons. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.

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