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The Culicomorpha are an infraorder of Nematocera, including mosquitoes, black flies, and several extant and extinct families of insects. They originated 176 million years ago, in the Triassic period. There are phylogenetic patterns that are used to interpret bionomic features such as differences in the nature of blood-feeding by adult females, daytime or nighttime feeding by adult females, and occurrence of immature stages in aquatic habitats.
A midge is any small fly, including species in several families of non-mosquito Nematoceran Diptera. Midges are found on practically every land area outside permanently arid deserts and the frigid zones. Some midges, such as many Phlebotominae and Simuliidae, are vectors of various diseases. Many others play useful roles as prey for insectivores, such as various frogs and swallows. Others are important as detritivores, and form part of various nutrient cycles. The habits of midges vary greatly from species to species, though within any particular family, midges commonly have similar ecological roles.
The Chironomidae comprise a family of nematoceran flies with a global distribution. They are closely related to the Ceratopogonidae, Simuliidae, and Thaumaleidae. Many species superficially resemble mosquitoes, but they lack the wing scales and elongated mouthparts of the Culicidae.
The Chironomoidea are a superfamily within the order Diptera, suborder Nematocera, infraorder Culicomorpha. This superfamily contains the families Chironomidae, Ceratopogonidae, Simuliidae, and Thaumaleidae.
Australopelopia is a genus of non-biting midges of the bloodworm family Chironomidae.
Arctodiamesa is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Diamesinae of the bloodworm family Chironomidae.
Alotanypus is a genus of non-biting midges of the bloodworm family Chironomidae.
Metriocnemus is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the bloodworm family Chironomidae.
Synorthocladius is a genus of European non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the bloodworm family (Chironomidae).
Beckidia is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Chironominae of the bloodworm family Chironomidae.
Sergentia is a genus of European non-biting midges in the subfamily Chironominae of the bloodworm family Chironomidae.
Constempellina is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Chironominae of the bloodworm family Chironomidae.
Tanypodinae is a subfamily of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae). The larvae are generally carnivorous and their mouthparts are adapted for predation on small invertebrates although 1st and 2nd instar larvae also feed on algae.
Guttipelopia is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Tanypodinae of the bloodworm family Chironomidae.
Pseudokiefferiella is a genus of European non-biting midges in the subfamily Chironominae of the bloodworm family Chironomidae.
Pentaneurini is a tribe of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
Hudsonimyia is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Tanypodinae of the bloodworm family Chironomidae.
Lygistorrhininae, commonly called long-beaked fungus gnats is a subfamily of flies in the Diptera family Keroplatidae. The groups was long treated as a separate family, but molecular phylogenetic analysis has shown it to belong to Keroplatidae. There are about 7 genera and at least 30 described species in Lygistorrhininae.
Scaptomyza is a genus of vinegar flies, insects in the family Drosophilidae. As of 2022, there are 273 described species of Scaptomyza. Of those, 148 are endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago. This genus is part of the species-rich lineage of Hawaiian Drosophilidae, and is the sister lineage to the endemic Hawaiian Drosophila. The genus Scaptomyza is one of several nested within the paraphyletic genus Drosophila.
The Hawaiian Drosophilidae are a lineage of flies within the genus Drosophila. This monophyletic clade includes all of the endemic Hawaiian Drosophila and all members of the genus Scaptomyza, which contains both Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian species. The Hawaiian Drosophilidae are descended from a common ancestor estimated to have lived 25 million years ago. Species of Hawaiian Drosophilidae flies have been studied as models of speciation and behavioral evolution. Along with other members of the native Hawaiian ecosystem, the conservations status of many species of Hawaiian Drosophilidae is threatened by habitat loss and introduced predators, among other factors.
References
- ↑ Mondal, Debarshi; Mukherjee, Tuhar; Hazra, Niladri (2022-06-15). "On a new species of the genus Zavrelimyia Fittkau, 1962 (Diptera: Chironomidae) from India with cladistic relationship and a world key to the known males". Zootaxa. 5154 (3): 365–379. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.9. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ↑ Krosch, Matt N.; Silva, Fabio L.; Ekrem, Torbjørn; Baker, Andrew M.; Bryant, Litticia M.; Stur, Elisabeth; Cranston, Peter S. (2022-01-01). "A new molecular phylogeny for the Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) places the Australian diversity in a global context". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 166: 107324. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107324. ISSN 1055-7903.
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