1960 United States presidential election in Illinois

Last updated

1960 United States presidential election in Illinois
Flag of Illinois (1915-1969).svg
  1956 November 8, 1960 [1] 1964  
Turnout86.51%
  Jfk2 (3x4).jpg Richard Nixon official portrait as Vice President (cropped).tiff
Nominee John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon
Party Democratic Republican
Home state Massachusetts California
Running mate Lyndon B. Johnson Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
Electoral vote270
Popular vote2,377,8462,368,988
Percentage49.98%49.80%

Illinois Presidential Election Results 1960.svg
County results

President before election

Dwight D. Eisenhower
Republican

Elected President

John F. Kennedy
Democratic

The 1960 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. State voters chose 27 [2] representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Contents

In the nation's second-closest race following Hawaii, Illinois was won by Senator John F. Kennedy (DMassachusetts), running with Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, with 49.98% of the popular vote against incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon (RCalifornia), running with former United States Ambassador to the United Nations Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., with 49.80% of the popular vote, a margin of victory of only 0.18%. [3] [4] As of 2020 this is the last time that a Democrat would win Illinois by only a single digit margin of victory.

Primaries

Turnout

Turnout in the state-run primary elections (Democratic and Republican) was 16.43% with a total of 836,458 votes cast. [5] [6]

Turnout during the general election was 86.51%, with 4,757,409 votes cast. [6] [7] Both major parties held non-binding state-run preferential primaries on April 12. [5] [8]

Democratic

1960 Illinois Democratic presidential primary
Flag of Illinois.svg
  1956 April 12, 1960 (1960-04-12) 1964  
  John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait (cropped 3x4) A.jpg AdlaiEStevenson 3x4 (B).jpg Stuart Symington.jpg
Candidate John F. Kennedy Adlai Stevenson II Stuart Symington
Home state Massachusetts Illinois Missouri
Popular vote34,3328,0295,744
Percentage64.57%15.10%10.80%

  Hubert Humphrey crop.jpg
Candidate Hubert Humphrey
Home state Minnesota
Popular vote4,283
Percentage8.06%

The 1960 Illinois Democratic presidential primary was held on April 12, 1960, in the U.S. state of Illinois as one of the Democratic Party's state primaries ahead of the 1960 presidential election.

The popular vote was a non-binding "beauty contest". [9] Delegates were instead elected by direct votes by congressional district on delegate candidates. [8] [10]

All candidates were write-ins. Kennedy ran a write-in campaign, and no candidate actively ran against him in Illinois. [9]

Not all of the vote-getters had been declared candidates. Johnson, Stevenson, and Symington had all sat out the primaries.

Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley, head of the Cook County Democratic Party, promised to deliver Kennedy the support of Cook County's delegates, so long as Kennedy won competitive primaries in other states. [9]

1960 Illinois Democratic presidential primary [5] [8] [11]
CandidateVotesPercentage
John F. Kennedy (write-in)34,33264.57%
Adlai Stevenson (write-in)8,02915.10%
Stuart Symington (write-in)5,74410.80%
Hubert Humphrey (write-in)4,2838.06%
Lyndon B. Johnson (write-in)4420.83%
Others3370.63%
Totals53,167100.00%

Republican

1960 Illinois Republican presidential primary
Flag of Illinois.svg
  1956 April 12, 1960 (1960-04-12) 1964  
  VP-Nixon (1).png
Candidate Richard Nixon
Home state California
Popular vote782,849
Percentage99.94%

The 1960 Illinois Republican presidential primary was held on April 12, 1960, in the U.S. state of Illinois as one of the Republican Party's state primaries ahead of the 1960 presidential election.

The preference vote was a "beauty contest". Delegates were instead selected by direct-vote in each congressional district on delegate candidates. [8] [10]

Nixon ran unopposed in the primary.

1960 Illinois Republican presidential primary [5] [8] [11]
PartyCandidateVotesPercentage
Republican Richard Nixon 782,84999.94%
Write-in Others4420.1%
Totals783,291100.00%

Results

1960 United States presidential election in Illinois [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic John F. Kennedy 2,377,846 49.98%
Republican Richard Nixon 2,368,98849.80%
Socialist Labor Eric Hass 10,5600.22%
Write-in 150.00%
Total votes4,757,409 100%

Results by county

CountyJohn F. Kennedy
Democratic
Richard Nixon
Republican
Various candidates
Other parties
MarginTotal votes cast
# %# %# %# %
Adams 14,82744.22%18,67455.70%280.08%-3,847-11.48%33,529
Alexander 4,47751.83%4,14347.96%180.21%3343.87%8,638
Bond 2,85639.88%4,29760.00%90.13%-1,441-20.12%7,162
Boone 2,60528.43%6,55271.51%50.05%-3,947-43.08%9,162
Brown 1,84949.44%1,88950.51%20.05%-40-1.07%3,740
Bureau 7,78638.15%12,59761.73%240.12%-4,811-23.58%20,407
Calhoun 1,60849.22%1,65450.63%50.15%-46-1.41%3,267
Carroll 3,09732.88%6,28266.70%390.41%-3,185-33.82%9,418
Cass 3,69247.85%4,01552.04%80.10%-323-4.19%7,715
Champaign 17,11537.66%27,79361.16%5331.17%-10,678-23.50%45,441
Christian 10,20752.38%9,26347.54%150.08%9444.84%19,485
Clark 3,94942.59%5,31957.36%50.05%-1,370-14.77%9,273
Clay 3,39439.75%5,13460.13%100.12%-1,740-20.38%8,538
Clinton 6,18851.99%5,70947.96%60.05%4794.03%11,903
Coles 8,62941.46%12,16658.45%190.09%-3,537-16.99%20,814
Cook 1,378,34356.37%1,059,60743.33%7,3190.30%318,73613.04%2,445,269
Crawford 4,24538.39%6,80961.58%40.04%-2,564-23.19%11,058
Cumberland 2,47545.00%3,02054.91%50.09%-545-9.91%5,500
DeKalb 6,78330.30%15,58669.62%190.08%-8,803-39.32%22,388
DeWitt 3,60741.51%5,07458.40%80.09%-1,467-16.89%8,689
Douglas 3,53237.98%5,76161.95%60.06%-2,229-23.97%9,299
DuPage 44,26330.43%101,01469.45%1680.12%-56,751-39.02%145,445
Edgar 5,02440.59%7,34859.37%40.03%-2,324-18.78%12,376
Edwards 1,44630.47%3,29169.36%80.17%-1,845-38.89%4,745
Effingham 5,67646.94%6,41053.01%60.05%-734-6.07%12,092
Fayette 4,90742.65%6,58657.25%110.10%-1,679-14.60%11,504
Ford 2,69831.82%5,77968.16%10.01%-3,081-36.34%8,478
Franklin 11,36848.86%11,86150.98%370.16%-493-2.12%23,266
Fulton 10,19445.81%11,99953.93%580.26%-1,805-8.12%22,251
Gallatin 2,38652.21%2,17947.68%50.11%2074.53%4,570
Greene 3,84746.10%4,48753.78%100.12%-640-7.68%8,344
Grundy 4,27638.08%6,94861.88%40.04%-2,672-23.80%11,228
Hamilton 2,63940.89%3,80458.94%110.17%-1,165-18.05%6,454
Hancock 4,94738.08%8,03661.86%70.05%-3,089-23.78%12,990
Hardin 1,46542.92%1,94456.96%40.12%-479-14.04%3,413
Henderson 1,69739.71%2,57260.19%40.09%-875-20.48%4,273
Henry 10,37242.01%14,29757.91%210.09%-3,925-15.90%24,690
Iroquois 5,82133.82%11,37666.09%160.09%-5,555-32.27%17,213
Jackson 8,52744.62%10,56855.30%170.09%-2,041-10.68%19,112
Jasper 3,02747.14%3,39352.84%10.02%-366-5.70%6,421
Jefferson 7,78444.16%9,84155.84%00.00%-2,057-11.68%17,625
Jersey 4,08748.99%4,24750.90%90.11%-160-1.91%8,343
Jo Daviess 4,29341.21%6,11158.66%130.12%-1,818-17.45%10,417
Johnson 1,41333.67%2,77866.19%60.14%-1,365-32.52%4,197
Kane 31,27936.05%55,38963.84%930.11%-24,110-27.79%86,761
Kankakee 17,11545.70%20,31154.23%260.07%-3,196-8.53%37,452
Kendall 2,24227.25%5,97572.62%110.13%-3,733-45.37%8,228
Knox 11,88939.83%17,93860.09%230.08%-6,049-20.26%29,850
Lake 46,94140.85%67,80959.02%1490.13%-20,868-18.17%114,899
LaSalle 27,53249.94%27,55249.98%410.07%-20-0.04%55,125
Lawrence 3,66737.42%6,12062.45%130.13%-2,453-25.03%9,800
Lee 5,89635.22%10,83564.73%80.05%-4,939-29.51%16,739
Livingston 6,64233.57%13,13966.42%20.01%-6,497-32.85%19,783
Logan 5,69137.71%9,38362.18%160.11%-3,692-24.47%15,090
Macon 26,02948.85%27,15150.95%1080.20%-1,122-2.10%53,288
Macoupin 13,12052.70%11,73147.12%450.18%1,3895.58%24,896
Madison 54,78755.96%42,98443.90%1330.14%11,80312.06%97,904
Marion 9,11645.02%11,12154.92%130.06%-2,005-9.90%20,250
Marshall 2,98141.76%4,15058.14%70.10%-1,169-16.38%7,138
Mason 3,82446.75%4,33753.02%190.23%-513-6.27%8,180
Massac 2,64436.87%4,52163.05%60.08%-1,877-26.18%7,171
McDonough 4,52032.53%9,36367.39%100.07%-4,843-34.86%13,893
McHenry 12,65932.87%25,78766.97%620.16%-13,128-34.10%38,508
McLean 13,97136.04%24,75863.87%320.08%-10,787-27.83%38,761
Menard 2,06839.82%3,12060.08%50.10%-1,052-20.26%5,193
Mercer 3,47638.36%5,58261.60%30.03%-2,106-23.24%9,061
Monroe 3,39841.78%4,73158.17%40.05%-1,333-16.39%8,133
Montgomery 8,81548.95%9,17850.97%140.08%-363-2.02%18,007
Morgan 7,25942.54%9,79157.38%120.07%-2,532-14.84%17,062
Moultrie 3,07945.07%3,75254.93%00.00%-673-9.86%6,831
Ogle 4,79226.59%13,22673.38%70.04%-8,434-46.79%18,025
Peoria 39,06146.13%45,52953.77%860.10%-6,468-7.64%84,676
Perry 4,95842.48%6,70857.47%60.05%-1,750-14.99%11,672
Piatt 2,88939.05%4,50660.90%40.05%-1,617-21.85%7,399
Pike 5,46147.75%5,96552.16%100.09%-504-4.41%11,436
Pope 97136.44%1,68963.38%50.19%-718-26.94%2,665
Pulaski 2,32246.81%2,62152.83%180.36%-299-6.02%4,961
Putnam 1,16044.29%1,45755.63%20.08%-297-11.34%2,619
Randolph 7,34447.85%7,98852.05%150.10%-644-4.20%15,347
Richland 3,01536.09%5,32963.80%90.11%-2,314-27.71%8,353
Rock Island 33,81250.88%32,53448.96%1080.16%1,2781.92%66,454
Saline 6,83543.52%8,85356.36%190.12%-2,018-12.84%15,707
Sangamon 35,79346.28%41,48353.64%590.08%-5,690-7.36%77,335
Schuyler 2,11540.96%3,04759.00%20.04%-932-18.04%5,164
Scott 1,54340.46%2,26759.44%40.10%-724-18.98%3,814
Shelby 5,72045.39%6,87254.53%110.09%-1,152-9.14%12,603
St. Clair 67,36761.38%42,04638.31%3380.31%25,32123.07%109,751
Stark 1,38332.06%2,92567.80%60.14%-1,542-35.74%4,314
Stephenson 8,05536.62%13,87263.07%680.31%-5,817-26.45%21,995
Tazewell 20,52146.09%23,96753.83%380.09%-3,446-7.74%44,526
Union 4,32149.31%4,43250.58%100.11%-111-1.27%8,763
Vermilion 19,70242.51%26,57157.34%690.15%-6,869-14.83%46,342
Wabash 3,01341.40%4,26158.55%40.05%-1,248-17.15%7,278
Warren 3,83534.66%7,22165.25%100.09%-3,386-30.59%11,066
Washington 3,09337.92%5,05361.95%110.13%-1,960-24.03%8,157
Wayne 3,95437.25%6,65262.67%90.08%-2,698-25.42%10,615
White 4,75644.97%5,81054.93%110.10%-1,054-9.96%10,577
Whiteside 9,11234.27%17,43465.56%460.17%-8,322-31.29%26,592
Will 41,05649.04%42,57550.86%810.10%-1,519-1.82%83,712
Williamson 11,33545.17%13,73254.72%290.12%-2,397-9.55%25,096
Winnebago 40,09044.67%49,54155.20%1100.12%-9,451-10.53%89,741
Woodford 4,40135.18%8,10164.76%70.06%-3,700-29.58%12,509
Totals2,377,84649.98%2,368,98849.80%10,5750.22%8,8580.18%4,757,409

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

Analysis

Some, including Republican legislators and journalists, believed that Kennedy benefited from vote fraud from Mayor Richard J. Daley's powerful Chicago political machine. [12]

Daley's machine was known for "delivering whopping Democratic tallies by fair means and foul." [13] Republicans tried and failed to overturn the results at the time—as well as in ten other states. [13] Some journalists also later claimed that mobster Sam Giancana and his Chicago crime syndicate "played a role" in Kennedy's victory. [13] Nixon's campaign staff urged him to pursue recounts and challenge the validity of Kennedy's victory, but Nixon gave a speech three days after the election that he would not contest the election. [14]

A myth arose that Daley held back much of the Chicago vote until the late morning hours of November 9. However, when the Republican Chicago Tribune went to press, 79% of Cook County precincts had reported, compared to just 62% of Illinois's precincts overall. Moreover, Nixon never led in Illinois, and Kennedy's lead merely shrank as election night went on. [15] Earl Mazo, a reporter for the pro-Nixon New York Herald Tribune and his biographer, investigated the voting in Chicago and "claimed to have discovered sufficient evidence of vote fraud to prove that the state was stolen for Kennedy." [12]

A special prosecutor assigned to the case brought charges against 650 people, who were acquitted by a judge who was considered a "Daley machine loyalist." [14] [13] Three Chicago election workers were convicted of voter fraud in 1962 and served short terms in jail. [14] Mazo, the Herald-Tribune reporter, later said that he "found names of the dead who had voted in Chicago, along with 56 people from one house." [14] He found cases of Republican voter fraud in southern Illinois but said that the totals "did not match the Chicago fraud he found." [14]

An academic study in 1985 [16] later analyzed the ballots of two disputed precincts in Chicago which were subject to a recount. It found that while there was a pattern of miscounting votes to the advantage of Democratic candidates, Nixon suffered less than Republicans in other races, and the extrapolated error would have reduced his Illinois margin only from 8,858 votes, the final official total, to just under 8,000. It concluded there was insufficient evidence that he had been cheated out of winning Illinois.

Even if enough legitimate systemic fraud was discovered in Illinois to give Nixon the state, that alone would not have been enough to win him the presidency. Kennedy would've still been left with 276 electoral votes, seven more than what he needed to win the White House.

Recount

Ben Adamowski, a Republican who lost reelection as Cook County State's Attorney to Democratic nominee Daniel P. Ward, requested a recount of the state's attorney race. Republicans sought to use this recount, as they could not order a recount of the presidential results, to prove that fraud had been committed in the presidential election. Sidney Holzman, the chair of the Board of Election Commissioners, stated that only the three BEC members could handle the ballots and would only recount the ballots for the state's attorney election. Judge Thaddeus Adesko ruled that twenty-five teams of counters had to be used and that the other elections would be included in the recount. [17]

The recount was finished on December 9, and showed that in six towns around Chicago, mistakes of ten votes or more in favor of Kennedy occurred in 3.1% of the precincts, those in favor of Nixon occurred in 2.6%, and those in favor of third-parties occurred in 4.8%. 11% of the precincts in Chicago had errors of ten votes or more in Kennedy's favor and 8.6% in Nixon's favor. Kennedy's vote was overcounted in 38% of Chicago's precincts while Nixon's vote was overcounted in 40%. Nixon's total was increased by 926 votes. [18]

Republicans accused the election commission of manipulating the recount and Adamowski successfully sued for another recount in 1961, although only his election was recounted. The original recount increased his vote total by 9.073 while the second one increased his total by 12.694 per precinct. [19]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1960 United States presidential election</span> 44th quadrennial U.S. presidential election

The 1960 United States presidential election was the 44th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 1960. The Democratic ticket of Senator John F. Kennedy and his running mate, Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, narrowly defeated the Republican ticket of incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon and his running mate, U.N. Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. This was the first election in which 50 states participated, marking the first participation of Alaska and Hawaii, and the last in which the District of Columbia did not. This made it the only presidential election where the threshold for victory was 269 electoral votes. It was also the first election in which an incumbent president—in this case, Dwight D. Eisenhower—was ineligible to run for a third term because of the term limits established by the 22nd Amendment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1968 United States presidential election</span> 46th quadrennial U.S. presidential election

The 1968 United States presidential election was the 46th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1968. The Republican nominee, former vice president Richard Nixon, defeated both the Democratic nominee, incumbent vice president Hubert Humphrey, and the American Independent Party nominee, former Alabama governor George Wallace.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1968 Democratic National Convention</span> Selection of the Democratic nominee for the 1968 U.S. presidential election in Chicago

The 1968 Democratic National Convention was held August 26–29 at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Earlier that year incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson had announced he would not seek reelection, thus making the purpose of the convention to select a new presidential nominee for the Democratic Party. Vice President Hubert Humphrey and Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine were nominated for president and vice president, respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2004 United States presidential election in Illinois</span>

The 2004 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 2, 2004, and was part of the 2004 United States presidential election. Voters chose 21 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cook County Democratic Party</span> Political party in Illinois, US

The Cook County Democratic Party is an American county-level political party organization which represents voters in 50 wards in the city of Chicago and 30 suburban townships of Cook County. The organization has dominated Chicago politics since the 1930s. It relies on an organizational structure of a ward or township committeeperson to elect candidates. At the height of its influence under Richard J. Daley in the 1960s when political patronage in employment was endemic in American cities, it was one of the most powerful political machines in American history. By the beginning of the 21st century the party had largely ceased to function as a machine due to the legal dismantling of the patronage system under the Shakman Decrees issued by the federal court in Chicago. The current Chair is Toni Preckwinkle, who is also the elected Cook County Board president.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1960 United States presidential election in California</span>

The 1960 United States presidential election in California took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. State voters chose 32 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1982 Illinois gubernatorial election</span>

The 1982 Illinois gubernatorial election was held in Illinois on November 2, 1982. Incumbent Republican governor James R. Thompson won a third term in office, defeating the Democratic nominee, former United States Senator Adlai Stevenson III, by a slim margin of about 5,000 votes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1987 Chicago mayoral election</span>

The Chicago mayoral election of 1987 was first the primary election on February 24, 1987, followed by the general election on April 7, 1987. The election saw the re-election of Chicago, Illinois' first African-American mayor, Harold Washington. Ed Vrdolyak, the leader of the Vrdolyak 29, unsuccessfully opposed him, running on the Illinois Solidarity Party ticket. Former mayor Jane Byrne, who served from 1979 until 1983 unsuccessfully challenged Washington in the Democratic primary.

Benjamin S. Adamowski was a politician and lawyer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1960 United States presidential election in New Jersey</span>

The 1960 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place on November 8, 1960. All 50 states were part of the 1960 United States presidential election. Voters chose 16 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1984 United States presidential election in Illinois</span>

The 1984 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 6, 1984. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1984 United States presidential election. State voters chose 24 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president of the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1980 United States presidential election in Illinois</span>

The 1980 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 4, 1980. All 50 states and The District of Columbia, were part of the 1980 United States presidential election. State voters chose 26 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Illinois voters chose between the Democratic ticket of incumbent president Jimmy Carter and vice president Walter Mondale, and the Republican ticket of Ronald Reagan and running mate George H. W. Bush, as well as the independent candidacy of John B. Anderson and running mate Patrick Lucey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1976 United States presidential election in Illinois</span>

The 1976 United States presidential election in Illinois was held on November 2, 1976. All 50 states and The District of Columbia, were part of the 1976 United States presidential election. State voters chose 26 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1960 United States presidential election in Hawaii</span>

The 1960 presidential election in Hawaii was held on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. This was the first presidential election in which Hawaii participated; the state had been admitted to the Union just over a year earlier. The islands favored Senator John F. Kennedy, a Democrat, by a narrow margin of 115 votes, or 0.06%, after a court-ordered recount overturned an initial result favoring Vice President Richard Nixon, a Republican. The result was considered an upset, as Nixon had been thought likely to win the state's electoral votes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1968 United States presidential election in Illinois</span>

The 1968 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 5, 1968, as part of the overall 1968 United States presidential election. Illinois voters selected 26 electors to represent the state in the Electoral College, which would then choose the president and vice president.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign</span> American political campaign

The 1960 presidential campaign of John F. Kennedy, then junior United States senator from Massachusetts, was formally launched on January 2, 1960, as Senator Kennedy announced his intention to seek the Democratic Party nomination for the presidency of the United States in the 1960 presidential election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1963 Chicago mayoral election</span>

The Chicago mayoral election of 1963 was held on April 2, 1963. The election saw Richard J. Daley elected to a third term as mayor, defeating Republican Ben Adamowski by a double-digit margin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1955 Chicago mayoral election</span>

The 1955 Chicago mayoral election saw Democrat Richard J. Daley win election to his first term as mayor by a ten-point margin over Republican Robert E. Merriam. This was the narrowest margin of victory of any of Daley's mayoral races.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2016 Cook County, Illinois, elections</span>

The Cook County, Illinois, general election was held on November 8, 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign</span> American political campaign

The 1960 presidential campaign of Richard Nixon, the 36th vice president of the United States, under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, began when he announced he was running for the Republican Party's nomination in the 1960 U.S. presidential election on January 9, 1960. He won the Republican primaries with little opposition and chose as his running mate Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., the United States Ambassador to the United Nations. They faced Democrats John F. Kennedy and running mate Lyndon B. Johnson in the general election. The main issues of the election were the civil rights movement, the Cold War, and Kennedy's Catholic faith. Both candidates were against communism, and were in favor of civil rights enough to win Black voters but not enough to lose white southerners.

References

  1. "United States Presidential election of 1960 - Encyclopædia Britannica" . Retrieved June 8, 2017.
  2. "1960 Election for the Forty-Fourth Term (1961-65)" . Retrieved June 8, 2017.
  3. "1960 Presidential General Election Results - Illinois" . Retrieved June 8, 2017.
  4. "The American Presidency Project - Election of 1960" . Retrieved June 8, 2017.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Illinois Blue Book 1959-1960. Illinois Secretary of State. p. 871. Retrieved March 31, 2020.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  6. 1 2 "OFFICIAL VOTE Cast at the GENERAL ELECTION NOVEMBER 4, 1986" (PDF). www.elections.il.gov. Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved April 10, 2020.[ permanent dead link ]
  7. 1 2 Illinois Blue Book 1961-1962. Illinois Secretary of State. p. 963. Retrieved March 31, 2020.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "OFFICIAL VOTE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS Cast at the GENERAL ELECTION, NOVEMBER 8, 1960 JUDICIAL ELECTION 1959-1960 • PRIMARY ELECTION GENERAL PRIMARY, APRIL 12 1960" (PDF). Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved July 4, 2020.[ permanent dead link ]
  9. 1 2 3 Oliphant, Thomas; Wilkie, Curtis (2017). The road to Camelot: Inside JFK's Five-Year Campaign. Simon & Schuster.
  10. 1 2 "OFFICIAL VOTE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS Cast at the GENERAL ELECTION, NOVEMBER 8, 1960 JUDICIAL ELECTION 1959-1960 • PRIMARY ELECTION GENERAL PRIMARY, APRIL 12 1960" (PDF). Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved July 4, 2020.[ permanent dead link ]
  11. 1 2 "RESULTS OF 1960 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION PRIMARIES". John F. Kennedy presidential library. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
  12. 1 2 "The fallacy of Nixon's graceful exit". Salon . November 10, 2000. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Greenberg, David (October 16, 2000). "Was Nixon Robbed?". Slate .
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 "Another Race To the Finish". The Washington Post . November 17, 2000. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  15. von Hippel, Paul (August 8, 2017). "Here's a voter fraud myth: Richard Daley 'stole' Illinois for John Kennedy in the 1960 election?". The Washington Post .
  16. Kallina 1985.
  17. Kallina 1985, p. 114–115.
  18. Kallina 1985, p. 115–116.
  19. Kallina 1985, p. 116–117.

Works cited