3C 309.1

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3C 309.1
DSS image of 3C 309.1.jpg
The quasar 3C 309.1.
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
Constellation Ursa Minor
Right ascension 14h 59m 07.583s
Declination +71° 40′ 19.867″
Redshift 0.901113
Heliocentric radial velocity 270,147 km/s
Distance 7.665 Gly
Apparent magnitude  (V)16.78
Apparent magnitude  (B)17.24
Characteristics
Type CSS
Other designations
LEDA 2821824, 4C 71.15, WMAP 071, QSO B1458+718, 2E 3367, NRAO 464, 1Jy 1458+718

3C 309.1 is a quasar [1] located in the constellation of Ursa Minor. It has a redshift (z) of 0.90 [2] and was first identified as an astronomical radio source from the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources by in 1966. [3] This object contains a compact steep spectrum (CSS) source, [4] and is classified as one of the brightest and largest of its kind. [2] [5]

Contents

Description

3C 309.1 has a triple radio structure. It has a radio core found self-absorbed with an extended position angle of 162°±2°. On both sides of the core, there are two relatively extended outer radio lobes having a defined positional angle of 90°. [6]

In sub-arcsecond resolutions, the structure is made up of several components. Three of them are aligned east–west while the others are located along the path of extended emission in a southern direction, clearly detected by two X-ray images. In two of the brightest components, there is polarized emission. [7] However, when viewed at a 5 GHz milliarcsecond (mas) resolution, a bright core is found instead straddled by two other weaker components with a separation of 8.7 kiloparsecs. [8] Sub-milliarcsecond imaging shows the core to be compact with a more extended component located 20 mas to the south. [9]

The jet of 3C 309.1 is one-sided. It is found to be flaring away from the nucleus with a sharp change in brightness, likely caused through various Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities in confined fluid flow and pressure being exerted in confined medium. [10] In Very Long Baseline Interferometry radio imaging, the jet is shown to extend from the core southwards with a distance of 260 parsecs (60 mas). At eastwards, it bends at 90° before fading rapidly. [8] Furthermore, the jet is extremely polarized. [11] [12]

The host galaxy of 3C 309.1 is a flat elliptical galaxy according to Hubble Space Telescope imaging. It has a major axis orientated along the position angle of 130°. [13] Extensive emission-line gas is also seen surrounding the object at high pressure, with a massive cooling rate exceeding 1000 Mʘ yr−1 implying its host galaxy might have been formed within a Hubble time. [14]

References

  1. ↑ Simon, R. S. (1983-09-01). "High Resolution Maps of the Quasars 3C48, 3C147, 3C309.1, 3C380, and 3C454.3 Using 90cm VLBI". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 15: 976. Bibcode:1983BAAS...15..976S.
  2. 1 2 Aaron, Scott E.; Wardle, John F.C.; Roberts, David H. (1998). "A Multi-Frequency VLBI Polarization Study of the CSS Quasar 3C 309.1". International Astronomical Union Colloquium. 164: 105–106. doi:10.1017/s0252921100044729. ISSN   0252-9211.
  3. ↑ Véron, P. (June 1966). "Optical Positions for Radio Sources in the 3c Revised Catalogue". The Astrophysical Journal. 144: 861. Bibcode:1966ApJ...144..861V. doi:10.1086/148682. ISSN   0004-637X.
  4. ↑ Gawronski, Marcin; Kus, Andrzej J. (2007-11-22). "Multi-frequency VSOP and VLBI observations of the quasar 3C309.1" (PDF). Proceedings of 8th European VLBI Network Symposium — PoS(8thEVN). Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab. p. 020. doi: 10.22323/1.036.0020 .
  5. ↑ "3C 309.1 | Image Gallery | Brandeis Radio Astronomy Group | Brandeis University". www.brandeis.edu. Retrieved 2024-11-17.
  6. ↑ Kus, A. J.; Wilkinson, P. N.; Booth, R. S. (1981-03-01). "The radio structure of 3C 309.1 determined by multi-baseline interferometry". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 194 (3): 527–535. doi: 10.1093/mnras/194.3.527 . ISSN   0035-8711.
  7. ↑ Mantovani, F.; Rossetti, A.; Junor, W.; Saikia, D. J.; Salter, C. J. (2013-06-18). "Radio polarimetry of compact steep spectrum sources at sub-arcsecond resolution" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 555: A4. arXiv: 1305.1644 . Bibcode:2013A&A...555A...4M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220769. ISSN   0004-6361.
  8. 1 2 Pearson, T. J.; Readhead, A. C. S. (May 1988). "The milliarcsecond structure of a complete sample of radio sources. II – First-epoch maps at 5 GHz". The Astrophysical Journal. 328: 114. Bibcode:1988ApJ...328..114P. doi:10.1086/166274. ISSN   0004-637X.
  9. ↑ Zensus, J. A.; Ros, E.; Kellermann, K. I.; Cohen, M. H.; Vermeulen, R. C.; Kadler, M. (August 2002). "Sub-milliarcsecond Imaging of Quasars and Active Galactic Nuclei. II. Additional Sources". The Astronomical Journal. 124 (2): 662–674. arXiv: astro-ph/0205076 . Bibcode:2002AJ....124..662Z. doi:10.1086/341585. ISSN   0004-6256.
  10. ↑ Wilkinson, P.N.; Kus, A.J.; Pearson, T.J.; Readhead, A.C.S.; Cornwell, T.J. (1986). "The Nuclear Jets in 3c 309.1 and 3c 380". International Astronomical Union. 119: 165–166. doi:10.1017/S0074180900152556.
  11. ↑ Akujor, C.E.; Garrington, S.T. (1995). "Compact steep-spectrum sources – polarisation observations at 1.6, 4.9, 8.4 and 15 GHz". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 112: 235–255. Bibcode:1995A&AS..112..235A.
  12. ↑ Ludke, E.; Garrington, S. T.; Spencer, R. E.; Akujor, C. E.; Muxlow, T. W. B.; Sanghera, H. S.; Fanti, C. (1998-09-01). "MERLIN polarization observations of compact steep-spectrum sources at 5 GHz". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 299 (2): 467–478. Bibcode:1998MNRAS.299..467L. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01843.x . ISSN   0035-8711.
  13. ↑ Lehnert, Matthew D.; Miley, George K.; Sparks, William B.; Baum, Stefi A.; Biretta, John; Golombek, Daniel; de Koff, Sigrid; Macchetto, Ferdinando D.; McCarthy, Patrick J. (August 1999). "Hubble Space Telescope – Snapshot Survey of 3CR Quasars: The Data" . The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 123 (2): 351–376. Bibcode:1999ApJS..123..351L. doi:10.1086/313239. ISSN   0067-0049.
  14. ↑ Forbes, D. A.; Crawford, C. S.; Fabian, A. C.; Johnstone, R. M. (1990-06-01). "Extended emission-line gas around the quasars 3C 254 and 3C 309.1 . Very massive cooling flows". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 244: 680. Bibcode:1990MNRAS.244..680F. ISSN   0035-8711.
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