 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All 120 seats in the Knesset 61 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 79.7% ( 0.9 pp) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elections for the 12th Knesset were held in Israel on 1 November 1988. Voter turnout was 79.7%. [1]
The table below lists the parliamentary factions represented in the 11th Knesset.
| Date | Organizer | Moderator | P Present I Invitee N Non-invitee | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Likud | Alignment | Refs | ||||||||||||||
| P Yitzhak Shamir | P Shimon Peres | [2] | ||||||||||||||
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
| Likud | 709,305 | 31.07 | 40 | −1 | |
| Alignment | 685,363 | 30.02 | 39 | −5 | |
| Shas | 107,709 | 4.72 | 6 | +2 | |
| Agudat Yisrael | 102,714 | 4.50 | 5 | +2 | |
| Ratz | 97,513 | 4.27 | 5 | +2 | |
| National Religious Party | 89,720 | 3.93 | 5 | +1 | |
| Hadash | 84,032 | 3.68 | 4 | 0 | |
| Tehiya | 70,730 | 3.10 | 3 | −2 | |
| Mapam | 56,345 | 2.47 | 3 | New | |
| Tzomet | 45,489 | 1.99 | 2 | New | |
| Moledet | 44,174 | 1.93 | 2 | New | |
| Shinui | 39,538 | 1.73 | 2 | −1 | |
| Degel HaTorah | 34,279 | 1.50 | 2 | New | |
| Progressive List for Peace | 33,695 | 1.48 | 1 | −1 | |
| Arab Democratic Party | 27,012 | 1.18 | 1 | New | |
| Pensioners | 16,674 | 0.73 | 0 | New | |
| Meimad | 15,783 | 0.69 | 0 | New | |
| Derekh Aretz | 4,253 | 0.19 | 0 | New | |
| Or Movement | 4,182 | 0.18 | 0 | New | |
| Movement for Social Justice | 3,222 | 0.14 | 0 | New | |
| Yishai – Tribal Israel Together | 2,947 | 0.13 | 0 | New | |
| Movement for Moshavim | 2,838 | 0.12 | 0 | New | |
| Tarshish | 1,654 | 0.07 | 0 | New | |
| Silent Power | 1,579 | 0.07 | 0 | New | |
| Movement for Demobilised Soldiers | 1,018 | 0.04 | 0 | New | |
| Yemenite Association | 909 | 0.04 | 0 | New | |
| Unity | 446 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | |
| Total | 2,283,123 | 100.00 | 120 | 0 | |
| Valid votes | 2,283,123 | 99.03 | |||
| Invalid/blank votes | 22,444 | 0.97 | |||
| Total votes | 2,305,567 | 100.00 | |||
| Registered voters/turnout | 2,894,267 | 79.66 | |||
| Source: IDI, Nohlen et al. | |||||
Likud's Yitzhak Shamir formed the twenty-third government on 22 December 1988, including the Alignment, the National Religious Party, Shas, Agudat Yisrael and Degel HaTorah in his coalition, with 25 ministers.
In 1990 Shimon Peres tried to form an Alignment-led coalition in a move that became known as "the dirty trick", but failed to win sufficient support. Eventually Shamir formed the twenty-fourth government on 11 June 1990, with a coalition encompassing Likud, the National Religious Party, Shas, Agudat Yisrael, Degel HaTorah, the New Liberal Party, Tehiya, Tzomet, Moledet, Unity for Peace and Immigration and Geulat Yisrael. Tehiya, Tzomet and Moledet all left the coalition in late 1991/early 1992 in protest at Shamir's participation in the Madrid Conference.
Several defections occurred during the Knesset term; five members of Likud left to form the Party for the Advancement of the Zionist Idea. After two of them returned, the party was renamed the New Liberal Party. Yitzhak Peretz left Shas and established Moria. Eliezer Mizrahi left Agudat Yisrael and established Geulat Yisrael. Efraim Gur left the Alignment to establish Unity for Peace and Immigration, which later merged into Likud.
The Twelfth Knesset saw the rise of the ultra-orthodox religious parties as a significant force in Israeli politics, and as a crucial "swing" element which could determine which of the large two secular parties (Likud, Alignment) would get to form the coalition government. Ratz, Mapam, and Shinui merged into Meretz, while Black Panthers broke away from Hadash.
United Torah Judaism, often referred to by its electoral symbol Gimel, is a Haredi, religious conservative political alliance in Israel. The alliance, consisting of Agudat Yisrael and Degel HaTorah, was first formed in 1992, in order to maximize Ashkenazi Haredi representation in the Knesset. Despite the alliance splitting in 2004 over rabbinical differences, the parties reconciled in 2006, in order to prevent vote-wasting. In April 2019, the party achieved its highest number of seats ever, receiving eight seats.
Tzomet is a small, right-wing political party in Israel.
Tehiya, originally known as Banai, then Tehiya-Bnai (תחייה-בנא"י), was an ultranationalist political party in Israel. The party existed from 1979 until 1992. In the eyes of many, Tehiya was identified with Geula Cohen, who founded the party and headed it throughout its existence.
Degel HaTorah is an Ashkenazi Haredi political party in Israel. For much of its existence, it has been allied with Agudat Yisrael, under the name United Torah Judaism.
Legislative elections were held in Israel on 31 December 1973. Voter turnout was 78.6%. The election was postponed for two months because of the Yom Kippur War.
The Alignment was the name of two political alliances in Israel, both of which ended their existence by merging into the Israeli Labor Party.
Legislative elections were held in Israel on 23 July 1984 to elect the eleventh Knesset. Voter turnout was 78.8%. The results saw the Alignment return to being the largest party in the Knesset, a status it had lost in 1977. However, the party could not form a government with any of the smaller parties, resulting in a grand coalition government with Likud, with both party leaders, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Shamir, holding the post of Prime Minister for two years each.
Morasha, later known as Morasha-Poalei Agudat Yisrael, was a small, short-lived religious political party in Israel during the 1980s.
Elections for the 13th Knesset were held in Israel on 23 June 1992. The election resulted in the formation of a Labor government, led by Yitzhak Rabin, helped by the failure of several small right wing parties to pass the electoral threshold. Voter turnout was 77.4%.
The dirty trick was a political scandal that erupted in Israel in 1990. It referred to an attempt by Shimon Peres to form a government made up of the left-wing factions and the ultra-orthodox parties. It failed when the ultra-orthodox parties backed out on the deal.
The Nineteenth government of Israel was formed by Menachem Begin on 5 August 1981, following the June elections. Begin included Likud, the National Religious Party, Agudat Yisrael, Tami and Telem in his coalition, which held 63 of the 120 seats in the Knesset, and the cabinet had 17 ministers. On 26 August Tehiya joined the coalition, and the number of ministers rose to 18.
The twenty-first government of Israel was formed by Shimon Peres of the Alignment on 13 September 1984, following the July elections. With both the Alignment and Likud winning over 40 seats each, neither side could form a stand-alone coalition, resulting in a national unity government, together with the National Religious Party, Agudat Yisrael, Shas, Morasha, Shinui and Ometz, which together held 97 of the 120 seats in the Knesset. However, in protest at the alliance with Likud, Mapam broke away from the Alignment, as did Yossi Sarid, who joined Ratz.
The twenty-second government of Israel was formed by Yitzhak Shamir of Likud on 20 October 1986. Shamir replaced Shimon Peres of the Alignment as Prime Minister as part of a rotation deal within the national unity coalition between the two parties. The only other change to the coalition was that the one-seat Morasha faction was not included, with the National Religious Party, Agudat Yisrael, Shas, Shinui and Ometz remaining part of the government, although Shinui left on 26 May 1987.
The twenty-third government of Israel was formed by Yitzhak Shamir of Likud on 22 December 1988, following the November 1988 elections. The government remained a national unity coalition between Likud and the Alignment, with the National Religious Party, Shas, Agudat Yisrael and Degel HaTorah also being members of the coalition. It was the first government to have a Minister of the Environment.
The twenty-fourth government of Israel was formed by Yitzhak Shamir of Likud on 11 June 1990. This followed the failure of Alignment leader Shimon Peres to form a government, after the Alignment had pulled out of the previous national unity coalition, in an incident which became known as the dirty trick.
The twenty-seventh government of Israel was formed by Benjamin Netanyahu of Likud on 18 June 1996. Although his Likud-Gesher-Tzomet alliance won fewer seats than Labor, Netanyahu formed the government after winning the country's first ever direct election for Prime Minister, narrowly defeating incumbent Shimon Peres. This government was the first formed by an Israeli national born in the state after independence in 1948.
In Israeli politics, the national camp or right-wing bloc is an informal coalition of nationalist and right-wing, religious conservative political parties that since 1977 has frequently co-operated to form governments.
Municipal elections took place in Israel on 28 February 1989. They were originally meant to take place on 1 November 1988, but were delayed due to legislative elections taking place that day.
