June was one of the wettest months on record in the United Kingdom (see List of weather records). Average rainfall across the country was 5.5 inches (140mm);more than double the June average. Some areas received a month's worth of precipitation in 24 hours.[2] It was the UK's wettest May–July period since records began in 1776.[3] July had unusually unsettled weather and above-average rainfall through the month,peaking on 20 July as an active frontal system dumped more than 4.7 inches (120mm) of rain in southern England.[4]
Civil[5] and military[5][6][7][8][9] authorities described the June and July rescue efforts as the biggest in the UK in peacetime. The Environment Agency described the July floods as critical[9] and expected them to exceed the 1947 benchmark.[10]
Meteorological background
Cyclone Uriah crossing the United Kingdom on 25 June. Associated heavy rainfall led to flooding across northern England,particularly in Sheffield.Non-administrative areas affected in June and July 2007 floods as of 24 July (marked in blue)Administrative areas affected in June and July 2007 floods as of 24 July (marked in blue)
June 2007 started quietly with an anticyclone to the north of the United Kingdom maintaining a dry,cool easterly flow. From 10 June the high pressure began to break down as an upper trough moved into the area,triggering thunderstorms that caused flooding in Northern Ireland on 12 June.
Later that week,a slow-moving area of low pressure from the west of Biscay moved east across the British Isles. At the same time,an associated occluded front moved into Northern England,becoming very active as it did so with the peak rainfall on 15 June. Rainfall records were broken across the region,[11] leading to localised flooding. As it weakened,the front moved north into Scotland on 16 June and left England and Wales with a very unstable airmass,frequent heavy showers,thunderstorms and cloudy conditions. This led to localised flash flooding and prevented significant drying where earlier rains had fallen.
On 25 June,another unseasonably low pressure (993hPa/29.3inHg) depression,Cyclone Uriah,[12] moved across England. The associated front settled over northern and eastern England and dumped more than 3.9 inches (100mm) of rain in places. The combination of high rainfall and high water levels from the earlier rainfall led to extensive flooding across many parts of England and Wales,with the Midlands,Gloucestershire,Worcestershire,South,West and East Yorkshire the most affected. Gales along the east coast also caused storm damage. RAF Fylingdales on the North York Moors reported rainfall totals of 4.1 inches (103mm) in 24 hours,an estimated 3.9 inches (100mm) in Hull and 3.0 inches (77mm) on Emley Moor in West Yorkshire. Until 2007,the average monthly total for June for the whole UK was 2.86 inches (72.6mm).[13]
On 27 June,the Met Office released an early warning of severe weather for the approaching weekend,stating that 0.79 to 1.97 inches (20 to 50mm) of rain could fall in some areas,raising the possibility of more flooding within the already saturated flood plains.
On 20 July,another active frontal system moved across Southern England. Many places recorded a month's rainfall or more in one day. The Met Office at RAF Brize Norton in Oxfordshire reported 4.98 inches (126.6mm):a sixth of its annual rainfall. The college at Pershore in Worcestershire reported 5.60 inches (142.2mm),[14] causing the Environment Agency to issue 16 further severe flood warnings.[15] By 21 July,many towns and villages were flooded,with Gloucestershire,Worcestershire,Warwickshire,Wiltshire,Oxfordshire,Berkshire,London and South Wales facing the brunt of the heavy rainfall.
Climate researchers have suggested that the unusual weather leading to the floods may be linked to this year's appearance of La Nina in the Pacific Ocean,[16] and the jet stream being further south than normal.[17]
England was affected by the June and July floods,with the North badly hit in June,the West badly hit in July,and many areas hit in both. It was England's wettest July on record.[18]Gloucestershire was the worst affected county –with both some minor flooding in June,and major flooding in July.[9]Non-administrative counties[19] and administrative counties[20] affected by the flooding are given below.
Bedfordshire
By 25 July,a number of low-lying parts adjacent to the river in Bedford and Luton were flooded[21][22] and one man drowned attempting to swim across the River Great Ouse in Bedford.[23] Parts of Felmersham[24] and Turvey[25] were also flooded.
On 20 July,the M4 was closed after a landslide caused by flooding between Junctions 12 and 13 eastbound.[26] Approximately 1,100 properties in Thatcham were affected by flash flooding.[27]
By 21 July,Newbury and Maidenhead town centres were flooded,the shopping mall in Maidenhead was closed and parts of the Glade Festival were flooded. Officials warned that the River Thames,the River Ock,and its tributaries from Charney could burst their banks.[28] Trinity School was badly affected by the flooding as well due to Vodafone's HQ nearby. Vodafone's ornamental lake overflowed due to the sudden downpour and badly damaged Trinity School's astro turf to the front of the school as well as some damage to inside the school.
In Reading,rail services to the southwest were affected and westbound trains from Paddington could go no further.
The flood waters affected the Atomic Weapons Establishment at Burghfield,which handles the United Kingdom's nuclear warheads,resulting in a suspension of work for almost a year.[29]
Buckinghamshire
On 3 June,Stoke Goldington suffered flash flooding affecting 25 homes.[30] Stoke Goldington was affected again on 3 July,with 10 houses being flooded.[31] By 21 July,seventy homes and businesses were flooded by the River Ouse in Buckingham and 30 people spent the night in the town's Radcliffe centre,[28] but 10 miles (16km) away a system of balancing lakes prevented Milton Keynes from suffering significantly,apart from a flash flood of Stony Stratford High Street from the River Ouse.[32][33]
Cambridgeshire
On 24 July,four bridges in St Neots,Cambridgeshire were shut when the river level peaked,and the Environment Agency warned residents in the St Neots,Paxton and Offords areas to expect flooding that night.[34] By 25 July,parts of St Ives were flooded.[35] Later the same day,the Environment Agency advised residents near the River Great Ouse that the peak had passed and further flooding was unlikely.[36]
County Durham
On 15 June,heavy rainfall caused the postponement of the fourth test match between England and the West Indies at the Riverside Ground,Chester-le-Street. On 23 June,flash floods affected parts of Darlington[37] and Stanhope Road,Northgate,St Cuthbert's Way,Parkgate and Haughton Road were closed after water levels rose by about 2feet(0.6m). It has also led to Woodland Road to improve its drainage to prevent such flooding on one of the main roads out the town. On 17 July,flooding affected Peterlee town centre,closing shops and a local school.[38]
Cumbria
A 64-year-old man hit his head and died after trying to bail out his flooded home in Alston,Cumbria.[39]
On 25 June,flooding affected properties in Coal Aston,Calow and Chesterfield town centre,and the A617 was covered by more than 2 feet (0.6m) of floodwater causing traffic delays.[40]
Combined military and civil emergency services tried to stop floods reaching the Walham electricity substation in Gloucester supplying half a million people.[43][44] On 23 July 50,000 Gloucestershire homes were left without electricity after a major electricity substation in Castle Meads had to be turned off.[44][45] Efforts to stop flooding at Walham substation succeeded;[46][47] the Castle Meads substation was repaired the next day.[48][49][50][51][52]
By 24 July,an estimated 420,000 people were without drinking water,including most of the population of Gloucester,Cheltenham,and Tewkesbury.[28] Emergency services continued repair work at the Mythe water-treatment works but Severn Trent Water estimated that water supplies would not be restored for at least 14 days.[48] 900 drinking water bowsers were brought in and the Army was mobilised to distribute three million bottles of water a day and keep the bowsers filled. Coors,Carlsberg,Scottish and Newcastle,Inbev and Greene King brewing companies offered 23 beer tankers to help supply drinking water. On 26 July Severn Trent Water organised a temporary non-potable water supply to 10,000 homes in Tewkesbury.[53] It was not until 7 August – 16 days after Mythe Treatment Works stopped pumping – that the tap water for the 140,000 homes affected was again declared safe to drink.[54]
In terms of casualties,a man and his 24-year-old son died from asphyxiation from carbon monoxide poisoning on 27 July when attempting to stop flooding in the unventilated Tewkesbury Rugby Football Club cellar.[55][56] On 28 July,the body of a 19-year-old boy,reported missing seven days earlier,was recovered in Tewkesbury.[57][58][59]
Greater London
On 20 July flooding occurred in many parts of Greater London. Water and power supplies were not disrupted but parts of South West London were under 2 feet (61cm) of water. Heathrow Airport cancelled 141 flights. Two of four rail lines in South Croydon were closed by landslips.[4] The London Underground was severely disrupted and 25 stations were closed.
Herefordshire
By 19 June,Herefordshire was affected by flooding.[60] The M50 motorway near Ledbury was closed on 22 July due to flooding.[61] More than 5,200 people in and around Bromyard,Herefordshire were without clean water on 22 and 23 July after the pumps at the Whitbourne works in Herefordshire failed. Once supply was restored residents were urged by Welsh Water to boil their tap-water until further notice. The village of Hampton Bishop,3miles (5km) from the city of Hereford remains surrounded and flooded by water after the River Lugg burst its banks. On the afternoon of 24 July the Fire Service began pumping flood water out of the village,but not before 130 residents were evacuated.[62] Houses,including the Herefordshire home of Daily Mail writer Quentin Letts,were flooded by a torrent of water gushing from what had previously been only a small,unnamed brook north of Ross-on-Wye.
Residents of East Bromyard were rescued after the River Frome burst its banks.
Louth and Horncastle were severely flooded,with some roads in that area impassable. Children at a school in Horncastle were evacuated because of floods. More than 600-flood related calls occurred across the county. In Lincoln,mainly round the Stamp End area,a house called Shuttleworth House was completely flooded with water in its insides. After power was lost in the area,more than 200 people were rescued in dinghies.
Nottinghamshire
Flooding in King's Park,in Retford as a result of the River Idle overtopping its banks,taken on 27 June
On 27 June 2007,flash flooding caused extensive damage to the villages of Lambley,Woodborough and Burton Joyce. Major towns were hit including Mansfield and Hucknall but not as severely as Lambley. The same day,flooding occurred at Retford and Worksop after the River Idle and River Ryton respectively overtopped their banks.
By 21 July,Banbury[69] and Witney[70] were flooded. Oxford,particularly Botley,was flooded and some 300 people were evacuated.
On 22 July,the Environment Agency warned of further flooding and 1,500 people in Abingdon were evacuated. Forty thousand sandbags were transported from Grantham in Lincolnshire to Abingdon and Oxford.
On 24 July the Thames in Abingdon rose 3feet(0.9m) in less than 12 hours to a "perilously high" level[47] and the Thames and the Severn were expected to rise to 20feet(6.1m) higher than normal.[44]
On 25 July residents of Osney in west Oxford were advised to leave their homes. About 30 people went to the Kassam stadium shelter while another 250 decided to stay with family and friends. Osney Mead substation,which supplies power to Oxford city centre,was threatened but did not flood. Later that evening,the Thames breached its banks at Henley.
By 19 June,rain had washed away the main road at Hampton Loade[60] and the Severn Valley Railway line from Bridgnorth was closed after numerous landslips on the line. Also,on 19 June/20 June,parts of the town of Shifnal near Telford,were flooded when the Wesley Brook burst its banks. Some of the residents blame Severn Trent Water for opening floodgates at Priors Lee balancing lake,however no such gates exist.[72] Repair costs to the railway were estimated at £2million.[73]
On 26 June,the Burway Bridge collapsed,disrupting one of the main roads into Ludlow,severing a gas main and causing the surrounding area to be evacuated.
On 1 July,a woman was pulled out of the River Severn at Jackfield on the Telford and Wrekin border near Ironbridge.[74] By 24 July,the UK National Ballooning Championships in Ludlow had been cancelled for the first time in their 32-year history.[75]
Several nature reserves in the Tame Valley,including Ladywalk and Kingsbury Water Park were badly affected,just as ground- and reedbed- nesting birds were hatching young.[77]
West Midlands
200 people were forced to leave Witton Road and Tame Road in Aston,Birmingham when the River Tame flooded. Water entered the streets of Shirley,Solihull.[28] As in Warwickshire,the Tame caused losses at a nature reserve;this time RSPB Sandwell Valley.[78] In the Dudley borough flooding damaged local schools,shops and communities. Schools opened the doors with parts of buildings flooded with water,the damage in the West Midlands area estimated at 1.9 billion (2007 GDP).
Wiltshire
On 20 July,Swindon had a month's rainfall in less than half a day. More than 50 people were rescued from their flooded homes.[79]
By 23 July,parts of Worcestershire were under 6feet(2m) of water and the Army was brought in to help emergency services supply the inhabitants of Upton-upon-Severn which was cut off by floodwater.[28]
On 1 June,the first day of the floods. A road in Cropthorne near Worcester was brutally forced down by a high impact of water flowing underneath the road in a pipe. The hole it made was 13 feet (4.0m) deep and 33 feet (10m) wide,traffic throughout the county was held up due to the collapsed main road. The site was named Cropthorne Canyon.
East Riding of Yorkshire and Kingston upon Hull
Floods in Hull (25 June 2007)
On 15 June,the region was hit by flooding. Roads including the A63 and A1105 in Hull and schools in the region were closed,the Hull Lord Mayor's Parade was cancelled,the Festival of Football was postponed,police declared a major incident and Hessle,on the border between Hull City Council and East Riding of Yorkshire Council,suffered two square miles of severe sewage-contaminated flooding.[85]
On 25 June,the region was hit by flooding again. Fire crews received over 1,500 calls in a 12-hour period,[86] dozens of homes in Beverley and about 50 people at a Hull nursing home were evacuated,[87] boats were used to evacuate about 90 people from 4feet(1m) of floodwater in Hull's County Road North,[87] and in Hessle a 28-year-old man died after becoming trapped in a drain.[88] The new Hull police station had to be vacated because of flooding. The next day,only 12 of Hull's 88 schools were still open,affecting 30,000 out of 38,000 Hull schoolchildren.[89]
By 4 July in Hull,six schools were still closed and 120 residents in residential or nursing care had been relocated.[90]
By 5 July,an estimated 35,000 people[91] in streets containing 17,000 homes[90] had been affected by flooding in Hull and by the next day more than 10,000 homes had been evacuated.[92]Hull City Council estimated repair costs at £200million.[91]
By 24 July,Hull City Council had checked each house in the flooded streets and stated that 6,500 homes had been flooded.[93]
By 27 July,£2.1million had been allocated to Hull and £600,000 to the East Riding for clean-up and immediate repairs,[94] and £3.2million to Hull and £1.5million to the East Riding for further repairs to the region's estimated 101 schools suffering significant flood damage.[95]
By 3 September,figures released by Hull City Council had been revised upwards to 7,800 houses that had been flooded plus 1,300 businesses that were affected.
North Yorkshire
By 15 June,towns and villages in North Yorkshire were flooded,with Knaresborough,Harrogate and York being particularly affected.[96] The A59 road at Kex Gill was closed due to a landslip where 100 tonnes (110 tons) of earth slid down the hillside and trapped a couple in their car.[97][98] In Scarborough,the main A171 Scalby Road flooded outside Scarborough Hospital,and the ornamental lake at Peasholm Park overtopped its banks and poured down Peasholm Gap into North Bay. Near Catterick,North Yorkshire,a 17-year-old soldier on a training exercise from Catterick Garrison died after being swept away whilst crossing Risedale Beck,Hipswell Moor.[99] On 23 June,flooding affected Middlesbrough.[37]Pickering was flooded after Pickering Beck overflowed its banks. On 18 July,streams overflowed and roads were blocked in Barton,Gilling West,Melsonby,Hartforth,Scotch Corner,Middleton Tyas and Kirby Hill after a freak rainstorm,[100] and on 18 July 2007 a cloud burst left parts of Filey under 3feet(1m) of water,just caused by the rain,rather than by a river bursting its banks. Pensioners were stranded in the town's swimming pool and rescued by lifeboat.[101]
South Yorkshire
A road near the Meadowhall shopping centre showing extensive flooding after the River Don burst its banks
On 25 June,Sheffield suffered extensive damage as the River Don over topped its banks causing widespread flooding in the Don Valley area of the city. A 14-year-old boy was swept away by the swollen River Sheaf,[102] a 68-year-old man died after attempting to cross a flooded road in Sheffield city centre,[103] and several cattle were washed away,found up to 3.5 miles (5.6km) across fields in some areas of cultivated land. The Meadowhall shopping centre was closed due to flooding with some shops remaining closed downstairs until late September and Sheffield Wednesday's ground Hillsborough was under 6feet(1.83m) of water. A number of people were rescued by RAFhelicopters from buildings in the Brightside area,[104] whilst in the Millhouses Park area to the southwest of the city the River Sheaf overtopped its banks causing widespread damage.[105] There was also widespread flooding in Barnsley,Doncaster and Rotherham with much of these towns cut off.
By 26 June,the waters in some parts of Sheffield and the surrounding area receded,and over 700 villagers from Catcliffe,near Rotherham's Ulley reservoir were evacuated after cracks appeared in the dam.[81][106] Emergency services from across England pumped millions of gallons of water from the reservoir to ease the pressure on the damaged dam,and the nearby M1 Motorway was closed between junctions 32 and 36 as a precaution.[107]
On 15 June and on 25 June,the villages of Scissett and Clayton West and other parts of Kirklees were flooded by the River Dearne,the second time worse than the first.
On 25 June,Wakefield was flooded. Six elderly women,including a 91-year-old,were stranded in their homes.[109]
During the Wakefield flood,hundreds of homes were evacuated in the Agbrigg area of Wakefield and looting was feared,but by 1 July only four looters had been arrested in the city and were later released on bail.[110]
The village of Collingham (near Wetherby) was particularly affected by the flooding and one house was looted.
Wales was hit by flooding in June and July,with the Eastern areas most badly affected. It was Wales's wettest June since 1998,and its second wettest since 1914.[111] The preserved counties[112] and principal areas[113] affected are given below.
Clwyd
On 26 June,roads including the A5 were impassable at Corwen in Denbighshire,a river overflowed at Worthenbury in Flintshire,and properties were affected in Wrexham.[114] In North Wales,a man was rescued by fire services after he was stranded on a small island in the River Dee in Llangollen,Denbighshire. On 17 July,flash floods after torrential rain forced the closure of a secondary school in Prestatyn in Denbighshire.[115]
In Montgomeryshire,ten people were taken to safety at Tregynon and a dozen homes were flooded at Bettws Cedewain on 22 July,[119] firefighters used a boat to evacuate five people from a house near Welshpool after they were cut off by floods on 23 July,[120] and the same boat was later used to rescue three people stranded in a car on the A483.[119] In Radnorshire,30 tonnes of debris and earth blocked the only road out of Barland near Presteigne on 23 July.[120] In Brecknockshire,the River Wye burst its banks in Builth Wells on 1 July,[121][122] the saturated ground later causing chaos at the Royal Welsh Show in Llanelwedd on 24 July.[123]
South Glamorgan
On 20 July,flash floods affected the Vale of Glamorgan,[124] causing schools to be evacuated,roads to be closed,and boats used to rescue people from their homes in Barry.
Northern Ireland was hit by flooding in the June and July floods and it was Northern Ireland's wettest June since 1958.[125] The non-administrative counties[126] and districts[127] affected are given below.
County Antrim
On 12 June,the Knockmore campus of the Lisburn Institute in Lisburn was affected by flooding. The same day,parts of East Belfast near the Antrim-Down border that were affected included the Kings Road,Ladas Drive,Strandtown Primary School and the Parliament Buildings in Stormont,with 80 residents evacuated from their old people's home on the Kings Road and Avoniel Leisure Centre opened to assist flood victims.[128][129] On 2 July,houses were flooded and two people evacuated from their home in Cushendall in Antrim after the River Dall burst its banks following heavy rain.[130][131] On 16 July,parts of Belfast International Airport near Aldergrove in Antrim were flooded by a freak thunderstorm leaving 10 planes unable to land,[132] landslides closed the Antrim Coast Road near Ballygally,Larne,and people were trapped in their cars in Portrush,Coleraine.[133][134]
Scotland was hit by flooding in June and July,with the Scottish Lowlands most badly affected. On 12 June,the Met Office issued torrential rain warnings for Scotland[136] and it was Scotland's wettest June since 1938.[137] The non-administrative counties[19] and council areas[138] affected are given below.
Ayrshire and Arran
On 21 June,about 2000 homes were left without electricity and properties were affected as flash floods hit Kilmarnock.[139] On 18 July,flooding affected Kilmarnock again,the River Irvine burst its banks in Newmilns,and flash floods affected roads including the M77.[140]
Dumfries
On 18 July,floods wrecked homes in Closeburn,power was cut off at Eaglesfield,and roads were closed at Moffat and Lochmaben.[141]
Edinburgh and Midlothian
On 1 July rain cancelled the one-day international cricket match between Scotland and Pakistan in Edinburgh[142] and by 3 July parts of Midlothian were flooded,with worst hit areas including residential areas in Dalkeith and Mayfield.[143]
Glasgow and Lanarkshire
On 22 June,heavy storms flooded roads[144] and dumped debris on the railway line in Glasgow.[145] The same day,torrential rain caused a landslide just south of Lesmahagow,closing the M74.[146]
Moray
On 3 July a landslide caused by floodwater disrupted traffic on the A941 Rothes to Aberlour road in Moray.[147]
Ross and Cromarty
On 18 July,heavy rain caused landslips blocking the railway line between Strathcarron and Achnasheen for a predicted 10 days,[148]
Tweeddale
On 25 June rain forced the 108-year-old Beltane Festival in Peebles to be held indoors for the first time.[149]
Timeline for June and July floods
Areas affected by flooding during this period were as follows (see above for specific citations):
England (Bedfordshire,Berkshire,Buckinghamshire,Cambridgeshire,Gloucestershire,Greater London,Herefordshire,Lincolnshire,Oxfordshire,Warwickshire,Wiltshire,Worcestershire),
Wales (Newport,Monmouthshire,Powys,Torfaen,Vale of Glamorgan)
Aftermath
Rescue effort
Following the flooding in late June,the rescue effort was described by the Fire Brigades Union as the "biggest in peacetime Britain".[5] Following the flooding in July,the RAF said it is carrying out its biggest ever peacetime rescue operation,with six Sea King helicopters from as far afield as RAF St Mawgan in Cornwall,RAF Valley in Anglesey and RAF Leconfield in the East Riding of Yorkshire rescuing up to 120 people.[6][7][8][9][150] An RAF heavy lift Chinook helicopter was also employed to move aggregate to reinforce the banks of the River Don.[151] The Environment Agency described the situation as "critical".[9]
4x4 Response groups from throughout the UK assisted councils and blue light services during and in the immediate aftermath of the flooding. During the recovery phase a number of responders from around the UK 4x4 Response assisted the Red Cross in the distribution of fresh drinking water in the Gloucestershire area after mains drinking water was contaminated.
Health risks
The Health Protection Agency advised people that the risk of contracting any illness was low but that it was best to avoid coming into direct contact with flood water. There were no reported cases of any outbreaks. In some areas bottled water was handed out where sewage works got flooded.
Crop damage
The floods caused widespread crop damage,especially broccoli,carrots,peas and potatoes. In parts of Lincolnshire it was estimated that 40% of the pea crop may have been damaged,with other crops also suffering major losses. Prices of vegetables were expected to rise in the following months.[152]
Financial cost
Environment Agency chief executive Baroness Young said that about £1billion a year was needed to improve flood defences. The Association of British Insurers has estimated the total bill for the June and July floods as £3billion.
A report by the Environment Agency in 2010 concluded that "the scale and seriousness of the summer 2007 floods were sufficient to classify them as a national disaster",and that the "total economic costs of the summer 2007 floods are estimated at about £3.2billion in 2007 prices,within a possible range of between £2.5billion and £3.8billion.
Government response
On 3 July,Environment SecretaryHilary Benn announced that the Government would increase the spending on risk management and flood defences by £200million to £800million by 2010–11.[153] During Prime Minister's Questions in the House of Commons later that month,Prime Minister Gordon Brown promised £46million in aid to flood-hit councils and £800million rise in annual spending on flood protection by 2010–11,confirming Hilary Benn's announcement. Brown also pledged to push insurance firms to make payouts.
On 22 July,the Government convened COBRA to co-ordinate the response to the crisis.[154]
Visiting Gloucestershire on 25 July,Mr. Brown praised emergency services for their efforts,but added:"We've got to get the supplies stepped up. We will get more tankers in,we will get more bowsers in,we will get more regular filling of them,and at the same time,more bottled water will be provided."[53]
On 8 August 2007 Defra announced that Sir Michael Pitt would chair an independent review of the response to the flooding. On 4 September of that year the Cabinet Office website launched a comments page to let people affected by the flooding contribute their experiences to the review.
Sir Michael published his interim report on 17 December 2007.[155]
In April 2010 the government passed the Flood and Water Management Act 2010,which implemented many of Sir Michael Pitt's recommendations.[156] The Act gives more power and responsibility to the Environment Agency and local authorities to plan flood defences co-ordinated across catchment areas and the wider country,to counteract the tendency for defences to be built for upstream areas without much thought for how this might be making flooding worse for downstream areas. In also brings in a new regime whereby new building activity which exacerbates flooding by reducing the capacity of land to absorb water will need to be accompanied by the construction of sustainable drainage systems such as grassy roofs,ponds and soakaways.
Criticism of Hull City Council
Hull City Council was criticised for not insuring the city's libraries,schools and other public buildings. In response,Hull City Council said that "Many councils do not have the feature in their budget",[citation needed] but other flood-hit councils were insured. It was thought that council tax payers would be left with the bill,as emergency Government funding would not cover it.
Criticism of government response
Jenna Meredith,one of the victims of flooding,was one of the most high-profile critics of the government response
In June,councillors in Hull claimed that the city was being forgotten and had the floods occurred in the Home Counties,help would have arrived much more quickly. One in five homes in Hull was damaged and 90 out of the city's 105 schools suffered some damage. Damage to the schools alone was estimated to cost £100million. The Bellwin scheme for providing aid after natural disasters was criticised as inadequate by Hull MP Diana Johnson.[158] The lack of media coverage of flooding in Kingston upon Hull led the city council leader Carl Minns to dub Hull "the forgotten city".
In July,the Government came under mounting criticism of its handling of the crisis,the fact that responsibilities were spread across four departments and no single minister could be held responsible,and the fact that the Army had not been called in to assist.[159]
The Observer newspaper stated on 22 July 2007 that the Government had been warned in the spring by the Met Office that summer flooding would be likely because the El Niño phenomenon had weakened,but no action was taken.[160]
In response to the criticism,Environment SecretaryHilary Benn said on BBC Sunday AM that "This was very,very intense rainfall,with five inches in 24 hours in some areas;even some of the best defences are going to be overwhelmed". He praised the way the emergency services had dealt with "unprecedented" levels of rainfall and said he had "total confidence" in the response of the Environment Agency.
Then Liberal Democrat leader Sir Menzies Campbell accused the government of lack of preparation leading to a "summer of suffering",and said,"With sophisticated weather forecasting as we now have,particularly in relation to what's happened over the weekend,there are quite a few questions as to how it was that flood-prevention measures were not in place or were not more effective."[162]
Floods in the United States (2000–present) is a list of flood events which were of significant impact to the country during the 21st century, since 2000. Floods are generally caused by excessive rainfall, excessive snowmelt, storm surge from hurricanes, and dam failure.
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The 2009 Great Britain and Ireland floods were a weather event that affected parts of Great Britain and Ireland throughout November and into December 2009. November was the wettest month across the United Kingdom since records began in 1914 and had well above average temperatures. The worst affected area in Great Britain was the English county of Cumbria. The Irish counties of Clare, Cork, Galway and Westmeath were among the worst affected areas of Ireland.
The 2010 China floods began in early May 2010. Three hundred and ninety-two people died, and a further 232 people were reported missing as of June 30, 2010, including 57 people in a landslide in Guizhou. Fifty-three of the deaths occurred from the flooding and landslides between May 31 and June 3, and 266 deaths occurred between June 13 and June 29. Four hundred and twenty four people were killed by the end of June, including 42 from the Guizhou landslide; 277 more were killed and 147 were missing in the first two weeks of July, bringing the death toll as of August 5 to 1,072. A landslide in early August in Gansu killed at least 1,471 people and left 294 missing. In total, the flooding and landslides killed at least 3,185 people in China by August 31. More than 230 million people in 28 provinces, municipalities, and regions, especially the southern and central provinces and regions of Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Chongqing Municipality, Gansu, Sichuan, and Guizhou, and the northeastern province of Jilin were affected, while at least 4.66 million people were evacuated because of the risk of flooding and landslides in the latter half of June. By early August, over 12 million people were evacuated, and that number rose to 15.2 million by August 31.
High intensity rainfall between 12–14 January 2011 caused major flooding across much of the western and central parts of the Australian state of Victoria. Several follow-up heavy rainfall events including Tropical Low Yasi caused repeated flash flooding in affected areas in early February in many of the communities affected by January's floods.
The 2012 Great Britain and Ireland floods were a series of weather events that affected parts of Great Britain and Ireland periodically during the course of 2012 and on through the winter into 2013. The beginning of 2012 saw much of the United Kingdom experiencing droughts and a heat wave in March. A series of low pressure systems steered by the jet stream brought the wettest April in 100 years, and flooding across Britain and Ireland. Continuing through May and leading to the wettest beginning to June in 150 years, with flooding and extreme events occurring periodically throughout Britain and parts of Atlantic Europe.
2012 Himalayan flash floods are the floods that occurred on the midnight of 3 August 2012 in the Himalayan region of Northern Indian states. Many were dead and missing. Many places were affected. Landslides and flash floods were triggered by a sudden cloudburst which left 31 people dead while 40 are reported to be missing.
The 2015–2016 Great Britain and Ireland floods were a series of heavy rainfall events which led to flooding during the winter of late 2015 and early 2016. 11 named storms produced record level rainfall from November 2015 - March 2016 in both monthly and seasonal accumulation records.
In June 2016, parts of the United Kingdom were struck by serious flash floods. Starting on 7 June, thunderstorms caused intense rainfall in many locations across the country, particularly in the north of England and in London, causing repeated flash floods in several locations on a daily basis.
In late June through mid-July 2018, successive heavy downpours in southwestern Japan resulted in widespread, devastating floods and mudflows. The event is officially referred to as Heisei san-jū-nen shichi-gatsu gōu by the Japan Meteorological Agency. As of 20 July, 225 people were confirmed dead across 15 prefectures with a further 13 people reported missing. More than 8 million people were advised or urged to evacuate across 23 prefectures. It is the deadliest freshwater flood-related disaster in the country since the 1982 Nagasaki flood when 299 people died.
From mid-March to April 2019 widespread flash flooding affected large parts of Iran, most severely in Golestan, Fars, Khuzestan, Lorestan, and other provinces. Iran has been hit by three major waves of rain and flooding over the course of two weeks which led to flooding in at least 26 of Iran's 31 provinces and at least 70 people died nationwide as of 6 April, according to the officials. The first wave of rain began on 17 March, leading to flooding in two northern provinces, Golestan and Mazandaran with the former province receiving as much as 70 percent of its average annual rainfall in single day. Several large dams have been overflowed, particularly in Khuzestan and Golestan, therefore many villages and several cities have been evacuated. About 1,900 cities and villages across country have been damaged by severe floods as well as hundreds of millions of dollars of damage to water and agriculture infrastructure. 78 roads were blocked and the reliability of 84 bridges was questioned.
In mid-March 2019, monsoonal downpours caused widespread flooding and landslides across South Asia.
Between November 2019 and February 2020, severe winter flooding occurred across the United Kingdom. The first wave of flooding occurred in November 2019, mainly affecting Yorkshire and the Humber, the East Midlands and the West Midlands. Further isolated flooding incidents were reported in December and January, before the second main wave of flooding, caused by Storms Ciara and Dennis, occurred in February 2020. The excessive rainfall resulted in the wettest February since records began, in 1766, in England and Wales with an average of 169.6 millimetres (6.68 in) falling across the regions, beating the record from 1833.
In July 2019, parts of the Yorkshire Dales, in North Yorkshire, England, were subjected to above average rainfall for the time of year. The flash-flooding that followed affected many communities destroying bridges, sweeping roads away, causing landslips on railway lines and resulting in at least one public event being cancelled. The flooding even inundated the fire station in the town of Leyburn, in Wensleydale, whilst the crew were out helping those in need. The recovery took many weeks and months, with immediate help by the rescue services being bolstered by British Army personnel who assisted with the clean up.
In July 2021, several European countries were affected by severe floods. Some were catastrophic, causing deaths and widespread damage. The floods started in the United Kingdom as flash floods causing some property damage and inconvenience. Later floods affected several river basins across Europe including Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. At least 243 people died in the floods, including 196 in Germany, 43 in Belgium, two in Romania, one in Italy and one in Austria.
Beginning on July 24, 2022, and lasting for a week, many flash flooding events hit several areas of the United States. These areas included parts of Missouri and Illinois, especially Greater St. Louis, Eastern Kentucky, Southwest Virginia, parts of West Virginia, and the Las Vegas Valley. Several rounds of severe thunderstorms began in Missouri on July 24, culminating during July 25 and 26, when St. Louis broke its previous 1915 record for the most rainfall in a span of 24 hours. Governor Mike Parson declared a state of emergency on July 26. Over one hundred people were rescued from floods, and two people were killed. Late on July 27 and into July 28, historic flooding began in central Appalachia, particularly in Kentucky, where a state of emergency was declared. A total of 38 people were killed in Kentucky as a direct result of flooding, with a 39th fatality occurring days later during cleanup efforts and a 40th coming in September during cleanup efforts in Pike County.
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