The Jingnan campaign,or Jingnan rebellion,was a three-year civil war from 1399 to 1402 in the early years of the Ming dynasty of China. It occurred between two descendants of the Ming dynasty's founder Zhu Yuanzhang:his grandson Zhu Yunwen by his first son,and Zhu Yuanzhang's fourth son Zhu Di,Prince of Yan. Though Zhu Yunwen had been the chosen crown prince of Zhu Yuanzhang and been made emperor upon the death of his grandfather in 1398,friction began immediately after Yuanzhang's death. Zhu Yunwen began arresting Zhu Yuanzhang's other sons immediately,seeking to decrease their threat. But within a year open military conflict began,and the war continued until the forces of the Prince of Yan captured the imperial capital Nanjing. The fall of Nanjing was followed by the demise of the Jianwen Emperor,Zhu Yunwen. Zhu Di was then crowned the Ming Dynasty's third emperor,the Yongle Emperor.
Yao Xiang (331?–357),courtesy name Jingguo,posthumously honored Prince Wu of Wei,was an ethnic Qiang warlord during the Sixteen Kingdoms and Jin dynasty (266–420) in Chinese history. He was the fifth son and heir of the Later Zhao general Yao Yizhong. After the destruction of Zhao and the death of Yizhong in 352,he went south to serve under the Jin dynasty. However,due to animosity between him and the Jin commander,Yin Hao,he broke away and roved the Central Plains to establish a base while fighting against Jin and the Former Qin. Although he suffered major losses from time to time,his charismatic personality allowed him to win and keep the support of the people wherever he went. In the end,he was killed in an ambush in 357 while fighting Qin forces at Sanyuan. After his death,his brother,Yao Chang,surrendered to Qin and became one of its generals. In 384,he rebelled and established the Later Qin,posthumously honouring Yao Xiang as a prince in the process.
Deng Qiang was a Chinese military general of the Former Qin dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He came to prominence during the reign of Fu Sheng when he helped defeat and kill the Qiang warlord Yao Xiang,but for most of his career he would serve Sheng's successor,Fu Jian. He was a leading figure in the rise of Former Qin,along with Wang Meng,as he led Fu Jian's army to victory against Zhang Ping and Former Yan. He stamped out corruption in the government and put down the rebellions of Fu Jian's relatives and Zhang Yu (張育). He and his peer Zhang Ci were known as the "Enemies of Ten Thousands (萬人敵)",a title previously held by the generals Guan Yu and Zhang Fei during the end of the Han dynasty.
Zhang Ci,originally named Gong Ci,was a Chinese military general of Former Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was the adopted son of the warlord Zhang Ping and fought during his father's war against Former Qin in 358. After he was captured in battle,Zhang Ci served Qin's ruler Fu Jian,participating in his campaigns against Former Yan,Dai and the Jin dynasty until his presumed death in 386 while serving Fu Pi. He and Deng Qiang were known as the "Enemies of Ten Thousands (萬人敵)",a title previously held by the generals Guan Yu and Zhang Fei during the end of the Han dynasty. His name can be rendered as Zhang Hao.
Yang An was a military general of Former Qin and possibly a prince of Chouchi. He was mostly active in Qin's conquest of western China,helping Fu Jian in conquering Chouchi,Yizhou and Liangzhou. Although not as grand as his contemporaries,Deng Qiang and Zhang Ci,the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms classed him as an important general of Qin whose merits were comparable to the two.
Zhu Xu,courtesy name Cilun,was a military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He was most famous for his involvement in the crucial Battle of Fei River in 383,in which he set up a ruse that caused the disastrous retreat of the Former Qin army. Prior to Fei River,Zhu put down the rebellion of Sima Xun and defended Xiangyang from Qin for more than a year before he was captured and served a brief stint under Qin. After Fei River,Zhu Xu returned to Jin and continued to serve the state. He guarded the northern borders and fought against the states of Zhai Wei and Western Yan before retiring in 392.
Kui An was a Tianzhu military general and minister of Later Zhao during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was one of Shi Le's earliest followers as a member of his Eighteen Riders (十八騎). He later became a partisan of Shi Hu's faction and grew to become a prominent minister in his regime. His most notable accomplishment was thwarting an attempted invasion by the influential Jin dynasty (266–420) general Yu Liang in 339.
Huan Shiqian,childhood name Zhen'e,was a Chinese military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He was the nephew of Huan Wen and Huan Chong. Shiqian rose to fame in 354,when he single-handedly saved Huan Chong from being surrounded by Former Qin forces. He later led and followed in campaigns against Qin during the 370s as Fu Jian invaded the south to conquer Jin. Shiqian was remembered by the people of his time for his ferocity and bravery.
Fu Xiong,courtesy name Yuancai,originally named Pu Xiong (蒲雄),was a Di military general of Former Zhao and Former Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was the father of Fu Jiān,the third ruler of Former Qin. During the confusion following Shi Hu's death,he served as a general under his father Pu Hong,and during the reign of his brother Fu Jiàn,he was given the role of Prime Minister. Fu Xiong's biggest contribution to the state was when he repelled a major invasion from the Grand Marshal of Jin,Huan Wen,at the Battle of Bailu Plain in 354. After Fu Jiān killed Fu Sheng and took the throne in 357,he was posthumously honoured as Emperor Wenhuan.
Mao Muzhi,courtesy name Xianzu,also known as Mao Xianzu (毛憲祖) and Mao Husheng (毛虎生),was a military officer during the Jin dynasty (266–420). He was the son of the Jin general Mao Bao and served under Yu Yi before serving under Huan Wen. He assisted in Huan Wen's northern expeditions and later the Jin defence against Former Qin's conquest.
Yuan Zhen,courtesy name Yanren,was a Chinese military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He had a long career serving the Jin dynasty but he was mostly known for his rebellion in 370. After failing to build a canal to secure the Jin forces' supply route during Huan Wen's campaign against Former Yan,Huan Wen was quick to blame Yuan Zhen after he returned defeated. In response,Yuan Zhen revolted in Shouchun in 369 but would die not long after. His son Yuan Qin continued the rebellion,but he was defeated and executed in 371.
Huan Huo (320-377),courtesy name Langzi,was a Chinese military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He was the brother of Huan Wen and Huan Chong. Although not as influential as his two brothers,Huan Huo was one of the members of the Huan clan who held control over a province in Jingzhou after the death of Huan Wen. His sons such as Huan Shiqian and Huan Shixiu were also important members of the clan who earned merits under Huan Wen and Huan Chong's leadership. He fought against Former Qin forces expanding into Jin's western territories before dying in 377.
Xun Xian (322–359),courtesy name Lingze,was a Chinese military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). Hailing from the famed Xun clan of Yingchuan,he rose to prominence through his marriage with Emperor Yuan of Jin's daughter and with the help of his friend and ally Yin Hao. He was one of the many commanders in the 350s to have led the northern expeditions against the Wu Hu states. In the history of the Eastern Jin dynasty,he was the youngest person to hold the office of a provincial inspector.
Dou Chong was a Di military general and ruler of Former Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Dou Chong rose to prominence after the Battle of Feishui in 383,remaining loyal to Fu Jian after most of Qin's generals had betrayed the state and becoming a key general. Dou Chong continued his service with Qin under Fu Pi and Fu Deng,but by 393,despite receiving much favour from Fu Deng,he rebelled and declared himself the King of Qin. Dou Chong's Qin only lasted for a year before he was defeated and captured by Later Qin.
Yang Ding was a ruler of Chouchi and a military general of Former Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. His family was a part of the Yang clan that ruled Chouchi but fled to Former Qin after they failed to usurp their relatives' throne. Yang Ding became the son-in-law of Qin's ruler,Fu Jian,and after the Battle of Feishui,he became one of the state's most powerful supporters up to its destruction in 394. However,he also took advantage of Qin's period of weakness by restoring the Chouchi state in 385,which had been conquered by Qin in 371. His reign is seen as the start of Later Chouchi (後仇池).
Quan Yi,courtesy name Ziliang,was a minister of Former Qin and Later Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Quan Yi was one of the followers of the Qiang general,Yao Xiang,who surrendered from Later Zhao to the Jin dynasty. After Yao Xiang was killed in 357,Quan Yi followed Xiang's brother,Yao Chang and surrendered to Former Qin,where he served for 28 years. Following the disastrous Battle of Fei River in 383,Quan Yi attempted to stop Murong Chui from marching to north,but was outmaneuvered. As Western Yan troops encircled the capital Chang'an,Quan Yi fled to Yao Chang,now ruler of Later Qin,who he served until his death.
Yang Nandi was a ruler of Chouchi during the Jin dynasty (266–420) and Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was the son of Yang Maosou who founded Chouchi in 296. During his reign,attacks on Chouchi by Former Zhao and Cheng-Han became more frequent. Nandi met these with mixed results,sometimes having to resort to vassalage,but was ultimately successful in preserving the survival of Chouchi.
Shi Yue was a military general of Former Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Initially starting out as an envoy to Former Yan,he helped the Qin army in capturing Xiangyang and in quelling the rebellion of Fu Jian's cousin,Fu Luo. He was most noted to be one of the main oppositions towards Fu Jian's plan to conquer the Jin dynasty (266–420) in 382,whose failure to win him over led to the disastrous defeat of the Qin army at the Battle of Feishui. After the defeat,he was entrusted the important task of defending Ye,where he urged Fu Pi to get rid of the suspicious Murong Chui but failing to convince his superior once more. Shi was killed in battle against Murong Nong in 384,and his head was used as an offering to Nong's father,Chui.
Yue Wan was a general and politician of Former Yan during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He defended Fancheng from Later Zhao in 339 and helped defeat Ran Min with Yao Xiang and Shi Zhi during the Yan-Wei War in 351. He was mostly known for his reforms in 368,in which he attempted to fix Yan's household registration system that was being abused by the nobility and corrupted officials. Following his conquest of Yan in 370,Former Qin's ruler,Fu Jian,lamented that he was unable to recruit Yue Wan while he was still alive.
Huangfu Zhen,courtesy name Chuji,was a Chinese official of Former Yan during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. One of the few officials to serve four generations of Murong Hui's lineage,Zhen was an outlier of the group,as he was able to live long enough to see Yan's demise to Former Qin in 370. During the reign of Murong Wei,Zhen was a key ally to Murong Ke who warned him about Muyu Gen and aided him in defeating the rebel,LüHu. Zhen was also commended for being Yan's last few competent ministers during its final four years of existence as corruption under Murong Ping's regency led the state to its downfall.
