319th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)

Last updated
319th Rifle Division
Active1941–1946
CountryFlag of the USSR (1936-1955).svg  Soviet Union
Branch Red Army flag.svg Red Army
TypeInfantry
SizeDivision
Engagements Battle of the Caucasus
Baltic Offensive
Riga Offensive
Vistula-Oder Offensive
Battle of Königsberg
Decorations Order of Red Banner.svg   Order of the Red Banner (3rd formation)
Battle honours Dvinsk (3rd formation)
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Col. Fyodor Andreevich Volkov
Kombrig Semyon Monakhov
Col. Nikolai Matveevich Uralsky
Col. Dmitry Arsentievich Dulov

The 319th Rifle Division was first formed in December 1941, as a standard Red Army rifle division, in the Moscow Military District, but after a month was redesignated as the 2nd formation of a pre-war division that had been destroyed and disbanded. Another 319th was formed in the summer of 1942 in the North Caucasus Military District while the German offensive was threatening the Soviet oilfields near Baku. This formation had a short and undistinguished career, seeing little combat, and was disbanded in December. A third and final 319th was formed in the autumn of 1943 in the northern part of the front. This unit gave very creditable service for the duration of the war, distinguishing itself in the fighting through the Baltic states, and completing its combat path in East Prussia. It continued to serve briefly into the postwar period.

Contents

1st Formation

The division began forming for the first time on December 19, 1941 at Balakhna, just north of Gorkiy, in the Moscow Military District. Col. Fyodor Andreevich Volkov took command on that date, remaining in command for the duration of the 1st formation. Its basic order of battle was as follows:

While still forming up the 319th was re-designated as the 2nd formation of the 145th Rifle Division on January 19, 1942. [2]

2nd Formation

A new division began forming from late July to August 4, 1942 at Makhachkala in the North Caucasus Military District. On the latter date Semyon Monakhov, who still held the pre-war rank of Kombrig, was appointed as commander. At the time of its formation it was noted that about 70 percent of the division's personnel were of Caucasian nationalities. [3] Its order of battle remained the same as that of the first formation.

The division was formed very fast, because the front lines were approaching Makhachkala on the coast of the Caspian Sea as it was being put together. It was assigned to the reserves of Transcaucasus Front by September 1, and less than a month later was in the 58th Army behind the defensive front along the Terek River.

"There are several indications that this division was even more poorly equipped, trained, and combat-ready than even the beat up divisions that had retreated into the Caucasus from the earlier disasters at Kharkov and Izyum. First, the original division commander was a Kombrig, an obsolete rank replaced by general's rank in 1940. Whenever someone shows up in the active army with one of these obsolete titles it usually means the officer is a reservist who hasn't seen active service since before 1940, or an officer released from the GULAG who is still carrying the rank he had before he was arrested. Neither indicates a division commander with recent positive experience or training!" [4]

In fact, Kombrig Monakhov had been the Senior Deputy Inspector of Infantry in Odessa Military District at the outbreak of the war, and had since commanded the 421st and 388th Rifle Divisions. [5]

On September 29, Lt. Gen. I.I. Maslennikov, commander of the Transcausasus Front's Northern Group of Forces, received orders for defense of the region from the STAVKA, including the following: "[Occupy] a defensive line along the Sulak River with 416th and 319th Rifle Divisions..." In late October, when the German forces had renewed their offensive, the division was still in second echelon, protecting the Makhachkala axis. On October 26, as the offensive gathered steam, the 319th was finally ordered into the front lines. On November 2, Kombrig Monakhov was replaced in command by Col. Nikolai Georgievich Selikhov. The division helped to bring the German drive to a halt just west of Ordzhonikidze on November 5, and even drive the panzer spearheads back, but at considerable cost. When 3rd Rifle Corps of 9th Army began a counteroffensive on November 13, its 275th and 319th had a combined total of only 8,000 men. On November 20, orders were received from the STAVKA to disband these two divisions, plus the 295th, and use their personnel, weapons and transport to fill out 2nd Guards Rifle Division. [6]

3rd Formation

A third 319th Rifle Division began forming on the last day of September 1943, near Kholm in the Northwestern Front, under the command of Col. Nikolai Matveevich Uralsky. It was based on the men and equipment of the 32nd and 33rd Rifle Brigades.

32nd Rifle Brigade

This brigade began forming in October 1941, in the Arkhangelsk Military District. [7] It appears that no existing units were used as a cadre, because the brigade spent several extra months in the rear, unlike most of the 1941 rifle brigades. When it left for the front in February 1942, it was assigned to the 4th Guards Rifle Corps in 54th Army of Leningrad Front. The brigade's first fighting took place as part of the Lyuban Offensive Operation in March. The Army's report of March 21 stated:

"Attacking in the direction of Lyuban, the 32nd Rifle Brigade encountered swamps that it could not overcome in the winter. With an impenetrable marsh in their front, the enemy was not worried. However, Sergei Polikarpovich Ketiladze, the brigade commander, outwitted the Hitlerites. He led the soldiers in an envelopment and the brigade struck the enemy by surprise at first light on March 21. The Fascists were forced back, not even managing to withdraw their warehouses from Milaevka and Didvina. It was only 11 kilometres straight from Didvina to Lyuban. During the next three hours, the 32nd Brigade captured yet another village, Kordynei. This considerably eased the situation in the neighboring division, and it occupied the villages of Zenino and Dobroe." [8]

Despite these successes, the Lyuban Operation was ultimately a failure, and the brigade was eventually forced to fall back to the line of the Volkhov River. [9]

54th Army became part of Volkhov Front in June. In August, 4th Guards Corps was subordinated directly to the Front, [10] and next took part in the Second Sinyavino Operation. The offensive was led by 8th Army, and as its penetration stalled the brigades of the Corps were fed in piecemeal to try, unsuccessfully, to revive the attack. [11] By October 1 the remnants of the 32nd were back in Volkhov Front reserves, [12] and then were reassigned to 2nd Reserve Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for rebuilding. The brigade returned to the front in February 1943, briefly assigned to 53rd Army in Northwestern Front, before being moved to 22nd Army in the same Front, north of Vyasma. It was still in this Army in October when it became part of the cadre for the new 319th Rifle Division. [13]

33rd Rifle Brigade

This was a "sister" unit to the 32nd, and so shared most of its early history. The 32nd likely also shared the organization of the 33rd, which had several non-standard elements:

The artillery appears to be whatever was on hand in the Arkhangelsk District at the time. As for the tanks, when Soviet sources refer simply to "medium" or "light" this usually indicates Lend-Lease vehicles; in this time and place these would probably be British Matildas (medium) and Valentine (light) tanks. [14]

The 33rd also fought with 4th Guards Rifle Corps in the Lyuban Operation and Second Sinyavino Operation. After suffering heavy losses in the latter the "sister" brigades were finally split up. The 33rd was sent to 3rd Reserve Army for rebuilding, and finally, in January 1943, all the way back to the training establishments of Moscow Military District. It returned to the front in February to the new 68th Army in Northwestern Front, then in the spring to 1st Shock Army in the same Front, near Staraya Russa. On October 1 it was moved to 22nd Army, still in Northwestern Front, to help form the cadre of the new 319th Rifle Division. [15]

Belorussian and Baltic Campaigns

The division's order of battle remained the same as the first two formations. The two rifle brigades were from different armies within the Front, but the 319th's divisional headquarters was formed in the 44th Rifle Corps of 22nd Army, before the brigades had been officially disbanded to provide the bulk of the troops for the new division. [16] On October 10, most of the assets of this Front came under the headquarters of the disbanded Bryansk Front to become Baltic Front, renamed 2nd Baltic Front ten days later. [17] The division would remain under these commands until late August 1944. [18] Colonel Uralsky held his command until March 23, 1944. He was then succeeded over the next ten weeks by three other colonels, until on June 5 Col. Dmitrii Arsentevich Dulov took the reins, which he would hold for the duration of the war.

At the start of the Baltic Campaign in early July 1944, the 319th was holding a sector of the Alolya River, facing the German Panther Line defenses about 20km north of Pustoshka. [19] On July 27, the division, while temporarily attached to 6th Guards Army, was recognized for its role in liberating the city of Dvinsk, and was given that name as an honorific:

"DVINSK" [DAUGAVPILS] - ...319th Rifle Division (Colonel Dulov, Dmitrii Arsentevich)... The troops who participated in the liberation of Daugavpils and Rezekne, by the order of the Supreme High Command of 27 July 1944 and a commendation in Moscow are given a salute of 20 artillery salvoes from 224 guns.. [20]

By August 1, the division was back with 22nd Army and had advanced north as far as Preiļi. [21] Late that month the 319th, still in 44th Corps, was moved to 3rd Shock Army in 2nd Baltic Front, and in September to 2nd Guards Army in 1st Baltic Front. [22] In early October it was east of Raseiniai in Lithuania at the start of the offensive that would result in the liberation of Riga and the formation of the Courland Pocket. [23] In November the division was reassigned once again, now to 43rd Army, where it would remain for the duration. [24]

Into Germany

Former reconnaissance squad leader of the division's 434th Separate Destroyer Anti-Tank Battalion Private Aleksey Lisenkov being hugged after demobilization, Rzhevsky station, Moscow, July 1945 Vstrecha sovetskikh voinov-pobeditelei na Rzhevskom vokzale v Moskve.jpg
Former reconnaissance squad leader of the division's 434th Separate Destroyer Anti-Tank Battalion Private Aleksey Lisenkov being hugged after demobilization, Rzhevsky station, Moscow, July 1945

In early January, 43rd Army was on the left flank of 1st Baltic Front, near Memel. On January 19, 1945, 43rd Army became part of 3rd Belorussian Front and the 319th participated in the Vistula-Oder Offensive under these commands. By January 27 the 43rd was advancing along the south shore of the Kurisches Haff and had reached the outer defenses of Königsberg. From then until April 9 the division would be involved in the siege and eventual reduction of this fortified city. [25] In the last month of the war the division was in 90th Rifle Corps, which formed the right flank of the 43rd Army in the final assault on Königsberg. [26]

Postwar

By the conclusion of hostilities, the division had been awarded the full title of 319th Rifle, Dvinsk, Red Banner Division (Russian: 319-я стрелковая Двинская Краснознамённая дивизия). The division became part of the Northern Group of Forces along with its corps, and was reorganized into the 21st Mechanized Division. [27] The division was disbanded during August and September 1946, along with the corps headquarters. [28]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">310th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)</span> Military unit

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">311th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)</span> Military unit

The 311th Rifle Division was a standard Red Army rifle division formed on July 14, 1941 at Kirov before being sent to the vicinity of Leningrad, where it spent most of the war, sharing a similar combat path with its "sister", the 310th Rifle Division. The men and women of the division were fully engaged in the struggle for Leningrad until early 1944, fighting in several offensives to drive a lifeline through the German positions to the besieged city, and then to finally drive the besiegers away. When this was accomplished, the division was redeployed to take the fight into the Baltic States in 1944, then into the German heartland in the winter and spring of 1945. It ended the war north of Berlin after compiling a very distinguished record of service.

The 55th Rifle Division that served as a Red Army rifle division during the Great Patriotic War formed for the first time in September 1925 as a territorial division headquartered at Kursk. When the German invasion began the unit was as Slutsk, but soon came under attack from their armored spearheads and lost most of its strength within days, and was eventually encircled and destroyed at Kiev. A new division was formed along the Volga in December, and was soon sent north to join in the fighting around Demyansk until early 1943. In many respects the 55th was a hard-luck unit; after being destroyed once, it drew assignments to mostly secondary fronts in areas where, due to the terrain and other circumstances, no unit could distinguish itself. By early 1944, the division was reduced to minimal strength for an active formation, and after making some key gains in the pursuit phase of Operation Bagration it was transferred north to the Baltic States and then disbanded to provide replacements for the other units in 61st Army. Elements of the disbanded division were repurposed to other roles in coastal defense and as a naval base garrison, continuing in service until 1956.

The 338th Rifle Division was first formed in September 1941, as a standard Red Army rifle division, at Penza. This formation took part in the early stages of the winter counteroffensive and made gains in the direction of Vyazma before being cut off behind German lines in February and largely destroyed by May. The division was formed again in June, once again in the Western Front, and proved itself a stolid and reliable unit in the often frustrating battles east and west of Smolensk and into the Baltic states over the next two and a half years. After taking part in the conquest of East Prussia in 1945, the 338th, along with the rest of its 39th Army, was railed all the way to the far east to join in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August.

The 19th Guards Rifle Division was formed from the first formation of the 366th Rifle Division on March 17, 1942. At this time it was in the 52nd Army of Volkhov Front, taking part in the Lyuban Offensive Operation, which was planned to encircle and defeat the enemy forces laying siege to Leningrad. However, just at that time the German 18th Army was in the process of cutting off the Soviet Lyuban grouping in a pocket, and over the following months the division was nearly destroyed. Enough survivors emerged from the swamps in June and July to rebuild the unit, and it fought in the Second Sinyavino Offensive before it was shifted south into Kalinin Front to take part in the battle and siege of Velikiye Luki in December. In the summer of 1943 the 19th Guards fought in the battles for Smolensk, and won its first battle honor, "Rudnya". in September. During the offensive in the summer of 1944 it was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for its successes in the fighting around Vitebsk. It was further honored in February, 1945, with the Order of Lenin for its role in the victories in East Prussia. In the summer the division was moved by rail with its 39th Army to the Far East and saw action in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August, winning its second battle honor, "Khingan", for its services. The division continued to see service well into the postwar era.

The 25th Cavalry Division was a mounted division of the Red Army that served for just over a year in the Great Patriotic War. It was formed in the summer of 1941 and served in the region south and west of Leningrad during the following months against the advance of Army Group North during Operation Barbarossa. It survived a German armored counterattack before being pulled back into the reserves in September. In January 1942, it was assigned to the Mobile Group of 2nd Shock Army to take part in the Lyuban Offensive Operation. This offensive aimed to encircle and destroy the German forces besieging Leningrad; in the event, 2nd Shock was itself encircled and forced to break out as individuals and small groups from May into July. The 25th Cavalry was disbanded, and its survivors were used to help rebuild the badly depleted 19th Guards Rifle Division, while the 25th's commanding officer took over the latter division.

The 374th Rifle Division was raised in 1941 as an infantry division of the Red Army, and served for the duration of the Great Patriotic War in that role. It began forming in August 1941 in the Siberian Military District. It joined the fighting front in December with the new 59th Army along the Volkhov River and it continued to serve in the fighting near Leningrad until early 1944. The dismal fighting on this front gave little opportunity for a unit to distinguish itself, and the division did not finally earn a battle honor until late January 1944, during the Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive. It continued to serve in the summer and autumn offensive through the Baltic States, becoming so reduced in strength that its remaining infantry was consolidated into a single understrength regiment which nevertheless won a battle honor in the liberation of Riga. The 374th ended the war in Latvia, helping to contain and reduce the German forces trapped in the Courland Pocket, and was disbanded shortly thereafter.

The 382nd Rifle Division was raised in 1941 as an infantry division of the Red Army, and served for the duration of the Great Patriotic War in that role. It began forming on August 10 in the Siberian Military District. It joined the fighting front in December with the new 59th Army along the Volkhov River. Apart from a few weeks in 1944 the division served in either the Volkhov Front or the Leningrad Front for the entire war. It suffered horrendous casualties after being encircled in the swamps and forests near Lyuban and was severely understrength for many months afterwards while serving on a relatively quiet front. It remained in the line in the dismal fighting near Leningrad until early 1944 with little opportunity to distinguish itself, and the division did not finally earn a battle honor until late January, 1944, during the Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive. Following this the division was moved to the Karelian Isthmus and entered the summer offensive against Finland in the reserves of Leningrad Front before being assigned to the 23rd Army. Following the Finnish surrender it was redeployed westward, helping to mop up pockets of enemy forces in the Baltic states in early 1945. The 382nd ended the war in Latvia, helping to contain and reduce the German forces trapped in the Courland Pocket, and was officially disbanded in February, 1946.

The 388th Rifle Division was raised in 1941 as an infantry division of the Red Army, and served twice during World War II in that role. The division followed a very similar combat path to that of the 386th Rifle Division in both of its formations. It was first formed on August 19, in the Transcaucasus Military District. From December 7 to 13, it was shipped from the Black Sea ports to Sevastopol, which was under siege by the German 11th Army.

The 176th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, originally formed as part of the prewar buildup of forces, based on the shtat of September 13, 1939. The division completed its formation at Kryvyi Rih in the Odessa Military District and at the time of the German invasion of the Soviet Union was in the same area, assigned to the 35th Rifle Corps. Being relatively far from the frontier it escaped the early disasters and retreated mostly in good order through southern Ukraine into the autumn as part of 9th Army. It then took part in the counteroffensive against the overextended German Army Group South that liberated Rostov-na-Donu for the first time in December. When Army Group A began its summer offensive in 1942 the 176th fell back into the Caucasus region, losing much of its strength in the process, but finally helping to take up a firm defense along the Terek River and finally in front of Ordzhonikidze. As a result of this fighting the division, along with its artillery regiment, were awarded the Order of the Red Banner. After the German 6th Army was surrounded at Stalingrad the 176th advanced into the western Caucasus and entered the so-called Malaya Zemlya bridgehead south of Novorossiysk in the spring of 1943 where it helped to defeat the German Operation Neptun in April and in the autumn took part in the liberation of the city, for which it was redesignated as the 129th Guards Rifle Division.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Charles C. Sharp, "Red Tide", Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed From June to December 1941, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, Vol. IX, Nafziger, 1996, p. 74
  2. ↑ Walter S. Dunn, Jr., Stalin's Keys to Victory, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA, 2006, p. 101
  3. ↑ David M. Glantz, Colossus Reborn, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2005, p. 594
  4. ↑ Sharp, "Red Swarm", Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed From 1942 to 1945, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, Vol. X, Nafziger, 1996, pp. 120-21
  5. ↑ "Biography of Major-General Semen Filippovich Monakhov - (Семен Филиппович Монахов) (1900 – 1959), Soviet Union".
  6. ↑ Glantz, Armageddon in Stalingrad, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2009, pp. 559, 578, 581, 592, 594
  7. ↑ Dunn states the unit formed in August; Dunn, Jr., Stalin's Keys, p. 80
  8. ↑ Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad 1941 - 1944, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2002, pp. 170, 173
  9. ↑ Sharp, "Red Volunteers", Soviet Militia Units, Rifle and Ski Brigades 1941 - 1945, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, Vol. XI, Nafziger, 1996, p. 22
  10. ↑ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1942, p. 165
  11. ↑ Glantz, Leningrad, p. 221
  12. ↑ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1942, p. 188
  13. ↑ Sharp, "Red Volunteers", p. 22
  14. ↑ Sharp, "Red Volunteers", pp. 22-23
  15. ↑ Sharp, "Red Volunteers", p. 23
  16. ↑ Sharp, "Red Swarm," p. 121
  17. ↑ Glantz, Battle for Belorussia, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2016, p. 671
  18. ↑ Sharp, "Red Swarm," p. 121
  19. ↑ Baltic Gap, Multi-Man Publishing, Inc., Millersville, MD, 2009, p. 17
  20. ↑ "Освобождение городов". Soldat.ru. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
  21. ↑ Baltic Gap, p. 22
  22. ↑ Sharp, "Red Swarm," p. 121
  23. ↑ Baltic Gap, p. 35
  24. ↑ Sharp, "Red Swarm," p. 121
  25. ↑ Soviet General Staff, Prelude to Berlin, ed. and trans. Richard W. Harrison, Helion & Co., Ltd., Solihull, UK, 2016, pp. 153, 187, 230, 587, 614
  26. ↑ Sharp, "Red Swarm," p. 121
  27. ↑ "Бронесводка штаба 21 мехд". Pamyat Naroda (in Russian).
  28. ↑ Feskov et al 2013, p. 408.

Bibliography

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