2023 Madrid City Council election

2023 Madrid City Council election

←  2019 28 May 2023 2027  →
All 57 seats in the City Council of Madrid 29 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Registered	2,386,293 0.5%
Turnout	1,651,560 (69.2%) 1.0 pp
First party Second party Third party   Leader José Luis Martínez-Almeida Rita Maestre Reyes Maroto Party PP MM–VQ PSOE Leader since 28 April 2017 30 July 2020 21 November 2022 Last election 15 seats, 24.3% 19 seats, 31.0% 8 seats, 13.7% Seats won 29 12 11 Seat change 14 7 3 Popular vote 729,304 313,712 274,786 Percentage 44.5% 19.1% 16.8% Swing 20.2 pp 11.9 pp 3.1 pp   Fourth party Fifth party   Leader Javier Ortega Smith Begoña Villacís Party Vox CS Leader since 18 April 2019 2 March 2015 Last election 4 seats, 7.7% 11 seats, 19.2% Seats won 5 0 Seat change 1 11 Popular vote 148,994 47,429 Percentage 9.1% 2.9% Swing 1.4 pp 16.3 pp
Mayor before election José Luis Martínez-Almeida PP Elected Mayor José Luis Martínez-Almeida PP

A municipal election was held in Madrid on Sunday, 28 May 2023, to elect the 12th City Council of the municipality. All 57 seats in the City Council were up for election. It was held concurrently with regional elections in twelve autonomous communities and local elections all throughout Spain.

Overview

Local government

Under the 1978 Constitution, the governance of municipalities in Spain—part of the country's local government system—was centered on the figure of city councils (Spanish : ayuntamientos), local corporations with independent legal personality composed of a mayor, a government council and an elected legislative assembly. ^{[1] [2]} In the case of Madrid, the top-tier administrative and governing body was the City Council of Madrid. ^[3] Elections to local councils in Spain were fixed for the fourth Sunday of May every four years (as of 2025, this has been the year before a leap year). ^[4]

The mayor was indirectly elected by the local assembly. ^[2] A legal clause required candidates to earn the vote of an absolute majority of councillors, or else the candidate of the most-voted party was to be automatically appointed to the post. In the event of a tie, the appointee was to be determined by lot. ^[5]

Electoral system

Voting for local assemblies was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age, registered and residing in the municipality of Madrid and in full enjoyment of their political rights (provided that they were not sentenced—by a final court ruling—to deprivation of the right to vote), as well as resident non-national European citizens and those whose country of origin allowed Spanish nationals to vote in their own elections by virtue of a treaty. ^{[2] [6] [7]}

Local councillors were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional voting system, with an electoral threshold of five percent of valid votes (which included blank ballots) being applied in each municipality. ^[8] Each municipality constituted a multi-member constituency, entitled a number of seats based on the following scale: ^[9]

Population	Councillors
<100	3
101–250	5
251–1,000	7
1,001–2,000	9
2,001–5,000	11
5,001–10,000	13
10,001–20,000	17
20,001–50,000	21
50,001–100,000	25
>100,001	+1 per each 100,000 inhabitants or fraction +1 if total is an even number

The law did not provide for by-elections to fill vacated seats; instead, any vacancies that occurred after the proclamation of candidates and into the legislative term were to be covered by the successive candidates in the list and, when required, by the designated substitutes. ^[10]

Council composition

The table below shows the composition of the political groups in the local assembly at the time of dissolution. ^{[11] [12]}

Council composition in April 2023

Groups		Parties		Councillors
				Seats	Total
	More Madrid Municipal Group		Más Madrid	16	16
	People's Party's Municipal Group		PP	15	15
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry Municipal Group		CS	11	11
	Socialist Municipal Group in Madrid		PSOE	8	8
	Vox Municipal Group		Vox	4	4
	Mixed Group		RM	2 [a]	3
			INDEP	1 [b]

Parties and candidates

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, alliances and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form an alliance ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant electoral commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of a determined amount of the electors registered in the municipality for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. In the case of Madrid, as its population was over 1,000,001, at least 8,000 signatures were required. ^[16] Additionally, a balanced composition of men and women was required in the electoral lists, so that candidates of either sex made up at least 40 percent of the total composition. ^[17]

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy		Parties and alliances	Leading candidate		Ideology	Previous result		Gov.	Ref.
						Vote %	Seats
	MM–VQ	List More Madrid (Más Madrid) Greens Equo (Verdes Equo)		Rita Maestre	Progressivism Participatory democracy Green politics	31.0%	19		[18]
	PP	List People's Party (PP)		José Luis Martínez-Almeida	Conservatism Christian democracy	24.3%	15		[19]
	CS	List Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (CS)		Begoña Villacís	Liberalism	19.2%	11		[20] [21] [22]
	PSOE	List Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)		Reyes Maroto	Social democracy	13.7%	8		[23]
	Vox	List Vox (Vox)		Javier Ortega Smith	Right-wing populism Ultranationalism National conservatism	7.7%	4		[24]
	Podemos– IU–AV	List We Can (Podemos) United Left–Madrid (IU–M) – Communist Party of Madrid (PCM) – The Dawn Marxist Organization (La Aurora (OM)) – Republican Left (IR) Green Alliance (AV)		Roberto Sotomayor	Left-wing populism Direct democracy Democratic socialism	2.6% [c]	0		[25]

In March 2021, four Más Madrid city councillors, including former lieutenant mayor Marta Higueras, split into the Mixed Group to form "Recover Madrid" (Spanish : Recupera Madrid), a platform aiming at "preserving the original project" of former mayor Manuela Carmena under a more moderate and pragmatic line, ^[26] draining material and economic resources from the Más Madrid group, ^[27] and becoming involved in controversial choices, such as the approval of the 2022 budget of José Luis Martínez-Almeida, which also saw one of Recupera Madrid's councillors, Felipe Llamas, resigning from his post in disagreement. ^{[28] [29]} The platform announced its intention to not run in this election, but at the end they designed Luis Cueto as their candidate. On 12 September 2022, Podemos announced its intention to contest the 2023 Madrid City Council elections after deciding not to do so for the 2019 elections, choosing athlete Roberto Sotomayor as the party's candidate. ^[30]

Campaign

Party slogans

Party or alliance		Original slogan	English translation	Ref.
	MM–VQ	« Lo va a hacer Rita »	"Rita will get it done" [d]	[31]
	PP	« Momento Madrid »	"Madrid Momentum"	[32]
	CS	« Somos de Villa »	"We are of Villa" [e]	[33]
	PSOE	« Reyes de Madrid »	"Reyes of Madrid" [f]	[34]
	Vox	« Cuida Madrid, cuida lo tuyo »	"Take care of Madrid, take care of your own"	[35]
	Podemos–IU	« Hay que arreglar Madrid corriendo »	"We must fix Madrid quickly" [g]	[36]

Opinion polls

The tables below list opinion polling results in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll.

Graphical summary

Local regression trend line of poll results from 26 May 2019 to 28 May 2023, with each line corresponding to a political party.

Voting intention estimates

The table below lists weighted voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font; 29 seats were required for an absolute majority in the City Council of Madrid.

Color key:

  Poll conducted after legal ban on opinion polls

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size	Turnout								RM	Lead
2023 municipal election	28 May 2023	—	69.2	19.1 12	44.5 29	2.9 0	16.8 11	9.1 5	[h]	4.9 0	0.4 0	25.4
GAD3/RTVE–FORTA [p 1]	12–27 May 2023	?	?	19.0 12	47.0 28/30	2.0 0	17.0 10/11	7.0 4	[h]	5.0 0/3	–	28.0
KeyData/Público [p 2]	22 May 2023	?	67.7	22.6 15	40.5 26	3.8 0	17.3 11	8.7 5	[h]	4.5 0	–	17.9
NC Report/La Razón [p 3]	22 May 2023	?	?	24.8 15	41.0 26	–	17.1 11	8.6 5	[h]	–	–	16.2
Target Point/El Debate [p 4]	15–19 May 2023	?	?	23.7 14/16	40.1 25/26	4.1 0	15.1 9/10	9.0 5/6	[h]	5.0 0/3	–	16.4
DYM/Henneo [p 5]	15–18 May 2023	?	?	23.3 14/15	41.0 25/26	–	18.7 11/12	8.2 4/5	[h]	4.8 0/3	–	17.7
40dB/Prisa [p 6] [p 7]	12–17 May 2023	800	?	19.5 11/13	41.0 25/27	5.4 0/3	18.0 11/12	8.0 4/5	[h]	6.1 0/3	–	21.5
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [p 8]	11–16 May 2023	1,400	?	19.2 11/12	41.9 25/26	4.0 0/3	18.8 11/12	8.2 5/6	[h]	5.8 3	–	22.7
NC Report/La Razón [p 9]	15 May 2023	1,000	?	24.1 16	42.0 26	2.5 0	17.4 11	8.1 4	[h]	3.4 0	–	17.9
Sigma Dos/Antena 3 [p 10]	14 May 2023	?	?	20.2 12	41.2 24/25	? 3	18.1 10/11	? 4	[h]	? 3	–	21.0
SocioMétrica/El Español [p 11]	8–14 May 2023	?	?	22.3 14	41.0 27	4.3 0	17.5 11	9.1 5	[h]	4.4 0	–	18.7
Data10/Okdiario [p 12]	9–11 May 2023	1,500	?	21.9 15	38.8 25	4.5 0	18.4 11	10.3 6	[h]	3.6 0	–	16.9
Hamalgama Métrica/Vozpópuli [p 13]	3–10 May 2023	?	?	23.1 14	42.1 27	2.7 0	18.0 11	8.4 5	[h]	4.3 0	–	19.0
PSOE [p 14]	27 Apr 2023	?	?	? 14/15	? 24/25	? 0	? 14/15	? 3/4	[h]	? 0	–	?
CIS [p 15] [p 16]	10–26 Apr 2023	1,180	?	26.7 13/18	38.0 21/25	4.3 0/3	16.0 8/11	7.4 4/5	[h]	4.5 0/4	–	11.3
GAD3/ABC [p 17]	11–12 Apr 2023	600	?	18.9 12	44.7 28/29	2.8 0	19.3 12	7.6 4/5	[h]	4.2 0	–	25.4
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [p 18] [p 19]	7–12 Apr 2023	577	?	23.9 14/15	38.2 22/23	6.2 3	17.5 10/11	7.1 4	[h]	5.8 3	–	14.3
IMOP/El Confidencial [p 20]	21–24 Mar 2023	800	?	23.9 14	38.3 24	6.8 4	17.0 10	8.6 5	[h]	3.6 0	–	14.4
SocioMétrica/El Español [p 21] [p 22]	27 Feb–3 Mar 2023	800	?	27.3 16/17	38.2 23/24	4.6 0/3	13.9 8/9	10.1 6/7	[h]	4.4 0/2	–	10.9
Data10/Okdiario [p 23]	9–17 Feb 2023	1,000	?	23.1 15	37.9 24	4.3 0	18.6 12	9.4 6	[h]	4.1 0	–	14.8
KeyData/Público [p 24]	16 Feb 2023	?	67.7	24.9 15	38.6 24/25	5.1 0/2	16.1 9/10	8.7 5	[h]	4.8 0/2	–	13.7
GAD3/PP [p 25] [p 26]	4–10 Jan 2023	1,004	?	18.3 11	45.1 28	3.9 0	17.2 10/11	6.7 4	[h]	6.4 3/4	0.5 0	26.8
Metroscopia/Cs [p 27]	4 Dec 2022	1,000	?	? 14/15	? 27/28	4.8 0/3	? 8	? 5/6	[h]	? 0	–	?
Data10/Okdiario [p 28]	14 Nov 2022	1,000	?	27.5 16	32.1 19	7.6 4	13.5 8	11.4 7	[h]	6.4 3	–	4.6
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [p 29] [p 30]	25 Oct–3 Nov 2022	996	?	27.0 16	37.9 23	6.0 3	18.3 11	7.9 4	[h]	–	–	10.9
40dB/MM [p 31]	6–13 Oct 2022	?	?	28.5 17	37.7 22	6.2 3	18.1 11	7.5 4	[h]	–	–	9.2
GAD3/PP [p 32] [p 33]	6–8 Jul 2022	1,003	?	16.6 10	45.6 28/30	2.6 0	19.4 12	7.9 4/5	[h]	5.2 0/3	0.8 0	26.2
40dB/MM [p 31]	30 Jun 2022	?	?	29.7 18	37.1 22	7.3 4	15.1 9	8.0 4	[h]	–	–	7.4
NC Report/La Razón [p 34]	6–12 May 2022	1,000	71.0	25.1 15	41.6 26	5.9 3	12.5 7	10.0 6	[h]	–	–	16.5
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [p 35] [p 36]	9–11 May 2022	1,400	?	26.9 16	35.3 21	6.7 4	15.1 9	11.8 7	[h]	–	–	8.4
SocioMétrica/El Español [p 37] [p 38]	26–29 Apr 2022	800	?	26.6 16	40.2 25	7.2 4	11.2 6	9.9 6	[h]	–	–	13.6
Data10/Okdiario [p 39]	19–20 Apr 2022	1,000	?	29.8 18	31.2 19	9.3 5	12.2 7	10.4 5	[h]	5.8 3	–	1.4
EM-Analytics/Electomanía [p 40]	1 Mar–13 Apr 2022	845	?	33.3 21	26.7 16	10.3 6	12.8 8	10.6 6	[h]	3.8 0	1.1 0	6.6
EM-Analytics/Electomanía [p 41]	17–18 Feb 2022	876	?	31.3 20	27.9 17	9.3 5	13.0 8	11.7 7	[h]	4.3 0	1.1 0	3.4
Sigma Dos/El Mundo [p 42] [p 43]	3–6 Nov 2021	622	?	25.1 15	35.4 22	8.4 4	12.2 7	6.9 4	[h]	9.8 5	–	10.3
2021 regional election	4 May 2021	—	75.6	17.9 (11)	45.3 (28)	3.7 (0)	16.1 (9)	8.1 (5)	[h]	7.5 (4)	–	27.4
EM-Analytics/Electomanía [p 44]	17 Mar 2021	1,000	?	14.3 9	42.0 26	2.1 0	22.1 14	9.2 5	[h]	8.5 5	–	19.9
ElectoPanel/Electomanía [p 45]	1 Jul–25 Sep 2020	?	?	22.9 14	35.5 21	7.6 4	23.4 14	7.8 4	1.1 0	–	–	12.1
Sigma Dos/Telemadrid [p 46] [p 47]	19–22 Jun 2020	?	?	18.6 11	38.5 23	8.2 4	21.6 13	5.7 3	[h]	5.1 3	–	16.9
Hamalgama Métrica/Okdiario [p 48]	8–11 May 2020	1,000	?	18.9 11	34.5 21	10.1 6	17.3 10	8.6 5	[h]	7.9 4	–	15.6
GAD3/ABC [p 49] [p 50]	24–29 Apr 2020	631	?	8.2 5	44.7 27	5.2 3	25.9 15	7.0 4	[h]	6.2 3	–	18.8
ElectoPanel/Electomanía [p 51]	26–31 Mar 2020	800	?	16.9 10	30.8 19	10.7 6	25.7 15	12.0 7	1.8 0	–	–	5.1
November 2019 general election	10 Nov 2019	—	74.0	6.3 (3)	27.3 (16)	8.9 (5)	26.4 (16)	16.0 (9)	[h]	13.0 (8)	–	0.9
ElectoPanel/Electomanía [p 52]	10 Oct 2019	1,500	?	8.8 5	25.6 16	13.5 8	25.5 15	12.2 7	[h]	10.9 6	–	0.1
2019 municipal election	26 May 2019	—	68.2	31.0 19	24.3 15	19.2 11	13.7 8	7.7 4	2.6 0	–	–	6.7

Voting preferences

The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size								?	N	Lead
2023 municipal election	28 May 2023	—	13.1	30.6	2.0	11.5	6.2	[h]	3.4	—	30.8	17.5
40dB/Prisa [p 7]	12–17 May 2023	800	12.4	33.8	6.4	15.2	8.2	[h]	4.6	12.4	4.0	18.6
CIS [p 15]	10–26 Apr 2023	1,180	16.7	30.3	1.7	12.5	5.7	[h]	4.8	23.1	2.0	13.6
2021 regional election	4 May 2021	—	13.5	34.1	2.8	12.1	6.1	[h]	5.6	—	24.4	20.6
November 2019 general election	10 Nov 2019	—	4.7	20.1	6.5	19.4	11.8	[h]	9.6	—	26.0	0.7
2019 municipal election	26 May 2019	—	21.1	16.5	13.0	9.3	5.2	1.8	–	—	31.8	4.6

Preferred Mayor

The table below lists opinion polling on leader preferences to become mayor of Madrid.

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size							Other/ None/ Not care	?	Lead
			Maestre MM	Almeida PP	Villacís CS	Maroto PSOE	O. Smith Vox	Sotomayor UP
40dB/Prisa [p 7]	12–17 May 2023	800	13.3	36.8	9.7	14.7	7.8	3.6	6.8	7.3	22.1

Results

← Summary of the 28 May 2023 City Council of Madrid election results →

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party (PP)	729,304	44.49	+20.24	29	+14
	More Madrid–Greens Equo (MM–VQ)	313,712	19.14	−11.85	12	−7
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	274,786	16.76	+3.01	11	+3
	Vox (Vox)	148,994	9.09	+1.42	5	+1
	United We Can (Podemos–IU–AV)1	80,219	4.89	+2.26	0	±0
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (CS)	47,429	2.89	−16.28	0	−11
	Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)2	8,530	0.52	+0.02	0	±0
	Professionals for Madrid–Recover Madrid (Profesionales)	6,442	0.39	New	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	2,647	0.16	+0.09	0	±0
	Blank Seats to Leave Empty Seats (EB)	2,496	0.15	New	0	±0
	Feminist Party of Spain (PFE)	2,069	0.13	New	0	±0
	Seniors in Action (3e)	1,632	0.10	New	0	±0
	Cannabis Party–Green Light (PC–LV)	1,436	0.09	New	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE)	1,140	0.07	+0.03	0	±0
	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)	970	0.06	+0.01	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	815	0.05	+0.01	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)	742	0.05	±0.00	0	±0
	Castilian Party–Commoners' Land (PCAS–TC)	733	0.04	−0.05	0	±0
	Madrid Capital Coalition (CMC)	396	0.02	New	0	±0
	Union for Leganés (ULEG)	335	0.02	+0.01	0	±0
	Progress of Cities (Progreso de Ciudades)	307	0.02	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		14,093	0.86	+0.43
Total		1,639,227			57	±0
Valid votes		1,639,227	99.25	−0.39
Invalid votes		12,333	0.75	+0.39
Votes cast / turnout		1,651,560	69.21	+0.98
Abstentions		734,733	30.79	−0.98
Registered voters		2,386,293
Sources [11] [37] [38]
Footnotes: 1 United We Can results are compared to United Left–Municipalist Stand Up Madrid totals in the 2019 election. 2 Animalist Party with the Environment results are compared to Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals totals in the 2019 election.

Popular vote

PP			44.49%
MM–VQ			19.14%
PSOE			16.76%
Vox			9.09%
Podemos–IU			4.89%
CS			2.89%
Others			1.87%
Blank ballots			0.86%

Seats

PP			50.88%
MM–VQ			21.05%
PSOE			19.30%
Vox			8.77%

Aftermath

Investiture
Ballot →		17 June 2023
Required majority →		29 out of 57
	José Luis Martínez-Almeida (PP) • PP (29)	29 / 57	Y
	Rita Maestre (MM–VQ) • MM–VQ (12)	12 / 57	N
	Reyes Maroto (PSOE) • PSOE (11)	11 / 57	N
	Javier Ortega Smith (Vox) • Vox (5)	5 / 57	N
	Blank ballots	0 / 57
	Absentees	0 / 57
Sources [39]

Notes

1. José Manuel Calvo and Luis Cueto, former Más Madrid councillors. ^{[13] [14]}
2. Marta Higueras, former Más Madrid councillor. ^[15]
3. Results for IU–MpM in the 2019 election.
4. The slogan makes a reference to the Spanish proverb "Que lo haga Rita [la cantaora]" in reference to Rita Giménez
5. The slogan plays with the surname of the candidate, Villacís, as "Villa" is the title given to the city of Madrid.
6. The slogan plays with the name of the candidate, Reyes, meaning also "Monarchs" in Spanish.
7. The slogan plays with the meaning of corriendo, which in English translates both as "quickly" and "by running", the later being a reference to the candidate's background as an athlete.
8. Within Unidas Podemos.

References

Opinion poll sources

1. "Sondeo: el PP rozaría la mayoría absoluta en Madrid capital y podría gobernar con Vox en Valencia y Sevilla; Colau y Collboni empatarían en Barcelona". RTVE (in Spanish). 28 May 2023.
2. "Almeida parte con ventaja en una semana decisiva para las elecciones municipales en Madrid". Público (in Spanish). 22 May 2023.
3. "Elecciones municipales: Sánchez ganaría Barcelona, pero perdería Sevilla". La Razón (in Spanish). 22 May 2023.
4. "Almeida consigue una clara victoria y podría gobernar en solitario el Ayuntamiento de Madrid". El Debate. 20 May 2023.
5. "Almeida vence al engullir todo el voto de Cs, pero la izquierda todavía disputa la mayoría". 20 minutos. 22 May 2023.
6. "Almeida no es Ayuso: retiene Madrid pero la izquierda queda cerca, según la encuesta de 40dB". El País. 22 May 2023.
7. "Informe preelectoral para el Ayuntamiento de Madrid. Mayo 2023" (PDF). 40dB. 22 May 2023.
8. "Almeida crece a costa de la desaparición de Villacís pero depende de Vox". El Mundo. 18 May 2023.
9. "Almeida, a tres escaños de la mayoría absoluta". La Razón. 15 May 2023.
10. "Martínez-Almeida ganaría las elecciones de Madrid el 28M, pero necesitaría el apoyo de Vox, según el sondeo de Sigma Dos". Antena 3 (in Spanish). 14 May 2023.
11. "Almeida se acerca a la mayoría absoluta: podrá gobernar solo al sumar más que la izquierda". El Español (in Spanish). 22 May 2023.
12. "Almeida ganará las elecciones pero necesitará a Vox porque Villacís no logrará ser concejal". Okdiario (in Spanish). 15 May 2023.
13. "La debacle de Ciudadanos deja a Almeida a dos concejales de la mayoría absoluta". Vozpópuli (in Spanish). 14 May 2023.
14. "Ferraz maneja encuestas que sacan a Almeida del Ayuntamiento de Madrid". El Confidencial Digital (in Spanish). 27 April 2023.
15. "Preelectoral elecciones municipales y autonómicas 2023. Madrid municipio (Estudio nº 3402. Abril 2023)". CIS (in Spanish). 11 May 2023.
16. "Estimación de voto. Municipios, grandes ciudades y Comunidades Autónomas (Estudio nº 3402. Abril 2023)". CIS (in Spanish). 11 May 2023.
17. "Almeida toca la mayoría absoluta en Madrid y se asegura la Alcaldía". ABC (in Spanish). 16 April 2023.
18. "Almeida supera en 14 puntos a Más Madrid pero queda lejos de la mayoría absoluta". El Mundo (in Spanish). 15 April 2023.
19. "[MUN] MADRID. Encuesta SigmaDos 15/04/2023: PODEMOS-IU 5,8% (3), MÁS MADRID 23,9% (14/15), PSOE 17,5% (10/11), Cs 6,2% (3), PP 38,2% (22/23), VOX 7,1% (4)". Electográfica (in Spanish). 15 April 2023.
20. "Almeida podrá gobernar en solitario y Villacís sostiene a Ciudadanos en Madrid capital". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 6 March 2023.
21. "Ayuso, a un paso de no depender de Vox: se acerca a la mayoría absoluta con Mónica García segunda". El Español (in Spanish). 6 March 2023.
22. "[MUN] MADRID. Encuesta SocioMétrica 06/03/2023: PODEMOS-IU 4,4% (0/2), MÁS MADRID 27,3% (16/17), PSOE 13,9% (8/9), Cs 4,6% (0/3), PP 38,2% (23/24), VOX 10,1% (6/7)". Electográfica (in Spanish). 6 March 2023.
23. "Almeida ganará las elecciones y seguirá como alcalde con el apoyo de Vox al desaparecer Ciudadanos". Okdiario (in Spanish). 21 February 2023.
24. "Más Madrid se consolida como alternativa a Almeida y Podemos-IU roza su regreso al Ayuntamiento". Público (in Spanish). 18 February 2023.
25. "Almeida ganaría las elecciones de Madrid con 28 concejales y gobernaría con mayoría simple sin necesidad de Vox". ABC (in Spanish). 15 February 2023.
26. "Encuesta elecciones Ayuntamiento de Madrid". GAD3 (in Spanish). 15 February 2023.
27. "Un sondeo de Cs coloca a Almeida al borde de la absoluta en Madrid y deja fuera a Villacís". The Objective (in Spanish). 4 December 2022.
28. "Maroto tampoco es rival: Almeida volverá a ser alcalde con el apoyo de Vox y Cs". Okdiario (in Spanish). 15 November 2022.
29. "Almeida crece pero quedaría en manos de Ciudadanos y Vox". El Mundo (in Spanish). 7 November 2022.
30. "MADRID. Encuesta SigmaDos 07/11/2022: MÁS MADRID 27,0% (16), PSOE 18,3% (11), Cs 6,0% (3), PP 37,9% (23), VOX 7,9% (4)". Electográfica (in Spanish). 7 November 2022.
31. "Una encuesta de GAD3 da la mayoría absoluta a Almeida, confirma la desaparición de Cs y sitúa a PSOE como segunda fuerza". Europa Press (in Spanish). 1 November 2022.
32. "Una encuesta de GAD3 da la mayoría absoluta a Almeida, confirma la desaparición de Cs y sitúa a PSOE como segunda fuerza". Europa Press (in Spanish). 13 July 2022.
33. "Almeida arranca ya la campaña electoral de 2023 con una encuesta interna: mayoría absoluta y 'sorpasso' del PSOE a Más Madrid". El País (in Spanish). 13 July 2022.
34. "Almeida acaricia la mayoría absoluta en Cibeles: no necesitaría a Vox". La Razón (in Spanish). 15 May 2022.
35. "Almeida resiste en sus horas bajas pero necesitaría a Vox y Ciudadanos, que sobrevive en Madrid a la debacle general". El Mundo (in Spanish). 15 May 2022.
36. "MADRID. Encuesta SigmaDos 15/05/2022: MÁS MADRID 26,9% (16), PSOE 15,1% (9), Cs 6,7% (4), PP 35,3% (21), VOX 11,8% (7)". Electograph (in Spanish). 15 May 2022.
37. "Almeida podría revalidar la alcaldía con Villacís, que es la dirigente madrileña mejor valorada". El Español (in Spanish). 2 May 2022.
38. "MADRID. Encuesta SocioMétrica 02/05/2022: MM-PODEMOS-IU 26,6% (16), PSOE 11,2% (6), Cs 7,2% (4), PP 40,2% (25), VOX 9,9% (6)". Electograph (in Spanish). 2 May 2022.
39. "Almeida será el más votado pero seguirá de alcalde con Vox y Cs por un solo concejal de ventaja". Okdiario (in Spanish). 23 April 2022.
40. "MadPanel (13A): Más Madrid recuperaría la alcaldía. Villacís sube, baja Almeida". Electomanía (in Spanish). 14 April 2022.
41. "MadPanel (19F): subida de la izquierda, que se sitúa al borde de arrebatarle la alcaldía a Almeida". Electomanía (in Spanish). 19 February 2022.
42. "Almeida crece pero se queda lejos de la gran mayoría que mantiene Ayuso". El Mundo (in Spanish). 9 November 2021.
43. "MADRID. Encuesta SigmaDos 09/11/2021: PODEMOS-IU 9,8% (5), MÁS MADRID 25,1% (15), PSOE 12,2% (7), Cs 8,4% (4), PP 35,4% (22), VOX 6,9% (4)". Electograph (in Spanish). 9 November 2021.
44. "ChulaPanel (17M): Subida de Ayuso e Iglesias en la CAM. En el Ayuntamiento, Almeida necesitaría a Vox para tener mayoría y Villacís se quedaría sin escaño". Electomanía (in Spanish). 17 March 2021.
45. "MadPanel (27S): Almeida atrae votos de Vox y Cs, pero la subida de Ahora Madrid deja a la izquierda a un concejal de quitarle la alcaldía". Electomanía (in Spanish). 27 September 2020.
46. "Almeida ganaría las elecciones en Madrid con comodidad a costa de Ciudadanos y Vox". Telemadrid (in Spanish). 1 July 2020.
47. "Aprobados y suspensos para los líderes políticos del Ayuntamiento de Madrid". Telemadrid (in Spanish). 1 July 2020.
48. "Almeida arrasa tras su gestión del Covid-19: tendría tantos ediles (21) como la suma de PSOE y Más Madrid". Okdiario (in Spanish). 14 May 2020.
49. "El PP roza la mayoría absoluta en Madrid capital y casi dobla al PSOE". ABC (in Spanish). 3 May 2020.
50. "Barómetro de ABC/GAD3 Comunidad de Madrid y Ayuntamiento de Madrid (2 y 3 de mayo)". GAD3 (in Spanish). 2 May 2020.
51. "MadPanel (3A): Almeida logra la primera plaza. Subida del PSOE y Vox, mientras Más Madrid y Cs caen". Electomanía (in Spanish). 3 April 2020.
52. "MadPanel (11Oct): victoria para Almeida muy igualado con Pepu. Más Madrid se hunde sin Carmena y Vox disputa la tercera plaza". Electomanía (in Spanish). 11 October 2019.

Other

1. Constitution (1978) , art. 140.
2. LBRL (1985) , art. 19.
3. LBRL (1985) , arts. 121–132.
4. LOREG (1985) , art. 42.
5. LOREG (1985) , art. 196.
6. Constitution (1978) , art. 13.
7. LOREG (1985) , arts. 2–3 & 176.
8. LOREG (1985) , arts. 163 & 180.
9. LOREG (1985) , art. 179.
10. LOREG (1985) , arts. 46, 48 & 182.
11. Lozano, Carles. "Elecciones Municipales en Madrid (desde 1979)". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 November 2025.
12. "El Pleno. Composición. Corporaciones anteriores. Corporación 2019-2023". City Council of Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 November 2025.
13. "Cuatro ediles de Más Madrid se separan del grupo y forman 'Recupera Madrid' para ser "fieles al proyecto original"" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
14. "Los cuatro ediles de Recupera Madrid formarán el grupo mixto" (in Spanish). Cadena SER. 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
15. Viejo, Manuel (7 September 2022). "El Grupo Mixto se resquebraja: Marta Higueras se independiza". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 April 2023.
16. LOREG (1985) , arts. 44 & 187.
17. LOREG (1985) , art. 44 bis.
18. De Vega, Luis (30 July 2020). "Rita Maestre, elegida portavoz de Más Madrid en una reunión sin Marta Higueras". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
19. "Almeida confirma que será candidato del PP a la Alcaldía de Madrid" (in Spanish). COPE. EFE. 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
20. Mateo, Juan José (14 January 2022). "La cuenta atrás de Begoña Villacís". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
21. Martínez, Virginia; Viejo, Manuel (8 February 2022). "Villacís no logra los avales suficientes para ser candidata a la alcaldía de Madrid por Ciudadanos". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
22. "Ciudadanos proclama a Begoña Villacís candidata a la Alcaldía de Madrid pese a no alcanzar el mínimo de avales". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Madrid. Europa Press. 8 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
23. Marcos, José; Viejo, Manuel (14 November 2022). "Reyes Maroto será la candidata del PSOE a la alcaldía de Madrid". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
24. Guisasola, Carlos (6 October 2022). "Ortega Smith será el candidato de Vox al Ayuntamiento de Madrid". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
25. "Podemos e IU alcanzan un preacuerdo para presentarse juntos a las elecciones de Madrid". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Europa Press. 14 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
26. "Cuatro ediles de Más Madrid se separan del grupo y forman 'Recupera Madrid' para ser 'fieles al proyecto original'" (in Spanish). Madrid: Europa Press. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
27. "Recupera Madrid suma recursos materiales y económicos restándoselos a Más Madrid". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Agencias. 28 September 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
28. "El alcalde de Madrid saca adelante los presupuestos con el apoyo de los ediles 'carmenistas'". Cinco Días (in Spanish). 27 December 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
29. "Un díscolo de Más Madrid rechaza apoyar los presupuestos de Almeida y deja el acta". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Europa Press. 28 December 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
30. Pozas, José Enrique Monrosi, Alberto (2022-09-12). "Podemos elige al atleta Roberto Sotomayor como candidato a la alcaldía de Madrid". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-09-21.
31. "'Lo va a hacer Rita': la campaña de la candidata de Más Madrid a la Alcaldía frente a los cuatro años de parálisis de Almeida" ['Lo va a hacer Rita': the campaign of Más Madrid's candidate for the mayorship after four years of paralysis under Almeida]. Más Madrid (in Spanish). 24 January 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
32. Vega, María (21 March 2023). "Almeida se lanza a revalidar la Alcaldía con la campaña 'Momento Madrid'" [Almeida aims to confirm his mayorship with the 'Momento Madrid' campaign]. El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 March 2023.
33. ""Somos de Villa": el lema de Cs para el 28-M con más de un sentido" ["Somos de Villa": Cs' slogan for 28 May with more than one meaning]. La Razón (in Spanish). 27 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
34. ""Reyes de Madrid": el eslogan de la todavía ministra para darse a conocer a los madrileños" ["Reyes de Madrid": the slogan of the still-serving minister to make herself known to Madrilenians]. El Español (in Spanish). 5 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
35. "Vox arranca su campaña en el 'infierno okupa' de Tetuán: «No existe libertad si no hay seguridad»" [Vox launches its campaign in the "squatter hell" of Tetuán: "There is no freedom if there is no security"]. ABC (in Spanish). 13 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
36. "Sotomayor quiere conseguir la Alcaldía con el lema 'Hay que arreglar Madrid corriendo'" [Sotomayor wants to gain the mayorship with the slogan 'Hay que arreglar Madrid corriendo']. 20 minutos (in Spanish). 28 March 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
37. "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales" (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior . Retrieved 5 November 2025.
38. "Resolución de 5 de julio de 2023, de la Presidencia de la Junta Electoral Central, por la que se publica el resumen de los resultados de las elecciones locales convocadas por Real Decreto 207/2023, de 3 de abril, y celebradas el 28 de mayo de 2023, según los datos que figuran en las actas de proclamación remitidas por cada una de las Juntas Electorales de Zona. Provincias: Jaén, León, Lleida, Lugo, Madrid, Málaga y Murcia" (PDF). Official State Gazette (in Spanish) (238): 133198–133566. 5 October 2023. ISSN   0212-033X . Retrieved 5 November 2025.
39. Viejo, Manuel (17 June 2023). "Vox planta al PP en Madrid y Almeida inicia su mayoría absoluta en solitario". El País. Madrid. Retrieved 9 November 2025.

Bibliography

• Constitución Española (Constitution). Official State Gazette (in Spanish). 29 December 1978 [version as of 27 September 2011]. BOE-A-1978-31229. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
• Ley 7/1985, de 2 de abril, Reguladora de las Bases del Régimen Local (Law 7/1985). Official State Gazette (in Spanish). 2 April 1985 [version as of 29 December 2021]. BOE-A-1985-5392. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
• Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General (Organic Law 5/1985). Official State Gazette (in Spanish). 19 June 1985 [version as of 3 October 2022]. BOE-A-1985-11672. Retrieved 4 November 2025.