AADACL2

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Arylacetamide Deacetylase Like 2, also known as AADACL2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the AADACL2 gene.

Contents

Gene

The AADACL2 gene consists of 27413 nucleotides [1] with an mRNA of approximately 5060 base pairs. [2] There are five exons found in the AADACL2 gene. [2] AADACL2 is found to function in catalytic activity, hydrolase activity, and found to enable carboxylic ester hydrolase activity. [3]

mRNA

The chromosomal band location of AADACL2 is 3q25.1 [4] and is located on the plus strand of the DNA.

Protein

AADACL2 in humans is 401 amino acids long. [5] with a predicted molecular weight of 46 kDa. [6] The isoelectric point of AADACL2 is 7.2. [7] The AADACL2  protein contains two domains, Abhydrolase_3, that spans nearly the entire protein. Along with an intermediate domain which is Involved in the stabilization of the negatively charged intermediate by the formation of the oxyanion hole. [5] Both of which are found to be conserved amongst orthologs.

2D structure of AADACL2. Domains and post-translational modifications are labeled within each of its corresponding boundaries. Red indicates phosphorylation sites, blue indicates SUMOylation sites, and yellow indicates ubiquitination sites. 2D-Structure of AADACL2.png
2D structure of AADACL2. Domains and  post-translational modifications are labeled within each of its corresponding boundaries. Red indicates phosphorylation sites, blue indicates SUMOylation sites, and yellow indicates ubiquitination sites.

Localization

Human AADACL2 is predicted to be localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. [8]

Expression

AADACL2 is tissue specific. AADACL2 is expressed at a very high level in skin tissues. [4] It is found to express at low levels in placenta, esophagus, small intestine and colon. [4] It is also found in circular RNA induction during fetal development at higher levels at the intestines at 10 weeks and 20 weeks. [4]

Tertiary structure

The protein AADACL2 was found to be composed of both alpha helices along with beta barrels. [9]

Evolution

The protein encoded by AADACL2 [5] evolves slower than the fibrinogen alpha [10] protein but faster than the protein cytochrome c. [11]

This graph depicts the corrected sequence divergence vs median date of divergence. The blue line and dots indicate AADACL2. Purple indicates the Fibrinogen alpha, and the orange indicates Cytochrome C. Corrected Sequence Divergence vs. Median Date of Divergence (AADACL2).png
This graph depicts the corrected sequence divergence vs median date of divergence. The blue line and dots indicate AADACL2. Purple indicates the Fibrinogen alpha, and the orange indicates Cytochrome C.

Paralogs

Paralogs of AADACL2 include: AADAC (Arylacetamide Deacetylase), NCEH1 (Neutral Cholesterol Ester Hydrolase 1), AADACL3 (Arylacetamide Deacetylase Like 3), AADACL4 (Arylacetamide Deacetylase Like 4), and AFMID (Arylformamidase). [3]

Orthologs

Arylacetamide Deacetylase like 2 is found only in mammals. AADACL2 is not found in fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Arylacetamide Deacetylase like 2 is found in the following mammals: primates, flying lemurs, bats, rabbits & hares, rodents, insectivores, afrotheria, carnivores, even-toed ungulates, and odd-toed ungulates. Arylacetamide Deacetylase like 2 was approximately found to have first appeared in afrotheria 99 million years ago.

AADACL2                  Genus and SpeciesCommon NameTaxonomic GroupMedian Date of Divergence (MYA)Protein Accession #Protein Sequence Length (aa)Sequence Identity to Human Protein (%)Sequence Similarity to Human Protein (%)
Primates Homo sapiens HumanPrimates0NP_997248.2401100.0100.0
Macaca mulatta Rhesus monkeyPrimates28.8XP_001106757.24019899.3
Rhinopithecus roxellana Golden snub-nosed monkeyPrimates28.8XP_010370407.240197.399.0
Sapajus apella Tufted capuchin Primates 43XP_032118900.14019496.3
Aotus nancymaae Nancy Ma's monkeyPrimates43XP_012292432.240194.596.5
Microcebus murinus Gray mouse lemurPrimates74XP_012646764.140272.181.8
Flying Lemurs Cynocephalus volans Philippine flying lemur Dermoptera 74XP_062934601.140182.589.0
Bats Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Greater Horseshoe BatBats94XP_032991506.140181.087.8
Pteropus alecto Black flying fox Chiroptera 94XP_006926324.134350.563.6
Rabbits & Hares Ochotona princeps American Pika Lagomorpha 87XP_004598151.240180.588.3
Rodents Octodon degus Degu Rodentia 87XP_004643988.140180.089.0
Mus musculus MouseRodentia87NP_00112156340179.189.5
Marmota monax WoodchuckRodentia87XP_046287168.140165.178.1
Insectivores Condylura cristata Star-nosed Mole Eulipotyphla 94XP_004682396.140178.886.3
Afrotheria Trichechus manatus latirostris Florida Manatee Sirenia 99XP_004379276.340278.488.1
Elephas maximus indicus Indian Elephant Proboscideans 99XP_049723395.140278.186.8
Carnivores Lontra canadensis Northern American River OtterCarnivora94XP_032708555.140175.184.0
Phoca vitulina Harbor SealCarnivora94XP_032265082.140073.882.0
Ursus maritimus Polar BearCarnivora94XP_008705296.240173.683.3
Mustela putorius furo Domestic FerretCarnivora94XP_004755622.140173.682.5
Canis lupus dingo DingoCarnivora94XP_025291970.340373.481.9
Ailuropoda melanoleuca Giant PandaCarnivora94XP_002916395.139772.181.0
Odobenus rosmarus divergens Pacific WalrusCarnivora94XP_004405057.140070.380.5
Even-Toed Ungulates Hippopotamus amphibius kiboko Common Hippopotamus Artiodactyls 94XP_057593784.141670.079.4
Camelus dromedarius Arabian CamelArtiodactyls94XP_010985013.140163.878.1
Odd-Toed Ungulates Equus caballus Horse Perissodactyla 94XP_014587028.158749.656.6

Clinical significance

Allergic contact dermatitis exposed to a nickel allergy, indicates that there is lower presence in the AADACL2 RNA when exposed to a nickel allergy versus the non-allergic control. [12] Arylacetamide deacetylase-like 2 was found to be in the top fifty skin enriched genes, and was predicted to contain a signal peptide and function as a secreted protein. [13]

Resources

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References

  1. ↑ "University of California Santa Cruz: Human BLAT Search- BLAT Search Genome". UCSC Genome Browser.
  2. 1 2 "Homo sapiens arylacetamide deacetylase like 2 (AADACL2), mRNA". National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information. June 1, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  3. 1 2 "Gene - Arylacetamide Deacetylase Like 2". Gene Cards: The Human Gene Database.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "AADACL2 arylacetamide deacetylase like 2 [Homo sapiens (human)]". National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  5. 1 2 3 "Arylacetamide Deacetylase-like 2 precursor [Homo sapiens]". National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  6. ↑ "Protein Molecular Weight". Bioinformatics.org: Protein Molecular Weight.
  7. ↑ "Compute pI/Mw". Expasy: Swiss Bioinformatics Resource Portal.
  8. ↑ "PSORT II Prediction". PSORT WWW Server.
  9. ↑ "NCBI Domains & Structures". National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  10. ↑ "Fibrinogen Alpha Chain Isoform Alpha Precursor [Homo sapiens]". National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  11. ↑ "Cytochrome c [Homo sapiens]". National Library of Medicine- National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  12. ↑ Pedersen, MB. (November 2007). "Gene expression time course in the human skin during elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 127 (11): 2585–2595 – via PubMed.
  13. ↑ Per-Henrik, D. (November 19, 2014). "Expression of Human Skin-Specific Genes Defined by Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling". Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry. 63 (2): 129–141 – via PubMed.
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