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Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection. These may include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash. Recovery generally takes two to seven days. In a small proportion of cases, the disease develops into severe dengue, also known as dengue hemorrhagic fever, resulting in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage, or into dengue shock syndrome, where dangerously low blood pressure occurs.
Aedes is a genus of mosquitoes originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but now found on all continents except Antarctica. Some species have been spread by human activity: Aedes albopictus, a particularly invasive species, was recently spread to the New World, including the United States, by the used-tire trade.
Wuchereria bancrofti is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm) that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis. It is one of the three parasitic worms, together with Brugia malayi and B. timori, that infect the lymphatic system to cause lymphatic filariasis. These filarial worms are spread by a variety of mosquito vector species. W. bancrofti is the most prevalent of the three and affects over 120 million people, primarily in Central Africa and the Nile delta, South and Central America, the tropical regions of Asia including southern China, and the Pacific islands. If left untreated, the infection can develop into a chronic disease called lymphatic filariasis. In rare conditions, it also causes tropical eosinophilia, an asthmatic disease. No vaccine is commercially available, but high rates of cure have been achieved with various antifilarial regimens and lymphatic filariasis is the target of the WHO Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis with the aim to eradicate the disease as a public-health problem by 2020.
Wolbachia is a genus of intracellular bacteria that infects mainly arthropod species, including a high proportion of insects, and also some nematodes. It is one of the most common parasitic microbes and is possibly the most common reproductive parasite in the biosphere. Its interactions with its hosts are often complex, and in some cases have evolved to be mutualistic rather than parasitic. Some host species cannot reproduce, or even survive, without Wolbachia colonisation. One study concluded that more than 16% of neotropical insect species carry bacteria of this genus, and as many as 25 to 70% of all insect species are estimated to be potential hosts.
Dengue virus (DENV) is the cause of dengue fever. It is a mosquito-borne, single positive-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus. Five serotypes of the virus have been found, all of which can cause the full spectrum of disease. Nevertheless, scientists' understanding of dengue virus may be simplistic, as rather than distinct antigenic groups, a continuum appears to exist. This same study identified 47 strains of dengue virus. Additionally, coinfection with and lack of rapid tests for zika virus and chikungunya complicate matters in real-world infections.
Brugia malayi is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm), one of the three causative agents of lymphatic filariasis in humans. Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, is a condition characterized by swelling of the lower limbs. The two other filarial causes of lymphatic filariasis are Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia timori, which both differ from B. malayi morphologically, symptomatically, and in geographical extent.
Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, is a mosquito that can spread dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika fever, Mayaro and yellow fever viruses, and other disease agents. The mosquito can be recognized by white markings on its legs and a marking in the form of a lyre on the upper surface of its thorax. This mosquito originated in Africa, but is now found in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions throughout the world.
Anopheles (Celia) subpictus is a species complex of four species of mosquito belonging to the genus Anopheles.
Culex quinquefasciatus, commonly known as the southern house mosquito, is a medium-sized mosquito found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti, avian malaria, and arboviruses including St. Louis encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Zika virus and West Nile virus. It is taxonomically regarded as a member of the Culex pipiens species complex. Its genome was sequenced in 2010, and was shown to have 18,883 protein-coding genes.
Aedes (Stegomyia) krombeini is a species complex of zoophilic mosquito belonging to the Scutellaria group of the genus Aedes. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.
Aedes pipersalatus is a species complex of mosquito belonging to the genus Aedes. It is found in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, West Pakistan, India, and Thailand. It is a non-vector mosquito species, that can be found from rice field and marshland habitats.
Aedes (Finlaya) pseudomediofasciatus is a species complex of mosquito belonging to the genus Aedes. It is found in Sri Lanka, and India. They are known to live around betel plantations. It is a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti.
Mansonia indiana is a species of zoophilic mosquito belonging to the genus Mansonia. It is found in Sri Lanka, Java, India, Myanmar, Malaya, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand, and New Guinea. It is a vector of nocturnally subperiodic Brugia malayi. Females are known to be strongly anthropophilic. Larvae found only in association with Pistia species.
Mansonia (Mansonioides) uniformis is a species of zoophilic mosquito belonging to the genus Mansonia.
Toxorhynchites (Toxorhynchites) splendens is a species of non-hematophagous mosquito belonging to the genus Toxorhynchites. It is widely used as a predator to control dengue mosquitoes.
Culex (Oculeomyia) bitaeniorhynchus is a species of mosquito belonging to the genus Culex. It is a cosmopolitan species which can be found in all continents, except America and Antarctica.
Culex (Lophoceraomyia) sinensis is a species of mosquito belonging to the genus Culex. It is found in Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea (Island); Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Sri Lanka, Sudan and South Sudan, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. It is a possible vector of Wuchereria bancrofti.
Culex (Culiciomyia) spathifurca is a species of mosquito belonging to the genus Culex. It is found in Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Borneo, Java, Philippines, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Irian Jaya, Maluku, and Thailand. This mosquito shows unique male terminalia with bifurcate gonostylus, which can used to differentiate it from other species. Larva and pupa can be found in tree holes associated with mangrove ecosystems. It is a potential vector of Wuchereria bancrofti, but human bitings are very rare.
The Dengue pandemic in Sri Lanka is part of the tropical disease Dengue fever pandemic. Dengue fever caused by Dengue virus. first recorded since 1960s. It's not native disease in this Island. Present day dengue has become a major public health problem. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus both mosquito species native in Sri Lanka. But never found this disease early 1960s. First dengue outbreak confirmed in 1962. Following a Chikungunya outbreak in 1965. Early 1970s two type dominated in Sri Lanka. DENV-1 type1 and DENV-2 type 2. 51 cases and 15 deaths reported in 1965–1968. From 1989 onward, Dengue fever has become endemic in Sri Lanka.
References
- ↑ "An annotated checklist of mosquitoes of Sri Lanka" (PDF). Man and Biosphere Reserve of Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
- ↑ "NAOSITE: Nagasaki University's Academic Output SITE". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.610.3883 .Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - ↑ Choochote, W; Leemingsawat, S; Sucharit, S; Kunnaphuti, J; Wongkamchai, S; Sukontason, KL; Jitpakdi, A (2001). "Aedes albolateralis, a potential vector of nocturnally subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti and dengue type 2 virus". Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 32 (3): 621–4. PMID 11944727.