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| Turnout | 66% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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National Assembly elections were held in Bhutan on 31 May and 13 July 2013. [1] The result was a victory for the opposition People's Democratic Party (PDP), which won 32 of the 47 seats. The elections were the second general elections to occur in Bhutan since former King Jigme Singye Wangchuck ushered in democratic reforms. [2]
By law, the National Assembly is required to be reconstituted within 90 days of its previous term expiring. As the term of the Assembly elected in 2008 expired on 20 April 2013, this meant that the new Assembly would need to have been elected by 20 July. [3]
The election was held in two rounds. In the first round every party contested all 20 Dzongkhags (the administrative and judicial districts of Bhutan). The parties with the two highest vote tallies progressed to the second round, in which they put forward candidates in each of the 47 National Assembly constituencies. [1] In the first round of the elections, the Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party had received roughly 40% of votes and the People's Democratic Party receiving approximately 30%, with two other parties sharing the other 30% of the votes. [2]
A total of 381,790 voters were registered for the election. [4] The election date for the first round was made a public holiday, with all businesses required to close on the day. [5] Over 4,000 electronic voting machines were provided by India for the election. [6]
Four parties contested the election; the ruling Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party (DPT), the main opposition People's Democratic Party, and two new parties, Druk Nymrub Tshogpa and Druck Chirwang Tshogpa. [7] A fifth party, the Bhutan Kuen-Nyam Party, attempted to participate in the election, but failed to field a university-educated candidate in Gasa District in the northern part of the country. Consequently, the Bhutanese Elections Commission disqualified the party, even though each of the four other parties had made official requests to the commission to allow the Bhutan Kuen-Nyam Party to participate. [2] The head of the party, Sonam Tobgay, stated that "Four parties appealing for the fifth party, who couldn’t qualify, is something unprecedented universally and internationally, something special and noble." [2] The DPT campaigned for the support of rural communities having improved access to roads, mobile phone networks and electricity during its tenure.
Ties with India had recently come under strain after it cut subsidised cooking gas and kerosene to Bhutan, viewed as a punishment for developing ties with China. [8] This tripled the cost of fuel and made relations between the two neighbours a major electoral issue. [9] The consequent rise in fuel prices was coupled with a credit crunch and import restrictions after the country ran short of foreign exchange reserves of the Indian rupee. [10] The People's Democratic Party had campaigned on a platform of stronger relations with India and a decentralisation of powers, devolving control through local government. [8]
The voting process was a challenge due to the mountainous terrain as officials had to trek for seven days to set up some polling stations. [10]
As a result of the election, Tshering Tobgay is expected to be named Prime Minister of the new government, [8] to form once a 10-day "petition period" for electoral complaints to be heard has finished. [6] Three women were elected, with Dorji Choden of the PDP expected to be Bhutan's first female minister. [6]
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | First round | Second round | Seats | +/– | |||
| Votes | % | Votes | % | ||||
| People's Democratic Party | 68,650 | 32.53 | 138,760 | 54.88 | 32 | +30 | |
| Druk Phuensum Tshogpa | 93,949 | 44.52 | 114,093 | 45.12 | 15 | −30 | |
| Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa | 35,962 | 17.04 | 0 | New | |||
| Druk Chirwang Tshogpa | 12,457 | 5.90 | 0 | New | |||
| Total | 211,018 | 100.00 | 252,853 | 100.00 | 47 | 0 | |
| Registered voters/turnout | 381,790 | – | 381,790 | – | |||
| Source: Electoral Commission of Bhutan a, b c | |||||||
Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh sent the PDP a message of congratulations, assuring Bhutan of India's "steadfast and unflinching support." [8]
The PDP victory was considered an upset by the media. [10]
National Assembly elections were held in Bhutan for the first time on 24 March 2008. Two parties were registered by the Election Commission of Bhutan to contest the elections; Druk Phuensum Tshogpa, led by Jigme Y. Thinley, which was formed by the merger of the Bhutan People's United Party and All People's Party, and the People's Democratic Party (PDP). A third political party, the Bhutan National Party (BNP), had its application for the registration refused.
The development of Bhutanese democracy has been marked by the active encouragement and participation of reigning Bhutanese monarchs since the 1950s, beginning with legal reforms such as the abolition of slavery, and culminating in the enactment of Bhutan's Constitution. The first democratic elections in Bhutan began in 2007, and all levels of government had been democratically elected by 2011. These elections included Bhutan's first ever partisan National Assembly election. Democratization in Bhutan has been marred somewhat by the intervening large-scale expulsion and flight of Bhutanese refugees during the 1990s; the subject remains somewhat taboo in Bhutanese politics. Bhutan was ranked 13th most electoral democratic country in Asia according to V-Dem Democracy indices in 2023 with a score of 0.535 out of 1.
The People's Democratic Party is one of the major political parties in Bhutan, formed on 24 March 2007. The founder president of this party is Sangay Ngedup, the former prime minister and agriculture minister of the Royal Government of Bhutan. The current leader of the party is Tshering Tobgay. The People's Democratic Party submitted its application for registration on 6 August 2007 and thus became the first political party in Bhutan to do so. On 1 September 2007 the Election Commission of Bhutan registered the party. The PDP tends to be more popular in the west of the country.
Druk Phuensum Tshogpa is one of the major political parties in Bhutan. It was formed on 25 July 2007 as a merger of the All People's Party and the Bhutan People's United Party, which were both short-lived. The working committee of the merged entity, headed by the former home minister, Jigmi Yoezer Thinley, decided on the name for the new party. On 15 August 2007, Jigmi Yoezer Thinley was elected president of the party, and the party applied for registration, thus becoming the second political party in Bhutan to do so. On 2 October 2007, the Election Commission of Bhutan registered the party. On 24 March 2008, the party won the first general election held in Bhutan. The party secured 45 of the 47 seats to the National Assembly. The party tends to be more popular in the east of the country.
The National Assembly is the elected lower house of Bhutan's bicameral Parliament which also comprises the Druk Gyalpo and the National Council.
Tshering Tobgay is a Bhutanese politician, environmentalist, and cultural advocate who is the Prime Minister of Bhutan since 28 January 2024 and also served in office from July 2013 to August 2018. Tobgay is the leader of the People's Democratic Party, and was also the Leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly from March 2008 to April 2013.
Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa, formerly the Social Democratic Party, is one of the five registered political parties in Bhutan. It was registered on 20 January 2013. The DNT has been Bhutan's governing party since the 2018 National Assembly election, in which the party won a majority of the seats.
Pema Gyamtsho is a Bhutanese politician who served as the Second Party President of the Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party and Opposition Leader in the National Assembly of Bhutan from 2013 until his resignation to become the Director General of ICIMOD in 2020. He also served as the Minister of Agriculture and Forests in the first elected government of Bhutan.
AumDorji Choden is a Bhutanese politician. She was appointed minister of Bhutan's Works and Human Settlement Ministry in 2013, making her the first woman to serve as a minister in Bhutanese cabinet.
Ugyen Wangdi is a Bhutanese politician who is currently a Druk Phuensum Tshogpa (DPT) member of the National Assembly of Bhutan since October 2018. Previously he was member of the National Assembly from 2013 to 2018.
Dorji Wangdi is a Bhutanese politician who has been the leader of the Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party since 2020, and a member of the National Assembly of Bhutan, from 2008 to 2024. He is former the Opposition leader of Bhutan after the resignation of Pema Gyamtsho from active politics.
Kezang Wangmo is a Bhutanese politician, actress, poet, singer, dancer and goodwill ambassador for organic farming in Bhutan. Kezang was born in Paro District, in western Bhutan, where she learned to act at her school.
The Bhutan Kuen-Nyam Party was a social democratic political party in Bhutan. Its President from May 2017 to July 2020 was Dasho Neten Zangmo, who took over from Sonam Tobgay, the President from 2013 to 2017. Neten Zangmo was provisionally replaced by vice-president Sonam Tobgay until a new party convention was held.
National Assembly elections were held in Bhutan in 2018; the first round was held on 15 September and the second round on 18 October.
Lotay Tshering is a Bhutanese politician and surgeon who was the prime minister of Bhutan, in office from 7 November 2018 to 1 November 2023. He has also been the president of Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa since 14 May 2018.
DrungtshoKarma Wangchuk is a Bhutanese politician who has been a member of the National Assembly of Bhutan, since October 2018.
Hemant Gurung is a Bhutanese politician who has been a member of the National Assembly of Bhutan, since October 2018. Previously, he was a member of the National Assembly of Bhutan from 2008 to 2013.
Ugen Tenzin is a Bhutanese politician who has been a member of the National Assembly of Bhutan, since October 2018. Previously, he was a member of the National Assembly of Bhutan from 2008 to 2013.
National Assembly elections were held in Bhutan on 30 November 2023 and 9 January 2024.
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