Silodosin

Last updated
Silodosin
Silodosin Structural Formula V.1.svg
Clinical data
Trade names Urief, Rapaflo, Silodyx, others
Other namesKAD-3213, KMD-3213
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a609002
License data
Routes of
administration 		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 32%
Protein binding 96.6%
Metabolism Liver glucuronidation (UGT2B7-mediated); also minor CYP3A4 involvement
Elimination half-life 13±8 hours[ citation needed ]
Excretion 33.5% Kidney, 54.9% fecal
Identifiers
  • 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-5-[(2R)-({2-[2-[2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenoxy]ethyl}amino)propyl]indoline-7-carboxamide
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.248.664 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Chemical and physical data
Formula C25H32F3N3O4
Molar mass 495.543 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • FC(F)(F)COc3ccccc3OCCN[C@H](C)Cc1cc2c(c(c1)C(=O)N)N(CC2)CCCO
  • InChI=1S/C25H32F3N3O4/c1-17(30-8-12-34-21-5-2-3-6-22(21)35-16-25(26,27)28)13-18-14-19-7-10-31(9-4-11-32)23(19)20(15-18)24(29)33/h2-3,5-6,14-15,17,30,32H,4,7-13,16H2,1H3,(H2,29,33)/t17-/m1/s1 Yes check.svgY
  • Key:PNCPYILNMDWPEY-QGZVFWFLSA-N Yes check.svgY
 X mark.svgNYes check.svgY  (what is this?)    (verify)

Silodosin, sold under the brand name Urief among others, is a medication for the symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. [3] [4] It acts as an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist. [3] [4]

Contents

The most common side effect is a reduction in the amount of semen released during ejaculation. [4]

Medical uses

Silodosin is indicated for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. [3] [4] [6]

Contraindications

Silodosin is contraindicated for people with renal impairment or severe hepatic impairment. [3]

According to European labels, silodosin has no contraindications apart from known hypersensitivity. [7] [6] Another source names recurring urinary retention, recurring urinary infections, uncontrolled macrohematuria, bladder stones, hydronephrosis, combination with other α1-antagonists or dopamine agonists, and severe renal or hepatic impairment as contraindications. [8] According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), silodosin is contraindicated with paxlovid, a drug used in treating COVID-19. [9]

Side effects

The most common adverse effect is loss of seminal emission. This seems to be caused by silodosin's high selectivity for α1A receptors. [7] [10]

Intra operative floppy iris syndrome occurs in some people taking alpha adrenoreceptor antagonists and may lead to complications during cataract surgery. [4] Intra operative floppy iris syndrome is a condition that makes the iris floppy. [4]

Other common adverse effects (in more than 1% of patients) are dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, diarrhea, and clogged nose. Less common (0.1–1%) are tachycardia (fast heartbeat), dry mouth, nausea, skin reactions, and erectile dysfunction. Hypersensitivity reactions occur in fewer than 0.01% of patients. There have been reports about intraoperative floppy iris syndrome during cataract extractions. [7] [6] These side effects are similar to those of other α1 antagonists.

Interactions

Combining silodosin with strong inhibitors of the liver enzyme CYP3A4, such as ketoconazole, significantly increases its concentrations in the blood plasma and its area under the curve (AUC). Less potent CYP3A4 inhibitors such as diltiazem have a less pronounced effect on this parameters, which is not considered clinically significant. Inhibitors and inducers of the enzyme UGT2B7, alcohol dehydrogenases, and aldehyde dehydrogenases, as well as the transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), may also influence silodosin concentrations in the body. Digoxin, which is transported by P-gp, is not affected by silodosin; this means that silodosin does not significantly inhibit or induce P-gp. [7] [6]

No relevant interactions with antihypertensive drugs or with PDE5 inhibitors have been found in studies; although combination with other α1-antagonists is not well studied. [7] [6]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Silodosin, is an alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonist. [4] It works by blocking receptors called alpha1A adrenoreceptors in the prostate gland, the bladder and the urethra (the tube that leads from the bladder to the outside of the body). [4] When these receptors are activated, they cause the muscles controlling the flow of urine to contract. [4] By blocking these receptors, silodosin allows these muscles to relax, making it easier to pass urine and relieving the symptoms of BPH. [4]

Silodosin has high affinity for the α1A adrenergic receptor in the prostate, the bladder, and the prostatic urethra. By this mechanism it relaxes the smooth muscle in these organs, easing urinary flow and other symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. [3]

Pharmacokinetics

The absolute bioavailability after oral intake is 32%. Food has little effect on the AUC. When in the bloodstream, 96,6% of the substance are bound to blood plasma proteins. Its main metabolite is silodosin glucuronide, which inhibits the α1A receptor with 1/8 of the affinity of the parent substance. 91% of the glucuronide are bound to plasma proteins. The enzyme mainly responsible for the formation of the glucuronide is UGT2B7. Other enzymes involved in the metabolism are alcohol dehydrogenases, aldehyde dehydrogenases and CYP3A4. [4] [7]

Silodosin is almost completely excreted in the form of metabolites; 33.5% via the urine and 54.9% via the feces. The biological half-life of silodosin is 11 hours on average, and that of the glucuronide is 18 hours or 24 hours. (Sources are contradictory on this.) [7] [6]

History

Silodosin received its first marketing approval in Japan in May 2006, [11] [10] under the brand name Urief, which is jointly marketed by Kissei Pharmaceutical and Daiichi Sankyo.

Kissei licensed the US, Canadian, and Mexican rights for silodosin to Watson Pharmaceuticals (now Allergan) in 2004. [12] AbbVie absorbed Allergan in 2019. The FDA and Health Canada approved silodosin under the brand name Rapaflo in October 2008, [13] [14] and January 2011, [2] respectively.

Society and culture

Brand names

Other brand names include Urorec, [5] Niksol, Silorel, SiloSoft, Rapilif, Sildoo, Silodal Silofast, Alphacept, Thrupas, and Flopadex.[ citation needed ]

Research

Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists are being investigated as a means to male birth control due to their ability to inhibit ejaculation but not orgasm. [10] While silodosin was completely efficacious in preventing the release of semen in all subjects, 12 out of the 15 participants reported mild discomfort upon orgasm. [10] The men also reported the psychosexual side effect of being strongly dissatisfied by their lack of ejaculation. [10]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benign prostatic hyperplasia</span> Noncancerous increase in size of the prostate gland

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also called prostate enlargement, is a noncancerous increase in size of the prostate gland. Symptoms may include frequent urination, trouble starting to urinate, weak stream, inability to urinate, or loss of bladder control. Complications can include urinary tract infections, bladder stones, and chronic kidney problems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adrenergic receptor</span> Class of G protein-coupled receptors

The adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of many catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) produced by the body, but also many medications like beta blockers, beta-2 (β2) agonists and alpha-2 (α2) agonists, which are used to treat high blood pressure and asthma, for example.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Doxazosin</span> Group of stereoisomers

Doxazosin, sold under the brand names Cardura among others, is a medication used to treat symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia and hypertension. For high blood pressure, it is a less preferred option. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prazosin</span> Antihypertensive drug

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfuzosin</span> Chemical compound alfa1-blocker

Alfuzosin, sold under the brand name Uroxatral among others, is a medication of the α1 blocker class. It is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Alpha-1 blockers constitute a variety of drugs that block the effect of catecholamines on alpha-1-adrenergic receptors. They are mainly used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), hypertension and post-traumatic stress disorder. Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors are present in vascular smooth muscle, the central nervous system, and other tissues. When alpha blockers bind to these receptors in vascular smooth muscle, they cause vasodilation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tamsulosin</span> Uroselective alpha 1 blocker

Tamsulosin, sold under the brand name Flomax among others, is a medication used to treat symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and chronic prostatitis and to help with the passage of kidney stones. The evidence for benefit with a kidney stone is better when the stone is larger. It is taken by mouth.

alpha-1 (α1) adrenergic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) associated with the Gq heterotrimeric G protein. α1-adrenergic receptors are subdivided into three highly homologous subtypes, i.e., α1A-, α1B-, and α1D-adrenergic receptor subtypes. There is no α1C receptor. At one time, there was a subtype known as α1C, but it was found to be identical to the previously discovered α1A receptor subtype. To avoid confusion, naming was continued with the letter D. Catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) signal through the α1-adrenergic receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The crystal structure of the α1B-adrenergic receptor subtype has been determined in complex with the inverse agonist (+)-cyclazosin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solifenacin</span> Chemical compound

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Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) is a complication that may occur during cataract extraction in certain patients. This syndrome is characterized by a flaccid iris which billows in response to ordinary intraocular fluid currents, a propensity for this floppy iris to prolapse towards the area of cataract extraction during surgery, and progressive intraoperative pupil constriction despite standard procedures to prevent this.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

The alpha-1A adrenergic receptor, also known as ADRA1A, formerly known also as the alpha-1C adrenergic receptor, is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor, and also denotes the human gene encoding it. There is no longer a subtype α1C receptor. At one time, there was a subtype known as α1C, but it was found to be identical to the previously discovered α1A receptor subtype. To avoid confusion, the naming convention was continued with the letter D.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bunazosin</span> Chemical compound

Bunazosin (INN) is an α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Bunazosin was initially developed to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It has been approved in Japan in a topical form to treat glaucoma. The mechanism of action is a reduction of aqueous outflow through the uveoscleral pathway resulting in lowering the intraocular pressure. It also may act to improve blood flow to the ocular nerve. Systemic Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists have been implicated in Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome (IFIS). Bunazosin potentially could have the same effect but there has been no research to substantiate this as a risk for cataract surgery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alpha blocker</span> Class of pharmacological agents

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naftopidil</span> Chemical compound

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References

  1. ↑ "Prescription medicines: registration of new chemical entities in Australia, 2017". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 June 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  2. 1 2 "Summary Basis of Decision - Rapaflo". Health Canada. 4 May 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Rapaflo- silodosin capsule". DailyMed. 1 December 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Silodyx EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2010-01-10. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  5. 1 2 "Urorec EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 2019-11-21.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Urorec: EPAR – Product Information" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 2019-11-21.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Haberfeld, H, ed. (2019). Austria-Codex (in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Urorec 4 mg-Hartkapseln.
  8. ↑ Dinnendahl, V; Fricke, U, eds. (1982). Arzneistoff-Profile (in German). Eschborn, Germany: Govi Pharmazeutischer Verlag. ISBN   978-3-7741-9846-3.
  9. ↑ Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers: Emergency Use Authorization for Paxlovid (Report). Pfizer. February 2023. p. 7.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Kobayashi K, Masumori N, Kato R, Hisasue S, Furuya R, Tsukamoto T (December 2009). "Orgasm is preserved regardless of ejaculatory dysfunction with selective alpha1A-blocker administration". Int J Impot Res. 21 (5): 306–10. doi: 10.1038/ijir.2009.27 . PMC   2834370 . PMID   19536124.
  11. ↑ "Kissei Acquired Marketing Approval for Urief Capsule, a Novel Drug for Dysuria associated with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia". Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Press release). 23 January 2006. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  12. ↑ "Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Announces Agreement With Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. For Novel Urology Drug Candidate". BioSpace. 22 April 2004. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  13. ↑ "Drug Approval Package: Rapaflo (Silodosin) NDA #022206". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 14 November 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  14. ↑ "Drugs.com, Watson Announces Silodosin NDA Accepted for Filing by FDA for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia" . Retrieved 2008-02-13.

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