The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia began its own nuclear weapons program in the early 1950s during the Informbiro period, amid rising tensions with the Soviet Union. Yugoslavian leader Josip Broz Tito decided that the development of nuclear technology was in the country's best interest as deterrence from a possible invasion and in order to protect the country's sovereignty.
To protect Yugoslavia's national sovereignty and gain international status, the regime of Josip Broz Tito began a nuclear weapons program in the early 1950s. Yugoslavia would later sign the Non-Proliferation Treaty, which caused the program to shut down. Another nuclear weapons program was started after India tested their nuclear weapons on May 18, 1974. This program would eventually shut down in 1987, but Yugoslavia (and eventually the Republic of Serbia) kept high grade enriched uranium until 2010, where they then gave their uranium to the Russian Federation. [1] [2]
Before the Yugoslavian breakup and the Yugoslav Wars, the Yugoslavian government was able to develop and store several different types of chemical weapons such as mustard gas, sarin agent and blister agents. Mustard gas was prepared and installed at the Prva Iski[ cleanup needed ] factory in the town of Baric. [3] [4]
The Yugoslavian government allegedly[ according to whom? ] worked with Libya and Iraq to develop missiles, cruise missiles and anti-naval/land attack missiles capable of carrying weapons of mass destruction and conventional warheads. Serbia is currently the only former Yugoslav member with a missile program. [1] [5]
During the Yugoslav Wars, the Yugoslav Army (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) allegedly[ according to whom? ] used chemical weapons in combat against Bosnian and Croat separatists. Chemical weapons were not confirmed to have been used in the Yugoslav wars by either sides. [6] [7]
Josip Broz, commonly known as Tito, was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and politician who served in various positions of national leadership from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II, he led the Yugoslav Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in German-occupied Europe. Following Yugoslavia's liberation in 1944, he served as its prime minister from 2 November 1944 to 29 June 1963 and president from 14 January 1953 until his death. The Yugoslav brand of political ideology of Communism is known as Titoism.
Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 to 1992. It came into existence following World War I, under the name of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from the merger of the Kingdom of Serbia with the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, and constituted the first union of South Slavic peoples as a sovereign state, following centuries of foreign rule over the region under the Ottoman and Habsburg empires. Peter I of Serbia was its first sovereign. The kingdom gained international recognition on 13 July 1922 at the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris. The official name of the state was changed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 3 October 1929.
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, also known as Democratic Federative Yugoslavia, was a provisional state established during World War II on 29 November 1943 through the Second Session of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ). The National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia (NKOJ) was its original executive body. Throughout its existence it was governed by Marshal Josip Broz Tito as prime minister.
The Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia, commonly abbreviated as the AVNOJ, was a deliberative and legislative body that was established in Bihać, Yugoslavia, in November 1942. It was established by Josip Broz Tito, the leader of the Yugoslav Partisans, an armed resistance movement led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia to resist the Axis occupation of the country during World War II.
Many nations continue to research and/or stockpile chemical weapon agents despite numerous efforts to reduce or eliminate them. Most states have joined the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which required the destruction of all chemical weapons by 2012. Twelve nations have declared chemical weapons production facilities and six nations have declared stockpiles of chemical weapons. All of the declared production facilities have been destroyed or converted for civilian use after the treaty went into force.
Croatian nationalism is nationalism that asserts the nationality of Croats and promotes the cultural unity of Croats.
The prime minister of Yugoslavia was the head of government of the Yugoslav state, from the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918 until the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992.
Libya pursued programs to develop or acquire weapons of mass destruction from when Muammar Gaddafi seized control of Libya in 1969 until he announced on 19 December 2003 that Libya would voluntarily eliminate all materials, equipment and programs that could lead to internationally proscribed weapons. This included weapons of mass destruction and long-range ballistic missiles.
During the late 1940s and 1950s, Sweden had programs for both nuclear and chemical weapons. During the first decades of the Cold War, a nuclear weapons program was active.
Mexico–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Mexico and now split-up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Mexico and Yugoslavia established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1946 on the initiative of the President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito. Both countries shared their views on Francoist Spain and cooperated with the Spanish Republican government in exile. On 31 July 1952 the two countries protested strongly against a decision of a United Nations committee to ask the Franco Government what it might be able to do to strengthen the collective security.
The office of the president of the Presidency of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia existed from the death of the President of the Republic Josip Broz Tito on 4 May 1980 until the dissolution of the country by 1992.
Rudolf Kolak was a Yugoslav and Bosnian communist politician.
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement. Its capital, Belgrade, was the host of the First Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in early September 1961. The city also hosted the Ninth Summit in September 1989.
Indonesia–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between now split-up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Indonesia. Both countries were founding member states of the Non-Aligned Movement. Two countries established formal diplomatic relations in 1954. First diplomatic documents were exchanged as early as 1947. Breakup of Yugoslavia, one of the founding and core members of the Non-Aligned Movement, brought into question the very existence of the Movement which was preserved only by politically pragmatic chairmanship of Indonesia.
Afghanistan–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Afghanistan and now split-up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Both countries were founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement. Afghan Prime Minister Daoud Khan represented the Kingdom of Afghanistan at the 1961 First Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement in Belgrade.
Egypt–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Egypt and now break-up Yugoslavia. Both countries were founding members and prominent participants of the Non-Aligned Movement. While initially marginal, relations between the two Mediterranean countries developed significantly in the aftermath of the Soviet-Yugoslav split of 1948 and the Egyptian revolution of 1952. Belgrade hosted the Non-Aligned movement's first conference for which preparatory meeting took place in Cairo, while Cairo hosted the second conference. While critical of certain aspects of the Camp David Accords Yugoslavia remained major advocate for Egyptian realist approach within the movement, and strongly opposed harsh criticism of Cairo or proposals which questioned country's place within the movement.
Romania–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Romania and now broken up Yugoslavia. Relations between Romania and independent South Slavic states developed before creation of Yugoslavia and union of Transylvania with Romania and those relations played prominent role during the Second Balkan War. Relations between the two states were generally friendly and were only occasionally affected by wider alliance policies.
Libya–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Libya and now split-up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Two countries established formal diplomatic relations in 1955.
United Kingdom–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between United Kingdom and former Yugoslavia. Relations between United Kingdom and independent South Slavic states developed before creation of Yugoslavia following the decline of the Ottoman Empire.
