Zhong Jingwen | |
---|---|
钟敬文 | |
Born | Tan Zong March 2, 1903 Haifeng County, Guangdong, China |
Died | January 10, 2002 98) Beijing, China | (aged
Academic work | |
Era | 1920s–1980s |
Discipline | Folklorist |
Institutions | Sun Yat-sen University, Beijing Normal University |
Zhong Jingwen | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simplified Chinese | 钟敬文 | ||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 鍾敬文 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Tan Zong | |||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 谭宗 | ||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 譚宗 | ||||||||||||
|
Zhong Jingwen (Chinese :钟敬文,March 20,1903 –January 10,2002) was a Chinese folklorist. Sometimes called the "father of Chinese folklore studies",Zhong pioneered folklore studies from the 1920s to 1980s. Born in Eastern Guangdong in 1903,he attended Sun Yat-sen University and co-founded the Folklore Society of SYSU,the first folkloristics society in China,alongside prominent academics such as Gu Jiegang and Dong Zuobin. He briefly served as the chief editor of two folklore periodicals and published a monograph on folk arts. He was fired from the university in 1928,and later served as a visiting professor at Waseda University in Tokyo.
In 1949,he accepted a professorship at Beijing Normal University. The following year,he became the first vice-chairman of the Research Society of Chinese Literature and Arts alongside chairman Guo Moruo. After academia and folkloristics were disrupted by the Cultural Revolution,Zhong played a key role in the refoundation of folklore studies in China,serving as the first president of the China Folklore Society and the head of China's first folklore doctoral program during the early 1980s. He began work on a six-volume series entitled History of Chinese Folklore,which was completed and published by one of his students after his death.
On March 20,1903,Zhong Jingwen was born Tan Zong (谭宗) in Haifeng County,Guangdong. [1] Zhong was a major contributor to Folksong Weekly (歌謠週刊;Gēyáo Zhōukān),an early folklore studies journal published at Peking University from 1922 to 1925. [2] [3] In 1926,he traveled to Guangzhou,where he began work and study at Lingnan University. He published his first book,a local folklore compilation entitled Folk Tales (民间趣事;Mínjiān qùshì),later the same year. In 1927,upon recommendation from Gu Jiegang,he became an assistant at Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU),also in Guangzhou. [1]
In November 1927,Zhong co-founded a weekly folklore journal titled Folk Literature and Arts (民間文藝;Mínjiān wényì) alongside Dong Zuobin,Yang Chengzhi,and He Sijing. Zhong was the chief editor and a major contributor to the journal. Dong returned to Nanyang in December to care for his sick mother,leaving Zhong as the sole editor. After twelve issues,the journal's sponsors discontinued it in 1928,seeing it as overly focused on literature and art at the expense of broader folklore studies. [4] [5]
Later in November 1927,Zhong joined with other literature and history faculty (including Gu Jiegang,Dong Zuobin,and Rong Zhaozu ) of SYSU to found the Folklore Society of SYSU,the first such folkloristics society in China. [4] [6] Inspired by the SYSU Society,folklore societies were founded at at least ten other Chinese universities. [4] In 1928,the society published Zhong's monograph Collected Lectures on Folk Arts,a systemic analysis of a number of folk songs and stories collected among ethnic minority groups in China. A portion is dedicated to the Zhuang people of Guangxi,with a focus on the mythical singer Liu Sanjie;he describes the Zhuang as "savages" with "extremely naïve behaviors",attributing their fantastical folk songs to their irrationality,immaturity,and lack of civilization. [7]
In March 1928,the Folklore Society began publication of a successor to Folk Literature and Arts titled Folklore Weekly (民俗周刊;Mínsúzhōukān). Zhong served as chief editor,supervised by Gu and Rong. The journal became the primary publication of the Society and the most voluminous periodical of the growing Folklore Movement,with 123 issues produced over its 1928–1933 publication run. Zhong's tenure as editor was short-lived;university president Dai Jitao fired Zhong in the summer of 1928 for publishing the Second Collection of Wu Songs,containing songs that Dai saw as glorifying superstition. [8] At the invitation of Liu Dabai ,he became a professor at the College of Arts and Sciences of Zhejiang University in Hangzhou. [1]
During the 1920s,Zhong partnered with Zhao Jingshen to perform comparative studies of western and Chinese children's literature. [9] In 1934,Zhong left his position at Zhejiang to serve as a visiting professor at Waseda University in Tokyo,Japan. While at Waseda,he worked alongside various Japanese sinologists and mythologist Shinji Nishimura . He returned to teaching in Hangzhou in 1936. [1]
In 1949,Zhong attended the First Congress of Literary and Art Workers in Beijing. Later that year,he accepted a professorship at Beijing Normal University by Li Jinxi. Concurrently,Zhong instructed at Peking University and Fu Jen Catholic University. [1] The incipient Communist government established the Research Society of Chinese Literature and Arts in February 1950 to organize folklore studies under Marxist principles. Zhong served as its first vice-chairman from 1950 to 1957,with Guo Moruo as chairman. The following year,Zhong published an article titled "Some Basic Understandings About Folk Literature and Arts",emphasizing the importance of folk literature and oral history towards understanding the history of the working class. [10] [11] In 1953,he began lecturing on folk literature at Beijing Normal University and became a graduate instructor in folklore studies. [12] Zhong's approach was opposed by hardliners of communist folkloristics such as Jia Zhi,who accused him of being a "salesman of capitalist folklore". [13]
The Cultural Revolution put a halt to nearly all higher education in mainland China. Folklore studies in particular took a heavy blow,as it was regarded as a continuation of feudal culture. Coinciding with the return of folklore classes at universities in 1978,Zhong drafted a petition to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences to re-establish folklore study and research institutions. The petition was joined by six other folklorists,including Gu,Yang,and Rong. This led to the foundation of the government-unrecognized China Folklore Society [lower-greek 1] in May 1983,with Zhong as its first president. [1] [15] [16] During the early 1980s,Zhong headed the folklore doctoral program at Beijing Normal University,which was the only such program in China for more than a decade. [17] Zhong's centrality to the establishment of folklore studies in China has led to him being known as the "father of Chinese folklore studies". [16]
Beginning in 1984,Zhong and Zhou Weizhi served as vice chief-editors of the Three Collections of Chinese Folk Literature project,headed by Zhou Yang. [18] He continued instruction of doctoral students at Peking until his death,alongside work on his History of Chinese Folklore,which he began in 2000. He died in Beijing on January 10,2002. [1]
Peking University (PKU) is a public university in Haidian,Beijing,China. It is affiliated with and funded by the Ministry of Education of China. The university is part of Project 211,Project 985,and the Double First-Class Construction. It is also a member in the C9 League.
Chinese folklore encompasses the folklore of China,and includes songs,poetry,dances,puppetry,and tales. It often tells stories of human nature,historical or legendary events,love,and the supernatural. The stories often explain natural phenomena and distinctive landmarks. Along with Chinese mythology,it forms an important element in Chinese folk religion.
The grand chancellor,also translated as counselor-in-chief,chancellor,chief councillor,chief minister,imperial chancellor,lieutenant chancellor and prime minister,was the highest-ranking executive official in the imperial Chinese government. The term was known by many different names throughout Chinese history,and the exact extent of the powers associated with the position fluctuated greatly,even during a particular dynasty.
Yang Zhensheng was a Chinese educator and author from Penglai District in Shandong Province. In 1919,Yang and 31 other Peking University (Beida) students participated in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1919. They were arrested by the police for demonstrating outside the home of Cao Rulin,minister of communication and the chief spokesman for Japanese colonial interest in the Chinese government;Yang and the other students were jailed for three days. Yang was considered a "hot-headed radical" in the Beida literature department and stirred the ire of his professors by sharply critiquing Chinese culture. He went on to study personal and behavioural psychology at Columbia University.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a Chinese television series adapted from the classical 14th century novel of the same title by Luo Guanzhong. The series was produced by China Central Television (CCTV) and was first aired on the network in 1994. It spanned a total of 84 episodes,each approximately 45 minutes long. One of the most expensive television series produced at the time,the project cost 170 million yuan. It was completed over four years and involved over 400,000 cast and crew members,including divisions of the People's Liberation Army from the Beijing,Nanjing and Chengdu military regions. Some of the dialogue spoken by characters was adapted directly from the novel. Extensive battle scenes,such as the battles of Guandu,Red Cliffs and Xiaoting,were also live-acted.
Gu Jiegang was a Chinese folklorist,historian,and sinologist who was best known for his seven-volume work Gushi Bian. He was a co-founder and the leading force of the Doubting Antiquity School,and was highly influential in the 20th century development of Chinese historiography.
The Doubting Antiquity School or Yigupai refers to a group of scholars and writers in Chinese academia,starting during the New Culture Movement,who applied a critical historiographical approach to Chinese historical sources. They put forward theories doubting the authenticity of texts and narratives that,in traditional Chinese historiography,were often accepted as authentic.
The Water Margin is a 1998 Chinese television series adapted from Shi Nai'an's classical 14th-century novel of the same title. It was produced by CCTV with Zhang Jizhong as producer. It was first broadcast in China in January 1998. The series also featured action choreography by Yuen Woo-ping.
Justice Bao is a Chinese TV series starring producer Jin Chao-chun as the Song dynasty official Bao Zheng. The series ran for 3 seasons from 2010 to 2012. In addition to Jin,Kenny Ho,Fan Hung-hsuan and Lung Lung again reprise their iconic roles from the 1993 Taiwanese hit Justice Pao and the 2008 Chinese series Justice Bao.
Dong Zuobin or Tung Tso-pin (1895–1963) was a Chinese archaeologist. He was a leading authority on the oracle bone and turtle shell inscriptions of the Shang dynasty. In 1928,Dong supervised the first archaeological dig of Anyang,the Shang capital. Dong was a professor at National Taiwan University and director of the Institute of History and Philology at Academia Sinica from 1950 to 1954. Dong's construction of a Shang chronology was his most important research achievement.
The Great Military March Forward:Engulf the Southwest,also known as The Liberation of Southwest China,is a 1998 Chinese epic war film directed by Song Yeming and Zhu Jianming and written by Lu Zhuguo. The film stars Fu Xuecheng,Lu Qi,Gu Yue,and Zhao Hengduo. The film is about the war between the Communist troops and the KMT troops in southwest China during the Chinese Civil War.
Epic is the second album by seminal Chinese metal band Tang Dynasty,released on December 20,1998,on Jingwen Records. It is the band's only album to feature founding guitarist Kaiser Kuo,a Chinese-American responsible for shaping the band's early direction. The album's release followed an extended period of turmoil within the band.
Zhang Jie,also known as Jet and Ketsu,is a mainland Chinese voice actor.
Deyunshe,formally Beijing Deyunshe Culture Communication Company Ltd.,is a Chinese xiangsheng organization and folk art performance group based in Beijing,established by comedians Zhang Wenshun,Guo Degang and Li Jing in 1995. Originally known as the Beijing Conversation Conference,in 2003 it changed its name to Deyunshe. It is the key to "let the cross talk back to the theatre". On July 3,2011,Deyunshe inaugurated a new form in the Beizhan Theatre,by using the dialects dramas and comic dialogues to interpret the cross talks of various styles from the Qing dynasty to the Republic of China.
1921 is a 2021 Chinese historical film directed by Huang Jianxin and Zheng Dasheng and starring Huang Xuan,Ni Ni,Wang Renjun and Liu Haoran. The film premiered in China on 1 July 2021,to commemorate the centennial year anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party.
Liu Siqi,also known as Liu Songlin (刘松林),was the wife of Mao Anying,the first son of Mao Zedong.
Chung-Chang Shen was a Chinese linguist,folklorist,ethnomusicologist,and antiquarian best known for rescuing the Juyan Han wooden slips during the Second Sino-Japanese War.